6 Development of the Great Vessels and Conduction Tissue
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Abnormal Embryonic Lymphatic Vessel Development in Tie1 Hypomorphic Mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E
© 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2014) 141, 1417 doi:10.1242/dev.108969 CORRECTION Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu, Kevin Tompkins, Lorene E. Batts, Mira Puri and H. Scott Baldwin There was an error published in Development 137, 1285-1295. Author name H. Scott Baldwin was incomplete. The correct author list appears above. The authors apologise to readers for this mistake. 1417 RESEARCH ARTICLE 1285 Development 137, 1285-1295 (2010) doi:10.1242/dev.043380 © 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice Xianghu Qu1, Kevin Tompkins1, Lorene E. Batts1, Mira Puri2 and Scott Baldwin1,3,* SUMMARY Tie1 is an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for development and maintenance of the vascular system; however, the role of Tie1 in development of the lymphatic vasculature is unknown. To address this question, we first documented that Tie1 is expressed at the earliest stages of lymphangiogenesis in Prox1-positive venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors. LEC Tie1 expression is maintained throughout embryonic development and persists in postnatal mice. We then generated two lines of Tie1 mutant mice: a hypomorphic allele, which has reduced expression of Tie1, and a conditional allele. Reduction of Tie1 levels resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and in dilated and disorganized lymphatic vessels in all tissues examined and in impaired lymphatic drainage in embryonic skin. Homozygous hypomorphic mice also exhibited abnormally dilated jugular lymphatic vessels due to increased production of Prox1-positive LECs during initial lymphangiogenesis, indicating that Tie1 is required for the early stages of normal lymphangiogenesis. -
CCM2 and CCM3 Proteins Contribute to Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Human Placenta
Histol Histopathol (2009) 24: 1287-1294 Histology and http://www.hh.um.es Histopathology Cellular and Molecular Biology CCM2 and CCM3 proteins contribute to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in human placenta Gamze Tanriover1, Yasemin Seval1, Leyla Sati1, Murat Gunel2 and Necdet Demir1 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Summary. Placenta as an ideal model to study Introduction angiogenic mechanisms have been established in previous studies. There are two processes, The placenta is a multifaceted organ that plays a vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, involved in blood critical role in maintaining and protecting the developing vessel formation during placental development. fetus. Normal development and function of the placenta Therefore, blood vessel formation is a crucial issue that requires extensive vasculogenesis and subsequent might cause vascular malformations. One of the vascular angiogenesis, in both maternal and fetal tissues. malformations is cerebral cavernous malformation Vasculogenesis is the formation of the primitive vascular (CCM) in the central nervous system, consisting of network de novo from progenitor cells, and angiogenesis endothelium-lined vascular channels without intervening is identified as the extension of blood vessels from normal brain parenchyma. Three CCM loci have been preexisting vascular structures (Demir et al., 1989, 2006; mapped as Ccm1, Ccm2, Ccm3 genes in CCM. In order Geva et al., 2002; Charnock-Jones et al., 2004). Many to investigate whether CCM proteins participate in blood factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor vessel formation, we report here the expression patterns (VEGF), angiopoietins (Angpt-1 and -2) and their of CCM2 and CCM3 in developing and term human receptors are involved in the molecular regulation of placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and these diverse developmental steps. -
Of the Bulbus Cordis
Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 1 Two opposing ridges are developed in the walls of the Truncus Arteriosus Called Truncal ridges And in the walls of Bulbus Cordis Called Bulbar ridges The bulbus cordis is also some times named conus and therefore The ridges developed inside it are also called conal. And with those developed in the truncus arteriosus they also together called These ridges are derived mainly from the Conotruncal Ridges neural crest When these ridges are fused with each other, They form Septa So ridges developed in the truncus arteriosus ridges developed in the lumen of the bulbus after their fusion are called cordis after their fusion are called Truncal septum bulbar septum We will study first of all the bulbar septum The Distal bulbar septum The Proximal bulbar septum The proximal bulbar septum shares A) in closing the interventricular foramen The proximal bulbar septum also B) incorporated into the walls of the definitive ventricles in several ways: into the infundibulum and the vestibule In the right ventricle, the bulbus cordis is represented by the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), which gives origin to the pulmonary trunk Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 6 In the left ventricle, the bulbus cordis forms the walls of the aortic vestibule the part of the ventricular cavity just inferior to the aortic valve. The distal bulbar septum 1- Four endocardinal cushions ( one anterior, one posterior, and two lateral right and left) are developed in the distal part of the bulbus cordis. 2- A ridge is developed in the middle of each of the two lateral cushions. It should be noted that the development of these ridges will divide each of the lateral cushions into two Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 9 3-These ridges will fuse to form a complete septum called the distal bulbar septum. -
The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration
REVIEWS The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration Konstantinos Klaourakis 1,2, Joaquim M. Vieira 1,2,3 ✉ and Paul R. Riley 1,2,3 ✉ Abstract | The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The circulatory system of vertebrates is composed of two after MI. In this Review, we summarize the current complementary vasculatures, the blood and lymphatic knowledge on the development, structure and function vascular systems1. The blood vasculature is a closed sys- of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature, with an emphasis tem responsible for transporting gases, fluids, nutrients, on breakthroughs over the past 5 years in the study of metabolites and cells to the tissues2. This extravasation of cardiac lymphatic heterogeneity in mice and zebrafish. -
Patent Ductus Arteriosus About This Factsheet the Normal Heart
Understanding your child’s heart Patent ductus arteriosus About this factsheet The normal heart This factsheet is for parents of babies and children who The heart is a muscular pump which pumps blood through the have patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which is also known as body and lungs. There are four chambers in the heart. The two persistent arterial duct. upper ones are called the right atrium and left atrium. These are separated by a wall called the atrial septum. The two lower It explains: chambers are called the right and left ventricles, and are separated • what patent ductus arteriosus is and how it is diagnosed by a wall called the ventricular septum. • how patent ductus arteriosus is treated • the benefits and risks of treatments. On each side of the heart, blood passes from the atrium, through a heart valve – the tricuspid valve on the right, and the mitral valve This factsheet does not replace the advice that doctors or on the left – into the ventricle. The ventricles are the main pumping nurses may give you, but it should help you to understand chambers of the heart. Each ventricle pumps blood out into an artery. what they tell you. The right ventricle pumps blood – blue in the illustration – into the pulmonary artery (the blood vessel that takes blood to the lungs). The left ventricle pumps blood – red in the illustration – into the aorta (the blood vessel that takes blood to the rest of the body). Blood flows from the right side of the heart, through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, and then to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. -
Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Obstruction at the Level of the Conus Inlet a CASE REPORT
6 April 1974 S.-A. MEDIESE TYDSKRIF 677 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Obstruction at the Level of the Conus Inlet A CASE REPORT T. MULLER SUMMARY in diameter could be seen. The right ventricle was enlarged and the thickness of the wall was 13,5 mm, compared with A case of Fallot's tetralogy is described in a Black male the 12,5 mm thickness of the left ventricle. The right who died of acute cardiac failure at the age of 17 years. ventricle communicated with the left ventricle through a The conus arteriosus was practically a separate chamber very large defect of the interventricular septum, which communicating with the right ventricle through a very easily admitted 3 fingers and which was straddled by the small ostium. The embryology of the truncus arteriosus aorta. The right ventricle was completely demarcated from the bulbus cordis is discussed in the light of the anomalies the infundibulum or conus arteriosus, the only connection described here. The question of maintenance of the pul being an ostium of 7,5 mm in diameter. monary circulation in the absence of an open ductus The conus arteriosus was a well-developed entity, both arteriosus is discussed. externally and internally (Figs 1 and 2). The interior of the conus arteriosus adjoining the right ventricle showed trabeculae carneae, but the upper portion leading to the S. Air. Med. J.• 48, 677 (1974). pulmonary valve was smooth. The pulmonary artery was reduced in size to half of that of the aort'i, and had only 2 valves (Fig. 2). -
Anomalies of the Portal Venous System in Dogs and Cats As Seen on Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography: an Overview and Systematization Proposal
veterinary sciences Review Anomalies of the Portal Venous System in Dogs and Cats as Seen on Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography: An Overview and Systematization Proposal Giovanna Bertolini San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Padova, Italy; [email protected]; Tel.: +39-049-856-1098 Received: 29 November 2018; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 22 January 2019 Abstract: This article offers an overview of congenital and acquired vascular anomalies involving the portal venous system in dogs and cats, as determined by multidetector-row computed tomography angiography. Congenital absence of the portal vein, portal vein hypoplasia, portal vein thrombosis and portal collaterals are described. Portal collaterals are further discussed as high- and low-flow connections and categorized in hepatic arterioportal malformation, arteriovenous fistula, end-to-side and side-to-side congenital portosystemic shunts, acquired portosystemic shunts, cavoportal and porto-portal collaterals. Knowledge of different portal system anomalies helps understand the underlying physiopathological mechanism and is essential for surgical and interventional approaches. Keywords: portal system; portal vein; portosystemic shunt; portal hypertension; computed tomography 1. Introduction The portal venous system is essential for the maintenance of the liver mass and function in mammals. The portal system collects blood from major abdominal organs (i.e., gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen) delivering nutrients, bacteria and toxins from the intestine to the liver. In addition, the portal blood carries approximately from one-half to two-thirds of the oxygen supply to the liver and specific hepatotrophic factors [1,2]. The portal blood is detoxified by the hepatocytes and then delivered into the systemic circulation via the hepatic veins and caudal vena cava [3]. -
Gonadotrophin Receptors in the Pig Umbilical Cord G
Evidence for the presence of luteinizing hormone\p=n-\chorionic gonadotrophin receptors in the pig umbilical cord G. Wasowicz, K. Derecka, A. Stepien, L. Pelliniemi, T. Doboszynska, B. Gawronska and A. J. Ziecik 'Division ofReproductive Endocrinology, Institute ofAnimal Reproduction and Food Research ofPolish Academy of Sciences, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; and 'University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, SF 20520 Turku, Finland Pig umbilical cord, like that of humans, contains two arteries and a vein surrounded by Wharton's jelly with amnion covering the exterior surface. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether LH\p=n-\hCGreceptors are present in the pig umbilical cord, using light microscope immunohistochemistry, semiquantitative autoradiography, western blotting and reverse transcription\p=n-\polymerasechain reaction. Umbilical cords were collected on days 48, 71 and 103 of fetal life (n = 6). Monoclonal and polyclonal anti-LH receptor antibodies were used to study receptor distribution. Immunoreactivity was observed in the umbilical blood vessels, the epithelium of umbilical amnion and cells in the Wharton's jelly. No differences in LH\p=n-\hCGreceptor distribution related to the sex of the fetus, period of fetal life or section of the umbilical cord were observed. Strong immunostaining was observed in umbilical vein and in umbilical arteries. However, in the arteries, the tunica media expressed weaker receptor immunostaining than did the tunica intima and tunica adventitia. No immunoactivity was detected in non-target tissue (skeletal muscle) but LH receptors were immunostained in the pig ovary. Topical autoradiography showed that vein and arteries in the umbilical cord bind 125I-labelled hCG, which was highly diminished after co-incubation with an excess of unlabelled hCG. -
EXTRACORONARY CARDIAC VEINS in the RAT1 the Present Work
EXTRACORONARY CARDIAC VEINS IN THE RAT1 MYRON H. HALPERN Department of Anatomy, Unit-ersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor SIX FIGURES The present work had its inception in the discovery of vessels around the rat’s heart which did not correspond to anything previously described in other mammals. These ves- sels are a system of veins which begin on the heart and terminate in the anterior venae cavae. Two major veins eom- prise this system, each of which crosses the midline to empty into the contralateral anterior vena cava. They drain the conal region of the right ventricle and the ventrocephalic region of the left ventricle. The term “extracoronary” cardiac veins has been applied to these vessels by the author because they originate on the heart and terminate in remote vessels not otherwise associated with the coronary circulation. Al- though this system has been found to exist in certain fishes and amphibians, to the author’s knowledge it has never been recognized in mammals. These findings seemed to warrant a more detailed study of the adult cardiac venous drainage of the rat. To supplement this portion of the investigation, an embryologic study was undertaken. Both the adult and the embryonic patterns of the cardiac drainage were com- pared with the patterns found in the above vertebrates and were interpreted on the basis of these comparisons. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this study, the venous system of 85 adult rats were injected with latex preparatory to dissection. Of this number, Portion of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. -
Development of HEART 4-VEINS
Development of brachiocephalic veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein is formed by cranial part of right anterior cardinal vein and 2. Left brachiocephalic is formed by cranial part of left anterior cardinal vein and the interant.cardinal anastomosis. Development of superior vena cava 1. The part up to the opening of vena azygos develops from caudal part of right ant.cardinal vein and 2. The part below the opening (intrapericardial part) is formed by the right common cardinal vein. Development of azygos and hemiazygos veins A. 1. Vena azygos develops from right azygos line vein and 2. The arch of vena azygos is formed by the cranial end of right postcardinal vein. B. Hemiazygos veins are formed by the left azygos line vein. Development of Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava is formed, from below upwards by: 1. Begins by the union of the two common iliac veins (postcardinal veins), 2. Right supracardinal, 3. Right supra-subcardinal anastomosis, 4. Right subcardinal, 5. New formation (hepatic segment) and 6. Hepatocardiac channel (terminal part of right vitelline vein). Congenital anomalies • Double inferior vena cava • Absence • Left SVC • Double SVC DEVELOPMENT OF PORTAL VEIN 1. The portal vein is formed behind the neck of pancreas by the union of superior mesentric and splenic vein to the left vitelline vein. 2. The part of the portal vein which is behind the Ist part of duodenum is formed by middle dorsal transverse anastomosis. 3. Part of portal vein which is in the free margin of lesser omentum is formed by cranial or distal part of right vitelline vein. -
Vessels and Circulation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OUTLINE 23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 684 23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics 684 23.1b Arteries 685 23.1c Capillaries 688 23 23.1d Veins 689 23.2 Blood Pressure 691 23.3 Systemic Circulation 692 Vessels and 23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart 693 23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart 693 23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck 693 23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 697 23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs 700 Circulation 23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract 701 23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum 705 23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb 705 23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb 709 23.4 Pulmonary Circulation 712 23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 714 23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 715 23.7 Blood Vessel Development 716 23.7a Artery Development 716 23.7b Vein Development 717 23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation 718 MODULE 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM mck78097_ch23_683-723.indd 683 2/14/11 4:31 PM 684 Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation lood vessels are analogous to highways—they are an efficient larger as they merge and come closer to the heart. The site where B mode of transport for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hor- two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the mones, and waste products to and from body tissues. The heart is same body region is called an anastomosis (ă-nas ′tō -mō′ sis; pl., the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels. -
Azygos Vein System Abnormality: Case Report
Gülhane Týp Dergisi 2006; 48: 180-182 OLGU SUNUMU © Gülhane Askeri Týp Akademisi 2006 Azygos vein system abnormality: case report Necdet Kocabýyýk (*), Tunç Kutoðlu (**), Soner Albay (*), Bülent Yalçýn (*), Hasan Ozan (*) Summary Introduction Variations seen in the thoracic vein system are Abnormalities related to the azygos system are not rare (1). In a series related to the development of these veins. of 200 cases, Bergman et al. have reported the incidence of this anomaly During the dissection from the posterior medi- astinum of the 60-year-old male cadaver, it 26% (2). These abnormalities are generally explained by the embryolog- was observed that there was no complete ical development. Venous branching of the azygos vein varies (3). There accessory hemiazygos vein, and both posterior are two origins of the azygos and hemiazygos veins. By union of these intercostal veins and hemiazygos vein (above origins and regression of some parts, azygos system comes into its final T10 level) drained bilaterally to the azygos vein. Considering these types of variations is status (4). Different types of structures may occur when these veins important during imaging this region and surgi- develop. Abnormalities about azygos system and especially the variations cal operations. of the hemiazygos veins are not clearly described in the literature. In this Key words: Azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, superior vena cava, venous anomaly presentation absence of the accessory hemiazygos vein and possible causes of these types of variations are discussed in view of the embry- Özet ological development. Azigos ven sistem anomalisi: olgu sunumu Toraks ven sisteminde görülen varyasyonlar, embriyolojik olarak bu venlerin geliþimiyle ilgi- Case Report lidir.