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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King's Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ God, Country, and the Bomb The stretegic implications of Islamic ethical and legal-nuclear discourses Tabatabai Nejad, Ariane Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 God, Country, and the Bomb The strategic implications of Islamic ethical and legal-nuclear discourses Ariane M. Tabatabai Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2014 Supervisors: Professor Wyn Bowen and Professor James Gow God, Country, and the Bomb Tabatabai | 2 Abstract The controversial Iranian nuclear dossier, the Pakistani nuclear weapons programme, and the challenge posed to nuclear security by non-state terrorist organisations, such as Al-Qaeda, acquiring nuclear weapons, all raise concerns for international peace and security. The use of Islamic legal, ethical and strategic discourses about nuclear weaponry to justify their respective leaderships’ positions is a common factor. While Iran presents shari’a law as a limiting factor, prohibiting nuclear weapons, Al-Qaeda has long justified its pursuit of a nuclear capability through the Islamic faith. Pakistan has given less attention to discussion of law, but became the first, and to date only, Muslim state to develop a nuclear arsenal, seeking to legitimise and secure funding for the development of its nuclear capability by characterising it as a Muslim endeavour. The strategic, political, and policy implications of the Islamic nuclear discourses of these three actors, including their impact on the non-proliferation regime, regional stability, and national and international security are vital issues. Islam has served as a vehicle to promote national and regime interests but can also have other implications and costs. Once an actor defines its nuclear programme or ambitions in Islamic terms, it can only reverse its position at great political cost. Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 8 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM God, Country, and the Bomb Tabatabai | 3 Deleted: 22 Unknown Field Code Changed Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................... 10 ... [1] Unknown Chapter Two: The legality of nuclear weapons: International law .......................... 24 Field Code Changed ... [2] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM International law – a historical overview ................................................................................ 24 Deleted: 22 The emergence of the international system ......................................................................... 27 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [3] The just war tradition ...................................................................................................... 30 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 25 Antiquity to the medieval period ................................................................................. 34 Unknown Post-Renaissance ......................................................................................................... 37 Field Code Changed ... [4] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM The Industrial Revolution and codification ................................................................. 38 Deleted: 28 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM The world at war (1914-18 and 1939-1945) ............................................................... 40 Deleted: 33 Governing warfare in the nuclear age ................................................................................. 41 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [5] The Cold War and just deterrence ................................................................................... 42 Unknown The age of post-modern terrorism ................................................................................... 44 Field Code Changed ... [6] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM International law ..................................................................................................................... 49 Deleted: 36 Unknown Notions ................................................................................................................................ 49 Field Code Changed ... [7] Jus ad bellum and jus in bello ............................................................................................. 51 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 37 Jus ad bellum .................................................................................................................. 51 Unknown Field Code Changed Jus in bello ...................................................................................................................... 52 ... [8] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Weaponry ............................................................................................................................ 57 Deleted: 39 Unknown Contemporary international legal instruments governing nuclear weapons ............................ 58 Field Code Changed ... [9] Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 63 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 40 Chapter Three: The legality of nuclear weapons: Islamic law ................................. 66 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [10] Shari’a: the path ...................................................................................................................... 67 Unknown Methodology of Islamic law ............................................................................................... 70 Field Code Changed ... [11] Unknown Shari’a, a historical definition ......................................................................................... 72 Field Code Changed ... [12] Unknown Sources ............................................................................................................................ 80 Field Code Changed ... [13] Nuclear narrative and policy and the Islamic discourse ........................................................ 104 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [14] Iran’s ḥalāl nuclear programme ........................................................................................ 104 Unknown Field Code Changed Pakistan’s Islamic bomb ................................................................................................... 106 ... [15] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Al-Qaeda’s Nuclear Ambitions ......................................................................................... 107 Deleted: 52 Unknown III. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 108 Field Code Changed ... [16] Chapter Four: Al-Qaeda’s nuclear ambitions .......................................................... 112 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 53 Nuclear terrorism as a security issue ..................................................................................... 113 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [17] Unknown Field Code Changed ... [18] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Deleted: 65 Unknown Field Code Changed ... [19] Unknown Field Code Changed ... [20] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [21] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [22] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [23] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [24] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [25] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [26] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [27] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [28] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [29] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [30] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [31] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Unknown Field Code Changed ... [32] Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM God, Country, and the Bomb Tabatabai | 4 Deleted: 125 Ariane Tabatabai ! 11/9/2015 2:04 PM Motivations and goals ..........................................................................................................
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