Cardiovascular System Note: the Cardiovascular System Develops Early (Week 3), Enabling the Embryo to Grow Beyond the Short
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Coronary Arterial Development Is Regulated by a Dll4-Jag1-Ephrinb2 Signaling Cascade
RESEARCH ARTICLE Coronary arterial development is regulated by a Dll4-Jag1-EphrinB2 signaling cascade Stanislao Igor Travisano1,2, Vera Lucia Oliveira1,2, Bele´ n Prados1,2, Joaquim Grego-Bessa1,2, Rebeca Pin˜ eiro-Sabarı´s1,2, Vanesa Bou1,2, Manuel J Go´ mez3, Fa´ tima Sa´ nchez-Cabo3, Donal MacGrogan1,2*, Jose´ Luis de la Pompa1,2* 1Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; 2CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; 3Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain Abstract Coronaries are essential for myocardial growth and heart function. Notch is crucial for mouse embryonic angiogenesis, but its role in coronary development remains uncertain. We show Jag1, Dll4 and activated Notch1 receptor expression in sinus venosus (SV) endocardium. Endocardial Jag1 removal blocks SV capillary sprouting, while Dll4 inactivation stimulates excessive capillary growth, suggesting that ligand antagonism regulates coronary primary plexus formation. Later endothelial ligand removal, or forced expression of Dll4 or the glycosyltransferase Mfng, blocks coronary plexus remodeling, arterial differentiation, and perivascular cell maturation. Endocardial deletion of Efnb2 phenocopies the coronary arterial defects of Notch mutants. Angiogenic rescue experiments in ventricular explants, or in primary human endothelial cells, indicate that EphrinB2 is a critical effector of antagonistic Dll4 and Jag1 functions in arterial morphogenesis. Thus, coronary arterial precursors are specified in the SV prior to primary coronary plexus formation and subsequent arterial differentiation depends on a Dll4-Jag1-EphrinB2 signaling *For correspondence: [email protected] (DMG); cascade. [email protected] (JLP) Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power
DSJUOG Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power Doppler Technology REVIEW ARTICLE Fetal Brain Vascularity Visualized by Conventional 2D and 3D Power Doppler Technology 1Ritsuko K Pooh, 2Asim Kurjak 1CRIFM Clinical Research Institute of Fetal Medicine PMC, Osaka, Japan 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia Correspondence: Ritsuko K Pooh, CRIFM Clinical Research Institute of Fetal Medicine PMC 7-3-7, Uehommachi, Tennoji Osaka #543-0001, Japan, Phone: +81-6-6775-8111, Fax: +81-6-6775-8122, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Significant advances have been made in accurate and reliable visualization of the cerebral circulation in normal and abnormal pregnancies. They provided the non-invasive studies of fetal cerebral angiogenesis and further development that filled some of the gaps made by neuroanatomical studies alone. The first breakthrough in the assessment of fetal circulation was development of Doppler system with purpose to obtain velocity waveforms. Continuing technical advances in Doppler ultrasound equipment, especially highly sensitive color flow imagining techniques have made it possible to study smaller anatomical parts of fetal circulation system including cerebral vascularization. Before examination of brain vascularity, anatomical vascular structure and development on the different appearance at each gestational age should be remembered as the basic knowledge. Since the development of the embryo is rapid and significant changes occur during even one week it is important to specify the stage of the embryo or fetus both by age (postmenstrual weeks and days) and by size (crownrump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD). Introduction of three-dimensional (3D) sonography and 3D power Doppler techniques have enabled visualization of intracranial vessels. -
Fetal Blood Flow and Genetic Mutations in Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease Review Fetal Blood Flow and Genetic Mutations in Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease Laura A. Dyer 1 and Sandra Rugonyi 2,* 1 Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR 97203, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In congenital heart disease, the presence of structural defects affects blood flow in the heart and circulation. However, because the fetal circulation bypasses the lungs, fetuses with cyanotic heart defects can survive in utero but need prompt intervention to survive after birth. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus are two of the most significant conotruncal heart defects. In both defects, blood access to the lungs is restricted or non-existent, and babies with these critical conditions need intervention right after birth. While there are known genetic mutations that lead to these critical heart defects, early perturbations in blood flow can independently lead to critical heart defects. In this paper, we start by comparing the fetal circulation with the neonatal and adult circulation, and reviewing how altered fetal blood flow can be used as a diagnostic tool to plan interventions. We then look at known factors that lead to tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus: namely early perturbations in blood flow and mutations within VEGF-related pathways. The interplay between physical and genetic factors means that any one alteration can cause significant disruptions during development and underscore our need to better understand the effects of both blood flow and flow-responsive genes. -
PDF Published Online: 21 May 2010
Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54: 1033-1043 (2010) DEVELOPMENTALTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF doi: 10.1387/ijdb.103105gs BIOLOGY www.intjdevbiol.com Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac: a bird’s eye view GUOJUN SHENG* Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan ABSTRACT The yolk sac is the sole niche and source of cells for primitive erythropoiesis from E1 to E5 of chicken development. It is also the main niche and source of cells for early definitive erythropoiesis from E5 to E12. A transition occurs during late embryonic development, after which the bone marrow becomes the major niche and intraembryonically-derived cells the major source. How the yolk sac is involved in these three phases of erythropoiesis is discussed in this review. Prior to the establishment of circulation at E2, specification of primitive erythrocytes is discussed in relation to that of two other cell types formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, namely the smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Concepts of blood island, hemangioblast and hemogenic endothelium are also discussed. It is concluded that the chick embryo remains a powerful model for studying developmental hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis. KEY WORDS: chicken, primitive erythropoiesis, definitive erythropoiesis, hematopoiesis, yolk sac Introduction 2003; Siatskas and Boyd, 2000), hematological description of different blood lineages (Lucas and Jamroz, 1961), early vascular Studies on chicken hematopoietic development have been morphogenesis (Drake, 2003; Drake et al., 1998; Drake et al., instrumental in the establishment of several key concepts in the 2000) and developmental and adult immune systems (Davison et field, including B lymphocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, al., 2008). -
Problem Is Also Further Confused by the Perplexing Mixture of Cells of Different Origin Brought About by the Early Established Circulation of the Body Fluids
556 ZOOLOGY: C. R. STOCKARD composition. Coralium and Tubipora, for example, are compact forms, with little organic matter; and they are lower in magnesia than the genera with horny, organic axes, such as appear at the eric of the table. It is also noteworthy that the highest proportions of calcium phosphate are commonly found associated with high values for magnesia. 1 Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN AND RELA- TIONSHIP OF BLOOD CORPUSCLES AND THE LINING CELLS OF VESSELS By Charles R. Stockard DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL Preented to the Academy. September 29. 1915 Studies on the origin and development of the cellular elements of the blood and the so-called endothelial cells which line the blood vessels in the normal embryo are peculiarly difficult on account of the important r61e that wandering mesenchyme cells play in these processes. The problem is also further confused by the perplexing mixture of cells of different origin brought about by the early established circulation of the body fluids. The development of no other embryonic tissue is so disturbed by mechanical and physical conditions. A study of living fish embryos with the high power microscope has made it possible to observe the behavior of the wandering cells and to follow them in their development. The disadvantages due to the inter- mixture of cells in the blood current have been overcome by the investi- gation of embryos in which a circulation of the blood is prevented from taking place. When the eggs of the fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, are treated during early developmental stages with weak solutions of alcohol, the resulting embryos in many cases never establish a blood circulation. -
MDCT of Interatrial Septum
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2015) 96, 891—899 PICTORIAL REVIEW /Cardiovascular imaging MDCT of interatrial septum ∗ D. Yasunaga , M. Hamon Service de radiologie, pôle d’imagerie, CHU de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen Cedex 9, France KEYWORDS Abstract ECG-gated cardiac multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) allows precise Cardiac CT; analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS). This pictorial review provides a detailed description of Interatrial septum; the normal anatomy, variants and abnormalities of the IAS such as patent foramen ovale, con- Patent foramen genital abnormalities such as atrial septal defects as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes ovale; that develop on the IAS. Secundum ASD © 2015 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of the Éditions françaises de radiologie. Introduction Major technical advances in computed tomography (CT) in recent years have made it pos- sible to use multidetector row CT (MDCT) in the field of cardiac imaging. Besides coronary arteries, ECG-gated cardiac MDCT provides high-resolution images of all cardiac structures. It is therefore important for radiologists to understand and be able to analyze the normal anatomical structures, variants and diseases of these different structures. This article provides an analysis of the interatrial septum (IAS) based on a pictorial review. After a short embryological and anatomical description, we will illustrate the nor- mal anatomy and variants of the IAS, anomalies such as patent foramen ovale (PFO), congenital diseases such as atrial septal defects (ASD) as well as tumors and tumoral-like processes that develop on the IAS. Abbreviations: ASA, atrial septal aneurysm; ASD, atrial septal defect; ECG, electrocardiogram; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; IVS, interventricular septum; LV, left ventricle; M, myxoma; PFO, patent foramen ovale; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava; MIP, maximal intensity projection; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TV, tricuspid valve. -
Of the Bulbus Cordis
Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 1 Two opposing ridges are developed in the walls of the Truncus Arteriosus Called Truncal ridges And in the walls of Bulbus Cordis Called Bulbar ridges The bulbus cordis is also some times named conus and therefore The ridges developed inside it are also called conal. And with those developed in the truncus arteriosus they also together called These ridges are derived mainly from the Conotruncal Ridges neural crest When these ridges are fused with each other, They form Septa So ridges developed in the truncus arteriosus ridges developed in the lumen of the bulbus after their fusion are called cordis after their fusion are called Truncal septum bulbar septum We will study first of all the bulbar septum The Distal bulbar septum The Proximal bulbar septum The proximal bulbar septum shares A) in closing the interventricular foramen The proximal bulbar septum also B) incorporated into the walls of the definitive ventricles in several ways: into the infundibulum and the vestibule In the right ventricle, the bulbus cordis is represented by the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), which gives origin to the pulmonary trunk Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 6 In the left ventricle, the bulbus cordis forms the walls of the aortic vestibule the part of the ventricular cavity just inferior to the aortic valve. The distal bulbar septum 1- Four endocardinal cushions ( one anterior, one posterior, and two lateral right and left) are developed in the distal part of the bulbus cordis. 2- A ridge is developed in the middle of each of the two lateral cushions. It should be noted that the development of these ridges will divide each of the lateral cushions into two Dr.Amjad Sahatarat 9 3-These ridges will fuse to form a complete septum called the distal bulbar septum. -
Extensive Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Organogenesis Precede Lethality in Mice Lacking All V Integrins
Cell, Vol. 95, 507–519, November 13, 1998, Copyright ©1998 by Cell Press Extensive Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Organogenesis Precede Lethality in Mice Lacking All ␣v Integrins Bernhard L. Bader,*‡ Helen Rayburn,* their ligands. Significant expression of ␣v integrins has Denise Crowley,* and Richard O. Hynes*† been noted, in particular, in neural crest cells (Delannet * Howard Hughes Medical Institute et al., 1994), glial cells (Hirsch et al., 1994; Milner and Center for Cancer Research ffrench-Constant, 1994), muscle (Hirsch et al., 1994; Mc- and Department of Biology Donald et al., 1995; Martin and Sanes, 1997), osteoclasts Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Va¨ a¨ na¨ nen and Horton, 1995), epithelia (␣v6; Breuss et Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 al., 1995; Huang et al., 1996), and blood vessels during development (Brooks et al., 1994a; Drake et al., 1995; Friedlander et al., 1995, 1996) or angiogenesis in re- Summary sponse to tumors (Brooks et al., 1994a, 1994b, 1996, 1998; Varner et al., 1995). ␣v integrins have been implicated in many develop- Among the ligands for various ␣v integrins is fibro- mental processes and are therapeutic targets for inhi- nectin (FN), and results on mouse embryos lacking FN bition of angiogenesis and osteoporosis. Surprisingly, or FN receptor integrins suggest that ␣v integrins might ablation of the gene for the ␣v integrin subunit, elimi- be important receptors for FN during early development. nating all five ␣v integrins, although causing lethality, FN-null embryos fail to form notochord or somites allows considerable development and organogenesis (George et al., 1993; Georges-Labouesse et al., 1996), including, most notably, extensive vasculogenesis and whereas embryos null for either (Yang et al., 1993, 1995) angiogenesis. -
The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration
REVIEWS The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration Konstantinos Klaourakis 1,2, Joaquim M. Vieira 1,2,3 ✉ and Paul R. Riley 1,2,3 ✉ Abstract | The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The circulatory system of vertebrates is composed of two after MI. In this Review, we summarize the current complementary vasculatures, the blood and lymphatic knowledge on the development, structure and function vascular systems1. The blood vasculature is a closed sys- of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature, with an emphasis tem responsible for transporting gases, fluids, nutrients, on breakthroughs over the past 5 years in the study of metabolites and cells to the tissues2. This extravasation of cardiac lymphatic heterogeneity in mice and zebrafish. -
Endothelium in the Pharyngeal Arches 3, 4 and 6 Is Derived from the Second Heart Field
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers Center for Translational Medicine 1-15-2017 Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field. Xia Wang Thomas Jefferson University Dongying Chen Thomas Jefferson University Kelley Chen Thomas Jefferson University Ali Jubran Thomas Jefferson University AnnJosette Ramirez Thomas Jefferson University Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp Part of the Translational Medical Research Commons LetSee next us page know for additional how authors access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Wang, Xia; Chen, Dongying; Chen, Kelley; Jubran, Ali; Ramirez, AnnJosette; and Astrof, Sophie, "Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field." (2017). Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers. Paper 45. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. Authors Xia Wang, Dongying Chen, Kelley Chen, Ali Jubran, AnnJosette Ramirez, and Sophie Astrof This article is available at Jefferson Digital Commons: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Dev Biol Manuscript Author . -
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts - Chapter 8
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts - Chapter 8 Angioblasts - These "vessel-forming cells" may arise from any kind of mesoderm except prechordal plate mesoderm. Angioblastic cords - Angiocysts coalesce to form short blind-ended angioblastic cords. Angioblastic plexuses - Angioblastic cords coalesce to form complex interconnected vascular networks or plexuses. Angiocysts - These vesicles are formed by angioblasts during the process of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis - This is the mechanism whereby preexisting vessels lengthen or branch by sprouting. Aortic arches - These vessels have been modified in humans to form the great vessels of the thorax (also see Ch. 7). Axis arteries - These central arteries of the limbs are derived from the 7th intersegmental arteries (upper limb) and 5th lumbar intersegmental arteries (lower limb). Blood islands - Blood islands are cysts of angioblasts containing hemoblasts. These coalesce to form blood vessels in the yolk sac and also form the coronary vasculature. Branchial arches - These are the gill bars of fish. Homologous structures of humans are more appropriately named "pharyngeal" arches. Cardinal system of veins - These veins drain the head and neck and body wall and extremities of the embryo. Anterior cardinals drain the head and neck and the trunk and lower extremities are drained by paired posterior cardinals. The posterior cardinal veins are replaced by subcardinal and supracardinal veins during the second month. Coronary vessels - These vessels of the heart form from epicardium as subepicardial plexuses fuse with sprouts of the aorta and coronary sinus to form the coronary arteries and coronary veins respectively. Endothelial cells - These cells arise from angioblasts to form the initial vascular network.