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The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
Courses in Jaina Studies
Jaina Studies NEWSLETTER OF THE CENTRE OF JAINA STUDIES March 2013 Issue 8 CoJS Newsletter • March 2013 • Issue 8 Jaina Studies NEWSLETTER OF THE CENTRE OF JAINA STUDIES Contents: 4 Letter from the Chair Conferences and News 5 Jaina Logic: Programme 7 Jaina Logic: Abstracts 10 Biodiversity Conservation and Animal Rights: SOAS Jaina Studies Workshop 2012 12 SOAS Workshop 2014: Jaina Hagiography and Biography 13 Jaina Studies at the AAR 2012 16 The Intersections of Religion, Society, Polity, and Economy in Rajasthan 18 DANAM 2012 19 Debate, Argumentation and Theory of Knowledge in Classical India: The Import of Jainism 21 The Buddhist and Jaina Studies Conference in Lumbini, Nepal Research 24 A Rare Jaina-Image of Balarāma at Mt. Māṅgī-Tuṅgī 29 The Ackland Art Museum’s Image of Śāntinātha 31 Jaina Theories of Inference in the Light of Modern Logics 32 Religious Individualisation in Historical Perspective: Sociology of Jaina Biography 33 Daulatrām Plays Holī: Digambar Bhakti Songs of Springtime 36 Prekṣā Meditation: History and Methods Jaina Art 38 A Unique Seven-Faced Tīrthaṅkara Sculpture at the Victoria and Albert Museum 40 Aspects of Kalpasūtra Paintings 42 A Digambar Icon of the Goddess Jvālāmālinī 44 Introducing Jain Art to Australian Audiences 47 Saṃgrahaṇī-Sūtra Illustrations 50 Victoria & Albert Museum Jaina Art Fund Publications 51 Johannes Klatt’s Jaina-Onomasticon: The Leverhulme Trust 52 The Pianarosa Jaina Library 54 Jaina Studies Series 56 International Journal of Jaina Studies 57 International Journal of Jaina Studies (Online) 57 Digital Resources in Jaina Studies at SOAS Jaina Studies at the University of London 58 Postgraduate Courses in Jainism at SOAS 58 PhD/MPhil in Jainism at SOAS 59 Jaina Studies at the University of London On the Cover Gautama Svāmī, Śvetāmbara Jaina Mandir, Amṛtsar 2009 Photo: Ingrid Schoon 2 CoJS Newsletter • March 2013 • Issue 8 Centre of Jaina Studies Members SOAS MEMBERS Honorary President Professor Christopher Key Chapple Dr Hawon Ku Professor J. -
Jagannatha Dhama of India: a Study on History and Culture
International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) Volume 6, Issue 1, 2020, PP 28-36 ISSN 2454-7646 (Print) & ISSN 2454-7654 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-7654.0601004 www.arcjournals.org Jagannatha Dhama of India: A Study on History and Culture Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra* Assistant Professor, Department of History, KISS, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, PIN-751024, Odisha, India *Corresponding Author: Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra, Assistant Professor, Department of History, KISS, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, PIN-751024, Odisha, India Abstract: Jagannath Dhama popularly known as Puri, is famous for its historic antiquities and religious sanctuaries in India. It is considered by millions of Hindus as one of the four Dhamas of India. This place is also well-known throughout the world for the celebrated temple of Lord Jagannatha. In fact, Jagannath Dhamahad also been maintaining itself as a stronghold place of Hinduism in India before the establishment of the Muslim rule in northern India. A good number of temples and mathasof medieval and modern periods are found to be established in the different parts of the Puri town. As a sacred place, this Dhama has been maintaining its highest pitch of glory from time immemorial to till today. So, from the cultural point of view, it is very interesting study for scholars of history. The aim of this paper is to study the history andculture of the Jagannatha Dhama of India in detail. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been used here to access the historical and cultural importance of Jagannatha Dhama of Odisha in Eastern India. -
Jainism by Dr
Jainism By Dr. Subhash Chandra Jainism traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient, non-theistic, Indian religion, founded by Jina Mahavira in the 5th century BCE. Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina (victor) and connoting the path of victory in crossing over life's stream of rebirths through an ethical and spiritual life. Jains trace their history through a succession of 24 victorious saviours and teachers known as tirthankaras, with the first being Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago, twenty-third being Parshvanatha in 8th century BC and twenty-fourth being the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE. Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology. The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (many-sidedness), aparigraha (non-attachment) and asceticism. Devout Jains take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (celibacy or chastity), and aparigraha (non-attachment). These principles have impacted Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles. Parasparopagraho Jīvānām (the function of souls is to help one another) is the motto of Jainism. Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism. The origins of Jainism are obscure. The Jains claim their religion to be eternal, and consider Rishabhanatha to be the founder in the present time cycle, the first of 24 Jain tirthankaras in Jain belief, and someone who lived for 8,400,000 purva years. -
Jagannath Consciousness in the Literature of Odisha
Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities (ISSN 0975-2935), Vol. IX, No. 4, 2017 [Indexed by Scopus & approved by UGC] DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v9n4.16 Full Text: http://rupkatha.com/V9/n4/v9n416.pdf From Inner Peace to World Peace: Jagannath Consciousness in the Literature of Odisha Guruprasad Mohapatra1 & Swati Samantaray2 1Research Scholar, School of Humanities, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. orcid.org/0000- 0003-1736-3564. Email: [email protected] 2Associate Professor, School of Humanities, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-9278. Email: [email protected] Received October 30, 2017; Revised December 15, 2017; Accepted November 30, 2017; Published December 25, 2017. Abstract Lord Jagannath of Puri is considered to be the focal point of the cultural synthesis of Odisha. This is manifested in innumerable sacred scriptures and in ritualistic practices of the revered divinity – Lord Jagannath. This paper shows how the literature of Odisha presents Jagannath consciousness as a way to achieving world peace from inner peace of mind. Jagannath consciousness follows humanism and it preaches the philosophy of love and peaceful co-existence among the entire human community. Moreover, it proclaims the victory of human endeavour over all narrowness and establishes universal brotherhood. The prime objective of Jagannath culture is to inspire the worshipper as well as the devotees to transcend the barriers of individual identity to achieve cosmic consciousness. It is believed that this state of cosmic consciousness is attained through the realization of soul, and it brings glory to life and enhances epistemological vision of humankind. The paper studies the vast literary and artistic traditions of Odisha in order to show how the principles of synthesis, assimilation and progression are inherent in the Jagannath culture. -
(A) Geschiedenis Van Het Hindoeïsme (Klostermaier) 1
Dit document vormt een onderdeel van de website https://www.religies-overzichtelijk.nl Hier vindt u tevens de koppelingen naar de andere teksten en de indexen, de toelichtingen en de afkortingen Laatste bewerking: 26-09-2020 (a) Geschiedenis van het Hindoeïsme (Klostermaier) 1 1 Introductie tot het Hindoeïsme ............................................................................ 7 1.1 Definitie van Hindoeïsme ................................................................................ 8 1.2 De betekenis van ‘geschiedenis’ ........................................................................ 9 1.3 Het probleem van de geschiedenis van het Hindoeïsme ......................................... 10 1.4 Het probleem van de constructie van een historisch schema van het Hindoeïsme .......... 11 1.4.1 Het probleem van de constructie ............................................................... 12 1.4.2 Periodisering door Schwartzberg ............................................................... 13 1.4.3 Periodisering door Gonda ........................................................................ 14 1.4.4 Periodisering door Klostermaier ................................................................ 15 1.5 Belangrijkste literaire bronnen van het Hindoeïsme .............................................. 16 1.5.1 Inleiding tot de belangrijkste literaire bronnen van het Hindoeïsme .................... 17 1.5.2 Śruti-literatuur .................................................................................... 18 1.5.3 Smṛti-literatuur -
Isjs - Transactions
ISSN : 2457-0583 ISJS - TRANSACTIONS A Quarterly Refereed Online Research Journal on Jainism VOL.1 No. 1 October - December, 2017 HOOL FO SC R L J A A I N International School for Jain Studies N O I S T T A U D-28, Panchsheel Enclave D N I R E E S T New Delhi - 110 017, India SELF STUDY IS THE N SUPREME AUSTERITY I www.isjs.in ISSN: 2457-0583 ISJS – TRANSACTIONS A Quarterly Refereed Online Research Journal on Jainism VOL.1 No.1 October – December, 2017 CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Prakash C Jain Former Professor School for International Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected] EDITOR Dr. Shrinetra Pandey Joint Director International School for Jain Studies New Delhi Email: [email protected] International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017, India Ph: +91-11-4079 3387 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Shugan Chand Jain, Chairman, International School for Jain Studies, New Delhi. Email: [email protected] Prof. Kamal Chand Sogani, Director, Jain Vidya Sansthan, Jaipur. Email: [email protected] Prof. Kusum Jain, Former Director, Center for Advance Philosophical Research, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Email: [email protected] Dr. Sulekh Chand Jain, Former President, JAINA, USA. Email: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Viney Kumar Jain, Emeritus Professor, Dept. of Yoga and Science of Living, Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, Ladnun-341306, Dist. Nagaur, Rajasthan, India. Email: [email protected] Prof. Christopher Key Chapple, Director, Master of Arts in Yoga Studies, University Hall, Room 3763, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California-90045, USA. -
Ahimsa in Personal Life ARUN GANDHI 350 23
NONVIOLENCE AS A WAY OF LIFE History, Theory and Practice NONVIOLENCE AS A WAY OF LIFE History, Theory and Practice Edited by PREDRAG CICOVACKI KENDY HESS Volume - II MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED “ DELHI First Edition : Delhi, 2017 © PREDRAG CICOVACKI and KENDY HESS All Rights Reserved ISBN : 978-81-208-4071-3 Available at MOTILAL BANARSIDASS 41 U.A. Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007 8 Mahalaxmi Chamber, 22 Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai 400 026 203 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004 236, 9th Main III Block, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560 011 8 Camac Street, Kolkata 700 017 Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800 004 MLBD Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nonviolence As a Way of Life by PREDRAG CICOVACKI and KENDY HESS ISBN : 978-81-208-4071-3 Includes Notes and References. I. Indian Philosophy II. Nonviolence III. Cicovaksi, Predrag IV. Hess, Kendy Printed in India by RP Jain at NAB Printing Unit, A-44, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110028 and published by JP Jain for Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (P) Ltd, 41 U.A. Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-110007 Table of Contents Part III : PRACTICE 21. My Experiments with Nonviolence RAM C. MAJHI 343 22. Ahimsa in Personal Life ARUN GANDHI 350 23. A Pragmatic Approach to Ahimsa in the Saman Order SAMANI CHARITRA PRAJNA 360 24. Ahimsa Taken to the Limit PHILIP CLAYTON 370 25. The Practice of Ahimsa BARRY L. GAN 381 26. Behind the Apricot Tree MOLLY HAGLUND 392 27. Teaching Nonviolence RICHARD WERNER 398 28. Cherry Blossoming : Practice of Nonviolence in Education LUIZA MOUZINHO 421 29. -
Balabhadra Upasana and Tulasi Kshetra
Orissa Review * July - 2005 Balabhadra Upasana and Tulasi Kshetra Er. Nirakar Mahalik On the full-moon day in the month of Shrabana, (Basudeva) came into being long before 4th the birth day of Balabhadra is celebrated by Century B.C performing special Nitis. Lord Baladeva Ghusundi inscription mentions 'Pujasila (Balabhadra) is the presiding deity in the Baladeva Prakaro narayanavatica' which has been Jew Temple at Kendrapara in the heart of Tulasi translated as " enclosing wall of the stone(Object) Kshetra although the three deities Balabhadra, of worship called Narayana Vatika (compound)"3 Subhadra and Jagannath are enshrined in the and dedicating the same to gods Sankarsana Baladeva Jew temple. The name of the temple is Baladeva, who was Lord of all. Hence we notice said so as the temple Jagannatha at Puri is named that only two forms: (or Vyuhas) Sankarsana and after Lord Jagannath. According to Prof. Prabhat Vasudev and not the four (Sankarsana, Vasudev, Mukherjee, in about 5th century A.D., Pradyumna and Aniruddha) have developed by Sankarasana and Vasudeva came to be known this time. Moreover Sankarsana has been as Jagannatha and Balarama in Orissa.1 Brihat mentioned first and evidently been given a prior Samhita of Varahamihira (6th century A.D) position (cf. Sankarsana-Vasudevabhyam). enjoins to place Ekanamsa between Baladeva and Above place Ghosundi which is near to Nagari in Krshna. the Chitorgarh district of Rajasthan (Rajputana) was also a seat of the Bhagavat religion. A stone Meghasthenes, the Greek ambassador in 4 the court of the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta image of Balarama which is now preserved in Lucknow Provincial Museum is a sure proof that also refers to the satvatas and the worship of his worship was prevalent in Mathura during the Vasudev-Krshna. -
Unit 3 Pilgrimage Centres
UNIT 3 PILGRIMAGE CENTRES Structure 3.1 Pilgrimage 3.2 Some Major Pilgrimage Centres. 3.3 . Self Assessed Questions 3.4 Terminal Questions 3.5 Answers 3.1 PILGRIMAGE Pilgrimage to sacred places forms an important item of the spiritual discipline of the people of almost all religions in the world. Certain places are considered holy due to some mythological, puranic or religious belief attached to it. Thus, the devoted Buddhist goes to Bodh-Gaya, the Christian to Jerusalem, the Hindu to Varanasi and Rameshvaram, a Jaina to Palithana and Shravanabelagola, a Sikh to Amrutsar, Muslims to Mekka, Madina etc. These places deepen his feeling for spirituality and redirect him to understand God. 1. In some religions pilgrimage has been followed as ritual tradition too. The follower of the faith has to make it a point to visit the respective pilgrimage centre at least once in life time. Many people take the journey as many times as possible. 2. A visit to holy places gives a fresh stimulus especially as it brings them into contact with many devout minds and helps to awaken a sympathetic response to them. 3. Some pilgrimage centres have developed as seats of learning, like Varanasi, Kanchipuram etc. 4. It provides economic opportunities to develop all facilities for the people who visit the holy places. Commercial activities grown in such places. 5. Architecture, sculpture and painting received ample encouragement from pilgrimage. Many artisans make their living as artisans also. 6. One of the greatest services the institution of pilgrimage has rendered to India as a whole is bringing unity among people. -
A.W. Entwistle Braj Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage Egbert Forsten
A.W. Entwistle Braj Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage Egbert Forsten. Groningen. 1987. file:///W|/Resources/AA/00/00/03/01/00001/00002.txt[21/11/2016 07:19:08] This book has been written and published with financial support from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) Cover illustration & frontispiece: The temple of Shrinathji on the Govard- han hill as seen from Anyor Cover design: Jurjen Pinkster Distributor for India and the Indian Subcontinent: Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Dehli 110 007 (India). CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Entwistle, Alan W. Braj, Centre of Krishna Pilgrimage / Alen W. Entwistle. Groningen : Forsten. Ill., krt. (Groningen Oriental Studies ; vol. 3) Met 3 kaarten. Met lit. opg., reg. isbn 90-6980-016-0 geb. siso 214.4 UDC 294-5 (54) (091) Trefw. : Braj (India); cultuurgeschiedenis / Krishna-cultus ; bedevaart; India. Copyright 1987, Egbert Forsten, Groningen, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. file:///W|/Resources/AA/00/00/03/01/00001/00003.txt[21/11/2016 07:19:08] Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 The landscape 1 2 The local inhabitants 4 3 The devotional sects 8 4 Varieties of pilgrimage 12 5 Rules and regulations 19 2 The myth 1 The scriptural sources 22 2 The setting 27 3 The birth of -
30. Index (3) Van Sanskritische Termen
Kies uw tekstdoc.nr.: 01 02 03 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 Afk. Laatste bewerking: 26-09-2020 ga naar > Index (1) van Chinese - Germaaanse termen > Index (2) van Griekse - Overige niet-IE termen > Index (4) van Sanskritische termen O - Y Dit document vormt een onderdeel van de website https://www.religies-overzichtelijk.nl Hier vindt u tevens de koppelingen naar de andere indexen en de teksten, de toelichtingen en de afkortingen Index (3) van Sanskritische termen A - N SANSK. TERMEN: ‘’ (spreuken, frasen, citaten) - Sansk. termen: ‘astu śrauṣaṭ’ ‘het zij zo; moge de goden het horen’, bepaalde 13 uitroep tijdens het ritueel [zie Taal: uitroep: ‘astu śrauṣaṭ’ (Ind.)] [astu shrausat, astu shraushat] Sansk. termen: ‘asya vāmasya’, de beginwoorden van een hymne in de Ṛg Veda 10 (I, 164), ook wel Asyavāmīya genoemd en gecomponeerd door de dichter Dīrghatamas. De hymne bestaat uit raadsels die de eenheid van de wereld en de goden uitdrukt [zie Literatuur: Veda, Ṛg: Asya Vāmasya-hymne (Ind.)] [asya vamasya, Asyavamiya] Sansk. termen: ‘Athāto brahma-jijñāsā’ ‘En dan nu een onderzoek naar het 34 Brahman’, openingszin van de Vedānta Sūtra (= Brahma Sūtra) (wrsch. door Bādarāyaṇa) [zie Filosofie: type: Vedānta: frase: ‘Athāto brahma-jijñāsā’ (openingszin van de Vedānta Sūtra) (Ind.)] [athato brahma jijnasa] Sansk. termen: ‘Athāto dharma-jijñāsā’ ‘En dan nu een onderzoek naar 34 dharma’, openingszin van de Mīmāṃsā Sūtra’s (door Jaimini) [zie Filosofie: type: Pūrva Mīmāṃsā: frase: ‘Athāto dharma-jijñāsā’ (openingszin van de Mīmāṃsā Sūtra’s (door Jaimini)) (Ind.)] [athato brahma jijnasa] Sansk.