From the late fifteenth to the nineteenth centu- LUIS FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ ries, the Hispanic Monarchy was one of the Luis Francisco Martínez Montes MONTES (Madrid, 1968) is a diplomat, largest and most diverse political communities known in history. At its apogee, it stretched from writer and a constant traveller along the the Castilian plateau to the high peaks of the Silk Roads of knowledge. Director and Andes; from the cosmopolitan cities of Seville, SPAIN, co- founder of The Global Square Maga- Naples, or Mexico City to Santa Fe and San Fran- zine. He is the author of more than forty cisco; from Brussels to Buenos Aires and from A GLOBAL HISTORY essays and articles on geopolitics, history Milan to Manila. During those centuries, Spain Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Luis Francisco and comparative cultural issues. left its imprint across vast continents and distant oceans contributing in no minor way to the emer- gence of our globalised era. This was true not only in an economic sense—the Hispano-Ameri- can silver peso transported across the Atlantic and the Pacific by the Spanish fleets was arguably the first global currency, thus facilitating the creation of a world economic system—but intellectually and artistically as well. The most extraordinary cultural exchanges took place in practically every corner of the Hispanic world, no matter how distant from the metropolis. At various times a descendant of the Aztec nobility was translating a Baroque play into Nahuatl to the delight of an Amerindian and mixed audience in the market of Tlatelolco; an Andalusian Dominican priest was writing the first Western grammar of the Chinese language in Fuzhou, a Chinese city that enjoyed a trade monopoly with the Spanish Philippines; a HISTORY A GLOBAL SPAIN, Franciscan friar was composing a piece of polyphonic music with lyrics in Quechua to be played in a church decorated with Moorish-style ceilings in a Peruvian valley; or a multi-ethnic team of Amerindian and Spanish naturalists was describing in Latin, Spanish and local vernacular languages thousands of medicinal plants, animals and minerals previously unknown to the West. And, most probably, at the same time that one of those exchanges were happening, the members of the School of Salamanca were laying the founda- tions of modern international law or formulating some of the first modern theories of price, value and money, Cervantes was writing Don Quixote, Velázquez was painting Las Meninas, or Goya was exposing both the dark and bright sides of the BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA ESPAÑOLA European Enlightenment. Sección estudios 36 From the late fifteenth to the nineteenth centu- LUIS FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ ries, the Hispanic Monarchy was one of the Luis Francisco Martínez Montes MONTES (Madrid, 1968) is a diplomat, largest and most diverse political communities known in history. At its apogee, it stretched from writer and a constant traveller along the the Castilian plateau to the high peaks of the Silk Roads of knowledge. Director and Andes; from the cosmopolitan cities of Seville, SPAIN, co- founder of The Global Square Maga- Naples, or Mexico City to Santa Fe and San Fran- zine. He is the author of more than forty cisco; from Brussels to Buenos Aires and from A GLOBAL HISTORY essays and articles on geopolitics, history Milan to Manila. During those centuries, Spain Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Luis Francisco and comparative cultural issues. left its imprint across vast continents and distant oceans contributing in no minor way to the emer- gence of our globalised era. This was true not only in an economic sense—the Hispano-Ameri- can silver peso transported across the Atlantic and the Pacific by the Spanish fleets was arguably the first global currency, thus facilitating the creation of a world economic system—but intellectually and artistically as well. The most extraordinary cultural exchanges took place in practically every corner of the Hispanic world, no matter how distant from the metropolis. At various times a descendant of the Aztec nobility was translating a Baroque play into Nahuatl to the delight of an Amerindian and mixed audience in the market of Tlatelolco; an Andalusian Dominican priest was writing the first Western grammar of the Chinese language in Fuzhou, a Chinese city that enjoyed a trade monopoly with the Spanish Philippines; a HISTORY A GLOBAL SPAIN, Franciscan friar was composing a piece of polyphonic music with lyrics in Quechua to be played in a church decorated with Moorish-style ceilings in a Peruvian valley; or a multi-ethnic team of Amerindian and Spanish naturalists was describing in Latin, Spanish and local vernacular languages thousands of medicinal plants, animals and minerals previously unknown to the West. And, most probably, at the same time that one of those exchanges were happening, the members of the School of Salamanca were laying the founda- tions of modern international law or formulating some of the first modern theories of price, value and money, Cervantes was writing Don Quixote, Velázquez was painting Las Meninas, or Goya was exposing both the dark and bright sides of the BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA ESPAÑOLA European Enlightenment. Sección estudios 36 SPAIN, A GLOBAL HISTORY BIBLIOTECA DIPLOMÁTICA ESPAÑOLA Sección Estudios Núm. 36 SUBSECRETARÍA Secretaría General Técnica Vicesecretaría General Técnica Área de Documentación y Publicaciones © Luis Francisco Martínez Montes/Global Square Editorial S.L. © Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación (for this edition) NIPO: 108-18-007-4 (Papel) NIPO: 108-21-054-6 (Línea) ISBN: 978-84-95265-86-9 LEGAL DEPOSIT: M-39927-2018 Design: Global Square Editorial S.L. Printers: Punto Verde, S.A. Printed in Spain The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author. This is an enlarged version in English of the original book in Spanish España. Una historia global. Catalog of Publications of the General State Administration http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ "In this publication, chlorine-free recycled paper has been used according to the environmental criteria applied to public procurement in the Spanish Administration” Unless otherwise indicated, the images used to illustrate the text belong to the public domain. In accordance with the provisions of the Intellectual Property Law, the total or partial reproduction of this publication, its computer processing, or transmission in any form or by any means, whether electronic, by photocopy, by registration or by other methods, neither its loan, rent or any other form of assignment of its use. On the cover: Spanish and Mestiza, Castiza. Miguel Cabrera, 1763. Museum of America. Madrid. CIVILISATION IS A MOVEMENT AND NOT A CONDITION, A VOYAGE AND NOT A HARBOR. ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE CONTENTS PAGS Civilisation: another point of view ........................................................ 11 Chapter 1. The origins: the lonely encyclopaedist ................................. 21 Chapter 2. Conquest, convivencia, reconquest ...................................... 37 Chapter 3. Turning outwards .............................................................. 105 Chapter 4. From new worlds to one world .......................................... 133 Chapter 5. El Escorial or the new atlantis ........................................... 157 Chapter 6. A hispanic globalisation .................................................... 185 Chapter 7. Golden fruits from the golden ages ................................... 213 Chapter 8. Hispanic worlds ................................................................ 251 Chapter 9. The age of goya ................................................................. 301 Chapter 10. The challenges of modernity ........................................... 331 Afterthought Spain, the western tradition and civilisation ....................................... 373 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 381 9 CIVILISATION: ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW From the late fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, the Hispanic Monarchy was one of the largest and most diverse political communities known in history. At its apogee, it stretched from the Castilian plateau to the high peaks of the Andes; from the cosmopolitan cities of Seville, Naples, or Mexico City to Santa Fe and San Francisco; from Brussels to Buenos Aires and from Milan to Manila. During those centuries, Spain left its imprint across vast continents and distant oceans contributing in no minor way to the emergence of our globalised era. This was true not only in an economic sense—the Hispano-American silver peso transported across the Atlantic and the Pacific by the Spanish fleets was arguably the first global currency, thus facilitating the creation of a world economic system—but intellectually and artistically as well. The most extraordinary cultural exchanges took place in practically every corner of the Hispanic world, no matter how distant from the metropolis. At various times a descendant of the Aztec nobility was translating a Baroque play into Nahuatl to the delight of an Amerindian and mixed audience in the market of Tlatelolco; an Andalusian Dominican priest was writing the first Western grammar of the Chinese language in Fuzhou, a Chinese city that enjoyed a trade monopoly with the Spanish Philippines; a Franciscan friar was composing a piece of polyphonic music with lyrics in Quechua to be played in a church decorated with Moorish-style ceilings in a Peruvian valley; or a multi-ethnic team of Amerindian