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Hadith and Its Principles in the Early Days of Islam

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HADITH AND ITS PRINCIPLES IN THE EARLY DAYS OF ISLAM A CRITICAL STUDY OF A WESTERN APPROACH FATHIDDIN BEYANOUNI DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC AND ISLAMIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Glasgow 1994. © Fathiddin Beyanouni, 1994. ProQuest Number: 11007846 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11007846 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 M t&e name of &Jla&, Most ©racious, Most iKlercifuI “go take to&at tfje iHessenaer aikes you, an& refrain from to&at tie pro&tfuts you. &nO fear gJtati: for aft is strict in ftunis&ment”. ©Ut. It*. 7. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................4 Abbreviations................................................................................................................ 5 Key to transliteration....................................................................6 A bstract............................................................................................................................7 Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 PART ONE: The status of Hadith in the early days of Islam. Chapter one: The importance of Hadith ...........................................(17-50) Survey of Robson’s views............................................................18 The idea of Muhammad amongst his people ................................21 The nature of Muhammad’s teachings .........................................23 Categories of the Prophetic deeds and sayings..............................27 Motives and objects of Muslims’ interest in Hadith ........................ 33 Hadith as an integral source of guidance ......................................45 The relationship between the Quran and Hadith............................47 Summing up ......................................................................................49 Chapter two: Hadith as a basis of Islam .......................................(51-112) Survey of Robson’s views........................................................... 51 Hadith in the Prophet’s lifetime ...................................................55 Hadith and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs ........................................58 Hadith and the Umayyad dynasty............................................... 66 Hadith and the community ........................................................... 72 The main reasons behind the disagreement of the early scholars’ judgem ents ......................................................................................... 79 Hadith and its opponents .............................................................86 The two types of ra 'y & the emergence of Ahl al-Hadlth and Ahl al- ra ’y .......................................................................................................92 al-Muhaddithun & al-Fuqaha’.......................................................97 The Mu‘tazilah ................................................................................ 99 al-ShI‘ah & al-Khawarij ............................................................... 100 Discussion of Robson’s arguments regarding the delay in the recognition of Hadith as a basis of Islam ....................................102 Summing up ................................................................................... 110 2 PART TWO: The Principles of Hadith in the early days of Islam. Preamble: Robson’s approach to the subject.................................(114-16) Chapter one: The Principles of Hadith during the Prophet’s lifetime...(117-53) A- Principles of the transmission in the Quran ........................... 117 B- Standards of criticism of transmission in the Quran .................122 C- Principles of transmission in Hadith ...................................... 134 D- Standards of criticism of transmission in Hadith .....................141 E- Other issues regarding the Principles of Hadith ....................... 151 Summing up ................................................................................... 153 Chapter two: The Principles of Hadith in the first century of Islam..(154-222) A- Principles of transmission ..................................................... 154 B- Standards of criticism transmission .......................................176 C- Other issues regarding the Principles of Hadith ......................198 1- Methods of receiving hadlths ............................................. 198 2- Forms used to report hadlths .............................................. 204 3- Transmitting the verbatim words or the gist of hadlths 206 4- Writing down of hadlths ..................................................... 212 Summing up ...................................................................................217 PART THREE: Some aspects in Robson’s approach to Hadith. Chapter one: Robson’s standards in criticising hadlths...., ....(223-267) 1- The Quran as a standard of criticism ......................................224 2- The Bible as a standard of criticism.......................................232 3- The historical standard .......................................................... 242 4- The material standard .............................................................252 5- The rational standard .............................................................262 Summing up ...................................................................................267 Chapter two: General features of Robson’s writings on Hadith ........(268-86) 1- The influence of his predecessors ..........................................268 2- His disagreement with his predecessors ................................ 273 3- His general view regarding the material of Hadith ................... 277 4- His appreciation of some aspects of the Principles of Hadith 280 5- His dependence on the original sources ................................. 282 Summing up ...................................................................................285 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................287 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................297 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise be to Allah Who enabled me to complete this dissertation, and peace be upon His final Messenger, Muhammad, and upon all the Messengers who were sent before him for the sake of guidance to mankind. My thanks are due to Professor John N. Mattock, my supervisor, for allowing me to carry out this study in his department, and for the help and assistance he has offered me through all the stages of this work, as he was always prepared to listen and advise; I am grateful for the valuable remarks he made during the years in which the present proposal was accomplished. I should like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my father and father-in-law who sponsored my scholarship to the University of Glasgow, and did their best in supporting and encouraging me to pursue my studies; towards them I feel a great indebtedness and to them I wish a blissful, long life. I wish to thank all my teachers and friends for their ready help in matters on which I consulted them, and for their willing assistance and advice; I wish them all success and a happy future. I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their encouragement and support through all the years of my life. I am also grateful to my wife and two children, Muhammad and ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, for their patience and support during the previous years of my studies. 4 ABBREVIATIONS A- Periodicals. BJRL............................ Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Manchester. BSOAS........Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London. IC ....................................................................Islamic Culture. Hyderabad. JRAS....................................Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London. JSS............................................... Journal of Semitic Studies. Manchester. MW ...............................................................The Muslim World. Hartford. TGOS Transactions of the Glasgow University Oriental Society. Glasgow. ZDMG....Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Stuttgart. B- Other works. B1..................The text of Sahlh al-Bukharl as represented by al-‘AsqalanI in Fath al-Baii. B2 The translation of the meaning of Sahlh al-Bukhari, by M. M. Khan. M l.............................Sahlh Muslim, by Muslim b. al-Hajjaj al-Naysaburl. M2.............................Sahlh Muslim, by al-Naysaburl, English translation, by ‘Abd al-Hamld Siddiqi. I.B................................................................ Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr al-Andalusi. Robson (1-18) Robson’s articles on Hadith as listed in the
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