The Cardiovascular System (Part I) 黃敏銓
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Embryology and Anatomy of Fetal Heart
Prof. Saeed Abuel Makarem Dr. Jamila El Medany Objectives • By the end of this lecture the student should be able to: • Describe the formation, sit, union divisions of the of the heart tubes. • Describe the formation and fate of the sinus venosus. • Describe the partitioning of the common atrium and common ventricle. • Describe the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus. • List the most common cardiac anomalies. • The CVS is the first major system to function in the embryo. • The heart begins to beat at (22nd – 23rd ) days. • Blood flow begins during the beginning of the fourth week and can be visualized by Ultrasound Doppler Notochord: stimulates neural tube formation Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm FORMATION OF THE HEART TUBE • The heart is the first functional organ to develop. • It develops from Splanchnic Mesoderm in the wall of the yolk sac (Cardiogenic Area): Cranial to the developing Mouth & Nervous system and Ventral to the developing Pericardial sac. • The heart primordium is first evident at day 18 (as an Angioplastic cords which soon canalize to form the 2 heart tubes). • As the Head Fold completed, the developing heart tubes change their position and become in the Ventral aspect of the embryo, Dorsal to the developing Pericardial sac. • . Development of the Heart tube • After Lateral Folding of the embryo, the 2 heart tubes approach each other and fuse to form a single Endocardial Heart tube within the pericardial sac. • Fusion of the two tubes occurs in a Craniocaudal direction. What is the • The heart tube grows faster than shape of the the pericardial sac, so it shows 5 alternate dilations separated by Heart Tube? constrictions. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Abnormal Embryonic Lymphatic Vessel Development in Tie1 Hypomorphic Mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2014) 141, 1417 doi:10.1242/dev.108969 CORRECTION Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E. Batts, Mira Puri and H. Scott Baldwin There was an error published in Development 137, 1285-1295. Author name H. Scott Baldwin was incomplete. The correct author list appears above. The authors apologise to readers for this mistake. 1417 RESEARCH ARTICLE 1285 Development 137, 1285-1295 (2010) doi:10.1242/dev.043380 © 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu1, Kevin Tompkins1, Lorene E. Batts1, Mira Puri2 and Scott Baldwin1,3,* SUMMARY Tie1 is an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for development and maintenance of the vascular system; however, the role of Tie1 in development of the lymphatic vasculature is unknown. To address this question, we first documented that Tie1 is expressed at the earliest stages of lymphangiogenesis in Prox1-positive venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors. LEC Tie1 expression is maintained throughout embryonic development and persists in postnatal mice. We then generated two lines of Tie1 mutant mice: a hypomorphic allele, which has reduced expression of Tie1, and a conditional allele. Reduction of Tie1 levels resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and in dilated and disorganized lymphatic vessels in all tissues examined and in impaired lymphatic drainage in embryonic skin. Homozygous hypomorphic mice also exhibited abnormally dilated jugular lymphatic vessels due to increased production of Prox1-positive LECs during initial lymphangiogenesis, indicating that Tie1 is required for the early stages of normal lymphangiogenesis. -
MDCT of Interatrial Septum
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 891—899 PICTORIAL REVIEW /Cardiovascular imaging MDCT of interatrial septum ∗ D. Yasunaga , M. Hamon Service de radiologie, pôle d’imagerie, CHU de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France KEYWORDS Abstract ECG-gated cardiac multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) allows precise Cardiac CT; analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS). This pictorial review provides a detailed description of Interatrial septum; the normal anatomy, variants and abnormalities of the IAS such as patent foramen ovale, con- Patent foramen genital abnormalities such as atrial septal defects as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes ovale; that develop on the IAS. Secundum ASD © 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of the Éditions françaises de radiologie. Introduction Major technical advances in computed tomography (CT) in recent years have made it pos- sible to use multidetector row CT (MDCT) in the field of cardiac imaging. Besides coronary arteries, ECG-gated cardiac MDCT provides high-resolution images of all cardiac structures. It is therefore important for radiologists to understand and be able to analyze the normal anatomical structures, variants and diseases of these different structures. This article provides an analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS) based on a pictorial review. After a short embryological and anatomical description, we will illustrate the nor- mal anatomy and variants of the IAS, anomalies such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), congenital diseases such as atrial septal defects (ASD) as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes that develop on the IAS. Abbreviations: ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; ASD, atrial septal defect; ECG, electrocardiogram; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; M, myxoma; PFO, patent foramen ovale; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; MIP, maximal intensity projection; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TV, tricuspid valve. -
Genetic and Flow Anomalies in Congenital Heart Disease
Published online: 2021-05-10 AIMS Genetics, 3(3): 157-166. DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.3.157 Received: 01 July 2016 Accepted: 16 August 2016 Published: 23 August 2016 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/Genetics Review Genetic and flow anomalies in congenital heart disease Sandra Rugonyi* Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave. M/C CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +1-503-418-9310; Fax: +1-503-418-9311. Abstract: Congenital heart defects are the most common malformations in humans, affecting approximately 1% of newborn babies. While genetic causes of congenital heart disease have been studied, only less than 20% of human cases are clearly linked to genetic anomalies. The cause for the majority of the cases remains unknown. Heart formation is a finely orchestrated developmental process and slight disruptions of it can lead to severe malformations. Dysregulation of developmental processes leading to heart malformations are caused by genetic anomalies but also environmental factors including blood flow. Intra-cardiac blood flow dynamics plays a significant role regulating heart development and perturbations of blood flow lead to congenital heart defects in animal models. Defects that result from hemodynamic alterations recapitulate those observed in human babies, even those due to genetic anomalies and toxic teratogen exposure. Because important cardiac developmental events, such as valve formation and septation, occur under blood flow conditions while the heart is pumping, blood flow regulation of cardiac formation might be a critical factor determining cardiac phenotype. The contribution of flow to cardiac phenotype, however, is frequently ignored. -
Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus Esmarki
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 4-27-2020 Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki Alexandria Shumway [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Shumway, Alexandria, "Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki" (2020). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Transcriptomic Analysis and Developmental Neural Transcript Identification in the Brittle Star Ophioplocus esmarki By Alexandria Shumway A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioinformatics Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences College of Science Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY April 27, 2020 Rochester Institute of Technology Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences Bioinformatics Program 2 To: Head, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences The undersigned state that Alexandria Juliana Shumway, a candidate for the Master of Science degree in Bioinformatics, has submitted her thesis and has satisfactorily defended it. This completes the requirements for the Master of Science degree in Bioinformatics at Rochester Institute of Technology. Name Date ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Hyla Sweet, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Michael Osier, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Andre Hudson, Ph.D. Committee Member 3 1 ABSTRACT Ophioplocus esmarki is one species within a family of brittle stars that includes an abbreviated mode of development with a non-feeding, vitellaria larva. -
The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration
REVIEWS The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration Konstantinos Klaourakis 1,2, Joaquim M. Vieira 1,2,3 ✉ and Paul R. Riley 1,2,3 ✉ Abstract | The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The circulatory system of vertebrates is composed of two after MI. In this Review, we summarize the current complementary vasculatures, the blood and lymphatic knowledge on the development, structure and function vascular systems1. The blood vasculature is a closed sys- of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature, with an emphasis tem responsible for transporting gases, fluids, nutrients, on breakthroughs over the past 5 years in the study of metabolites and cells to the tissues2. This extravasation of cardiac lymphatic heterogeneity in mice and zebrafish. -
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts - Chapter 8
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts - Chapter 8 Angioblasts - These "vessel-forming cells" may arise from any kind of mesoderm except prechordal plate mesoderm. Angioblastic cords - Angiocysts coalesce to form short blind-ended angioblastic cords. Angioblastic plexuses - Angioblastic cords coalesce to form complex interconnected vascular networks or plexuses. Angiocysts - These vesicles are formed by angioblasts during the process of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis - This is the mechanism whereby preexisting vessels lengthen or branch by sprouting. Aortic arches - These vessels have been modified in humans to form the great vessels of the thorax (also see Ch. 7). Axis arteries - These central arteries of the limbs are derived from the 7th intersegmental arteries (upper limb) and 5th lumbar intersegmental arteries (lower limb). Blood islands - Blood islands are cysts of angioblasts containing hemoblasts. These coalesce to form blood vessels in the yolk sac and also form the coronary vasculature. Branchial arches - These are the gill bars of fish. Homologous structures of humans are more appropriately named "pharyngeal" arches. Cardinal system of veins - These veins drain the head and neck and body wall and extremities of the embryo. Anterior cardinals drain the head and neck and the trunk and lower extremities are drained by paired posterior cardinals. The posterior cardinal veins are replaced by subcardinal and supracardinal veins during the second month. Coronary vessels - These vessels of the heart form from epicardium as subepicardial plexuses fuse with sprouts of the aorta and coronary sinus to form the coronary arteries and coronary veins respectively. Endothelial cells - These cells arise from angioblasts to form the initial vascular network. -
Development of HEART 4-VEINS
Development of brachiocephalic veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein is formed by cranial part of right anterior cardinal vein and 2. Left brachiocephalic is formed by cranial part of left anterior cardinal vein and the interant.cardinal anastomosis. Development of superior vena cava 1. The part up to the opening of vena azygos develops from caudal part of right ant.cardinal vein and 2. The part below the opening (intrapericardial part) is formed by the right common cardinal vein. Development of azygos and hemiazygos veins A. 1. Vena azygos develops from right azygos line vein and 2. The arch of vena azygos is formed by the cranial end of right postcardinal vein. B. Hemiazygos veins are formed by the left azygos line vein. Development of Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava is formed, from below upwards by: 1. Begins by the union of the two common iliac veins (postcardinal veins), 2. Right supracardinal, 3. Right supra-subcardinal anastomosis, 4. Right subcardinal, 5. New formation (hepatic segment) and 6. Hepatocardiac channel (terminal part of right vitelline vein). Congenital anomalies • Double inferior vena cava • Absence • Left SVC • Double SVC DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL VEIN 1. The portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesentric and splenic vein to the left vitelline vein. 2. The part of the portal vein which is behind the Ist part of duodenum is formed by middle dorsal transverse anastomosis. 3. Part of portal vein which is in the free margin of lesser omentum is formed by cranial or distal part of right vitelline vein. -
Azygos Vein System Abnormality: Case Report
Gülhane Týp Dergisi 2006; 48: 180-182 OLGU SUNUMU © Gülhane Askeri Týp Akademisi 2006 Azygos vein system abnormality: case report Necdet Kocabýyýk (*), Tunç Kutoðlu (**), Soner Albay (*), Bülent Yalçýn (*), Hasan Ozan (*) Summary Introduction Variations seen in the thoracic vein system are Abnormalities related to the azygos system are not rare (1). In a series related to the development of these veins. of 200 cases, Bergman et al. have reported the incidence of this anomaly During the dissection from the posterior medi- astinum of the 60-year-old male cadaver, it 26% (2). These abnormalities are generally explained by the embryolog- was observed that there was no complete ical development. Venous branching of the azygos vein varies (3). There accessory hemiazygos vein, and both posterior are two origins of the azygos and hemiazygos veins. By union of these intercostal veins and hemiazygos vein (above origins and regression of some parts, azygos system comes into its final T10 level) drained bilaterally to the azygos vein. Considering these types of variations is status (4). Different types of structures may occur when these veins important during imaging this region and surgi- develop. Abnormalities about azygos system and especially the variations cal operations. of the hemiazygos veins are not clearly described in the literature. In this Key words: Azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, superior vena cava, venous anomaly presentation absence of the accessory hemiazygos vein and possible causes of these types of variations are discussed in view of the embry- Özet ological development. Azigos ven sistem anomalisi: olgu sunumu Toraks ven sisteminde görülen varyasyonlar, embriyolojik olarak bu venlerin geliþimiyle ilgi- Case Report lidir. -
Endocardial Cushion and Myocardial Defects After Cardiac Myocyte-Specific Conditional Deletion of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor ALK3
Endocardial cushion and myocardial defects after cardiac myocyte-specific conditional deletion of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor ALK3 Vinciane Gaussin*†, Tom Van de Putte‡, Yuji Mishina§, Mark C. Hanks¶, An Zwijsen‡, Danny Huylebroeck‡, Richard R. Behringerʈ, and Michael D. Schneider*,** *Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; ‡Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB07), K.U. Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; §National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; ¶Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040; and ʈUniversity of Texas–M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Edited by Eric N. Olson, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, and approved December 31, 2001 (received for review July 26, 2001) Receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of velopment, whereas ALK6 is absent from the heart at mid- the transforming growth factor- (TGF) superfamily, are persis- gestation (17). The developing heart also expresses ALK2͞ tently expressed during cardiac development, yet mice lacking type ActRIA (5, 18), which can function as a type I BMP receptor II or type IA BMP receptors die at gastrulation and cannot be used with preference for BMP6 and -7 (19). ALK3, ALK2, and to assess potential later roles in creation of the heart. Here, we BMPR-II are each essential for gastrulation and mesoderm used a Cre͞lox system for cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of the formation (18, 20, 21); mice lacking just BMP4 also fail to type IA BMP receptor, ALK3. ALK3 was specifically required at progress, typically, beyond the egg cylinder stage (22). -
Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development
Cardiovascular System Heart Development Cardiovascular System Heart Development In human embryos, the heart begins to beat at approximately 22-23 days, with blood flow beginning in the 4th week. The heart is one of the earliest differentiating and functioning organs. • This emphasizes the critical nature of the heart in distributing blood through the vessels and the vital exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes between the developing baby and the mother. • Therefore, the first system that completes its development in the embryo is called cardiovascular system. https://www.slideshare.net/DrSherifFahmy/intraembryonic-mesoderm-general-embryology Mesoderm is one of the three • Connective tissue primary germ layers that • Smooth and striated muscle • Cardiovascular System differentiates early in • Kidneys development that collectively • Spleen • Genital organs, ducts gives rise to all subsequent • Adrenal gland cortex tissues and organs. The cardiovascular system begins to develop in the third week of gestation. Blood islands develop in the newly formed mesoderm, and consist of (a) a central group of haemoblasts, the embryonic precursors of blood cells; (b) endothelial cells. Development of the heart and vascular system is often described together as the cardiovascular system. Development begins very early in mesoderm both within (embryonic) and outside (extra embryonic, vitelline, umblical and placental) the embryo. Vascular development occurs in many places. • Blood islands coalesce to form a vascular plexus. Preferential channels form arteries and veins. • Day 17 - Blood islands form first in the extra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 18 - Blood islands form next in the intra-embryonic mesoderm • Day 19 - Blood islands form in the cardiogenic mesoderm and coalesce to form a pair of endothelial heart tubes Development of a circulation • A circulation is established during the 4th week after the myocardium is differentiated.