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Balabhadra Upasana and Tulasi Kshetra Orissa Review * July - 2005 Balabhadra Upasana and Tulasi Kshetra Er. Nirakar Mahalik On the full-moon day in the month of Shrabana, (Basudeva) came into being long before 4th the birth day of Balabhadra is celebrated by Century B.C performing special Nitis. Lord Baladeva Ghusundi inscription mentions 'Pujasila (Balabhadra) is the presiding deity in the Baladeva Prakaro narayanavatica' which has been Jew Temple at Kendrapara in the heart of Tulasi translated as " enclosing wall of the stone(Object) Kshetra although the three deities Balabhadra, of worship called Narayana Vatika (compound)"3 Subhadra and Jagannath are enshrined in the and dedicating the same to gods Sankarsana Baladeva Jew temple. The name of the temple is Baladeva, who was Lord of all. Hence we notice said so as the temple Jagannatha at Puri is named that only two forms: (or Vyuhas) Sankarsana and after Lord Jagannath. According to Prof. Prabhat Vasudev and not the four (Sankarsana, Vasudev, Mukherjee, in about 5th century A.D., Pradyumna and Aniruddha) have developed by Sankarasana and Vasudeva came to be known this time. Moreover Sankarsana has been as Jagannatha and Balarama in Orissa.1 Brihat mentioned first and evidently been given a prior Samhita of Varahamihira (6th century A.D) position (cf. Sankarsana-Vasudevabhyam). enjoins to place Ekanamsa between Baladeva and Above place Ghosundi which is near to Nagari in Krshna. the Chitorgarh district of Rajasthan (Rajputana) was also a seat of the Bhagavat religion. A stone Meghasthenes, the Greek ambassador in 4 the court of the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta image of Balarama which is now preserved in Lucknow Provincial Museum is a sure proof that also refers to the satvatas and the worship of his worship was prevalent in Mathura during the Vasudev-Krshna. Historian R.G.Bhandarkar Sunga period (2nd Century B.C).The deity holds observes thus, " If the Vasudev-Krshna worship club (Musala) in his right hand and plough in the prevailed in the time of the first Maurya, it must left. have originated long before the establishment of Maurya dynasty, and my assertion that it owes its Balabhadra is known as elder brother of origin to the stream of thought which began with Vasudeva. Rebati Raman, Talanka, Musali, Hali, Upanishads and culminated in the east in Kamapal, Kalandi Vedan, Pralaghna, Buddhism and Jainism and arose about the time Achutagranja, Bala, Rohineya, Nilambara, of the latter, is conformed."2 So we find that the Sirapani , Halayudha, Baladeva, Balarama and cult of Vasudev-Krshna and Sankarshan Sankarsana are the sixteen other names of 38 Orissa Review * July - 2005 Balabhadra.5 He is the God of Destruction for and carries it home on his head as appears in the which strength (Bala) is necessary. So his name medieval Bengali literature.8 Regarding the festival is Sankarsana, Balaram, Balabhadra and it is stated that "In the half-Buddhistic and half- Baladeva for his vigour. Saivite 'Gambhira and Gajan festivals, which Not for the strength of destroyer but for appear to have originated at an early date and his wisdom, Balabhadra is the 'Siva' of the must have preceded Ramai Pandit's work, there Universe. In the Agama (Tantra) sastra, Siva is are references to the agricultural role of Siva, on the Paramaguru. When Siva describes the the Ahara puja, a feature common to both essence of Tantras, He is knowledge, called Gambhira and Gajana festivals. Cultivation by 'Dakshina Murty'. Balabhadra is white, as if He Siva is represented by bhakatas or devotees 9 is powdered by Bhasma. So he is the incarnation before the spectators." We know that the wisdom of Siva.6 In the 12th century A.D. Kavi Jayadeva of Balabhadra is the Siva of the Universe. Hence of Orissa also described in Gitagovinda as ; Siva-Balabhadra is the God of Agriculture from the ancient times. "Bahasi Bapusi Bishade Basanga Jaladavang Hala hati viti milita Jamunavang Iconographic representation showing the Keshaba dhruta ! Haladhara rupa relation between Vaisnavism and Saktism is not Jaya Jagadisha Hare." uncommon in India as well as in Orissa. The Lord Balabhadra was worshipped during earliest representation so far available of the holy 4th-5th century A.D. in Uttar Tosali. The entire triad of Krishna - Vasudeva - Subhadra ancient Uttar (northern) Tosali is named as Tulasi (Ekanamsa) and Sankarsana-Balaram is Kshetra, but the present Tulasi-kshetra is the preserved in Karachi Museum, Pakistan (2nd modern Kendrapara.7 The area extending from century A.D.).10 Here two armed Balarama is in the Bay of Bengal in the east, the high hill of standing pose and holding a colossal plough (hala) Lalitagiri as well as the Assia mountain range in in his right hand. The utter absence of snake- the north-west, river Baitarani in the north and hoods above his head is to be noted with great river Mahanadi in the south, is the part of north interest. The association of Krsna-Balarama in a Tosali or UCHA (UDRA) of Hiuen-Tsang. The few Jaina relief from Mathura Museum and present Kendrapara district is surrounded by datable to the Kusan period is also worth taking three major rivers of Orissa forming a deltaic note of.11 region. The low delta region is submerged by sea It is said that after the death of Baladeva, water and river water during extreme rainy season his dead body was transformed into a stone image leaving high silt. which was worshipped by Devatas at the door This deltaic region is very fertile for the of Patalapuri which is identified with Lalitagiri in production of agricultural goods. People here Dwapar Yuga. The area extending from the Bay worship the God of Agriculture and oxen/bull. The of Bengal in the east, the Lalitagiri and Assia Lord Balabhadra of Kendrapara was first mountain range in the north-west, river Baitarani enshrined by Gopal Siddha Das, a cow-herd boy in the north and river Mahanadi in the south is of that area. It is very interesting to note that Siva called the part of Patalapuri (nether world) in is represented as a cultivator who ploughs his the Puranic literature.12 When Kali Yuga appeared fields, sows seeds, takes out weeds, cut grass and Buddha Dharma (Buddhism) spread over 39 Orissa Review * July - 2005 the area, the Devatas kept the image of over the area surrounding Lalitagiri and Assian Balabhadra in disguise underwater of the river mountain ranges. Tulasi Kshetra Mahatmya17 Madhusagar which is now called the river Gobari. reveals that he lived near Lalitagiri -Alatigiri, and After Gopal Siddha Das discovered the image of was terrifying the local people. Lord Balarama Balabhadra near Siddha Sarovar, he worshipped defeated him in a fight as a result of which he left him at Kendrapara. There are some examples the place went to Kapilash mountain near which state that Balarama worship was prevalent Dhenkanal and lived in disguise in the nearby in other parts of India and even in the heart of mountain ranges as he was an ardent devotee of Buddhist site like an ancient site of Nalanda. An Lord Siva. Lord Baladeva thoroughly searched inscription of king Devapal is engraved on the every nook and corners of the hill and lastly pedestal of a bronze image of Baladeva discovered ploughed the hill with his plough (hala) as a result from here. So it appears that this Brahmanical of which one perennial spring emerged from the deity was worshipped at Nalanda during hill, which is now called 'Langal Siar Jharana' Devapal's reign. 13 An interesting carving of (spring of the plough). After persuading him from Balarama belonging to the 2nd or 3rd century Kapilash, Lord Baladeva killed the wicked demon A.D. had been discovered from the Gwalior area Kandarasura in a fight and threw his scattered at Tumain (ancient Tumbavana). Thus the locality body all over the nearby places. of Gwalior state came under the influence of It is every interesting to note that the present Vaisnavism in the Saka-Kusan period or the early place names centering to Kendrapara are known centuries of the Christian era (i.e. 3rd century 14 according to the names of the fallen body parts A.D). of the demon king. Such as Asureswar is derived In the 5th-6th century A.D., Pancharatra from the fallen cut head (Asura Sira) of the System of the Bhagabata Cult which accept demon, Balagandi is derived from the fallen gandi Sankarsana-Baladeva and Krsna - Vasudeva as (trunk) of the demon (i.e. Kandara padi), Kamar the supreme deity was followed by the Khandi is derived from his fallen Kamar (waist). Sarabhapuriya kings of western Orissa.15 It is a Navi Khanda Lahakhanda is derived from his very interesting fact that one inscription on the fallen Navi (Naval) of the demon. Besides these wall of the Nrusingha temple in the campus of places, Lord Baladeva founded some 'Siva' Sri-Jagannatha temple Puri was discovered by temples over the other fallen parts of the demon late S.N. Rajguru. The said inscription is fixed in like Swapneswar Siva temple at Kantia, the southern wall at a floral-base under the Varaha Lankeswar Siva temple at Gualisingh and shrine. It records that in the 37th Srahi of Biuleswar Siva temple at Kajala where demon's Anangabhima-III (i.e. A.D. 1241), a body parts like feet, neck and waist (part) Mahamandalika had donated lands for Amrta respectively were fallen. Demon's body (gandi) Manohi (Bhoga) of two Gods, namely is buried at Balagandi which is proper Balabhadradeva and Kamalakshadeva (Sri- Kendrapara.18 Krsna). Hence it is to note that Balabhadra Some research scholars have the opinion upasana is given prior importance even in Sri- 16 that Kandarasura who lived near Chandikhol was Mandir, Puri.
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