[Dash et al. , 3(1): Jan-Mar., 2013] ISSN: 2277-5528

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & MANAGEMENT HISTORICAL PLACES OF LORD PHILOSOPHY AND BUDDHISM ODISHA? Prabhulal Kumar Dash *1 , Mohan Panda 2 *1,2 Anchol College, Padmapur, Bargarh, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT The main aim of this dissertation is to know the development and the impact of the Buddhism in the Western part of Odisha. In this dissertation, we focused on various parts like history, writings of different personalities, development of Buddhism Culture, and many more. Jagannath is a transcendental non-anthrop theistic Hindu god worshiped primarily by the people of Indian state of Orissa, and, to a great extent, West Bengal. In common belief, Jagannath is considered an aspect of the god Vishnu or avatar Krishna and worshipped as part of a triad along with brother Balabhadra and sister devi Subhadra.The icon of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and with stumps as hands, with conspicuous absence of any legs. The worship procedures, practices, sacraments and rituals of Jagannath do not conform to those of classical . The principal image of the deity at the temple city of Puri in the Indian state of Orissa is made of wood, which is an exception to common Hindu iconographic deities of stone. The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship as well as iconography is unclear and has been subject to intense academic debate. Arguably, Jagannath lacks any direct Vedic reference and is also not a member of the traditional Dashavatara conception or the classical Hindu pantheon, though in certain Oriya literary creations, Jagannath has been treated as the Ninth avatar, upon substituting Buddha. Jagannath is non-sectarian and has not been associated with any particular denomination of Hinduism in entirety, though there are several common aspects with , Saivism, Shaktism, Smartism as well as Buddhism and . The oldest and most famous Jagannath deity is established in Puri, in Orissa. The temple of Jagannath in Puri is regarded as one of the Char Dham (sacred Hindu pilgrimage places) in India.

INTRODUCTION The religion of Jagannath is the religion of Orissa is a holy land of different gods and Orissa. The history of Lord Jagannath is the goddesses. Lord Jagannath is the supreme history of Orissa. Kindness, benevolence, Lord of the land. Jagannath is the centre of tolerance, peace and tranquillity are the human conscience and consciousness. The ornaments of the philosophy which enrich cult of Lord Jagannath is the cult of Orissa. and deepen the sense of humanitarian values and Absolute freedom. The cult develop the Corresponding Author* mental insight to build up super human Email- [email protected] consciousness for obtaining liberation from materialistic needs and desires and to attain salvation and to merge with the absolute. Lord Jagannath is symbolic in Character.

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Some says he is the incarnation of Lord religion in the world where a common man Krishna, Others say he is the embodiment of see his Lord as his own family member who Lord Buddha, Siva and Bhairaba. The is an philosophy of Adveitabada of Hindu Guru Inseparable entity. It is based upon the Sankaracharya tells Aham Brahmasmi beliefs of Sarbajana Hitaya Sarbajana which means Brahma and the Soul are the Sukhaya that the cult is meant for the shake one and inseparable. He is dual as well as of well being of entire humanity of the one. He is Purusottama as well as universe. According to Indian classics only Sunyapurusa. This is the uniqueness of the the Brahmins have the rights to do the Vedic Jagannath philosophy. From Aryan to rituals of Lords. But with an exception. to Dravidian, from Saivites to Vaishnavites, that Jagannath Philosophy entails that every from Vedic to Tantric all the religious year during the time of athayatra the ideologies have been assimilated and Daitapati Sevakas of Lord Jagannath, the integrated in this universal philosophy of heirs of Savara King Biswabasu get the Lord Jagannath. The cult of Lord Jagannath opportunity to provide all services and is a beautiful combination of worldly and worship to Lord during his stay outside the cosmic realities. The speciality of the cult is temple. This practice depicts the humbleness that all the religions of the world has been and modesty of the religion. Kaibalya or merged within it to make it flexible, open Mahaprasad is called Arnabrahma, which and generous. Like all other religions it has destroy all evilness and enemity by not been narrowed down itself within certain extending the message of love, mutuality idealistic values and principles. The cult is and support. During different ceremonial based upon peak ideals of democracy, occasions, marriage andthread ceremony, humanitarian principle of equality, justice, Mahaprasad is distributed among the friends honesty and integrity, which purely and relatives. It is said that by offering the illustrates against the conservative outlook same it perpetuates the ties of friendship and of castism, sectarianism and any such other brotherhood. Not only in the holy deed but barriers for attainment of complete also after the death of the person after all universalism. Therefore, Jagannath has been Sanskaras are over, the friends and relatives called the Lord of the whole universe. From enter the home of the person only after Adveitabada of Hindu Guru Sankaracharya taking the Mahaprasad of Lord Jagannath. to message of rebirth in Gita it has always Buddhism is a religion indigenous to the enlightened the human consciousness for Indian subcontinent that encompasses a attainment of or salvation. The cult variety of traditions, beliefs and practices depicts that the ultimate end of self largely based on teachings attributed to realization is the merger of soul with Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly Parramatta, the Satchitananda-Sat (Truth) + known as the Buddha (meaning "the Chit consciousness) +Ananda (Eternal awakened one" in Sanskrit and P āli). The joy).Jagannath Philosophy deeply influences Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part the social life, literature and culture of of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th Orissa, which makes the Oriyas, energetic and 4th centuries BCE.[1] He is recognized and sensitive. Every Oriya feels proud to by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened express that Lord Jagannath as part and teacher who shared his insights to help parcel of his life is a family member to share sentient beings end suffering (dukkha) all his pleasure and pain. There is no other through eliminating ignorance (avidy ā) by

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way of understanding and seeing dependent and becoming a monastic; the development origination (prat ītyasamutp āda) and of mindfulness and practice of meditation; eliminating craving (ta ṇhā), and thus attain cultivation of higher wisdom and the highest happiness, nirv āņ a.Two major discernment; study of scriptures; devotional branches of Buddhism are generally practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana recognized: Theravada ("The School of the tradition, invocation of buddhas and Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great bodhisattvas.Jagannath is a transcendental Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread non-anthrop theistic Hindu god worshiped following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia primarily by the people of Indian state of (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar etc.). Orissa, and, to a great extent, West Bengal. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia In common belief, Jagannath is considered (China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Singapore, an aspect of the god Vishnu or avatar Taiwan etc.) and includes the traditions of Krishna and worshipped as part of a triad Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, along with brother Balabhadra deva and Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai sister devi Subhadra.The icon of Jagannath (Tendai). In some classifications, is a carved and decorated wooden stump Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and with large round eyes and with stumps as Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and hands, with conspicuous absence of any Russia—is recognized as a third branch, legs. The worship procedures, practices, while others classify it as a part of sacraments and rituals of Jagannath do not Mahayana.While Buddhism remains most conform with those of classical Hinduism. popular within Asia, both branches are now The principal image of the deity at the found throughout the world. Estimates of temple city of Puri in the Indian state of Buddhists worldwide vary significantly Orissa is made of wood, which is an depending on the way Buddhist adherence is exception to common Hindu iconographic defined. Conservative estimates are between deities of stone. The origin and evolution of 350–750 million.[3][4][5] Higher estimates Jagannath worship as well as iconography is are between 1.2 - 1.7 billion.[6][7][8] It is unclear and has been subject to intense also recognized as one of the fastest growing academic debate. Arguably, Jagannath lacks religions in the world.[9][10][11][12] any direct Vedic reference and is also not a Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of member of the traditional Dashavatara the path to liberation, the importance and conception or the classical Hindu pantheon, canonicity of various teachings and though in certain Oriya literary creations, scriptures, and especially their respective Jagannath has been treated as the Ninth practices.[13] The foundations of Buddhist avatar, upon substituting Buddha. Jagannath tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: is non-sectarian and has not been associated the Buddha, the (the teachings), and with any particular denomination of the Sangha (the community). Taking "refuge Hinduism in entirety, though there are in the triple gem" has traditionally been a several common aspects with Vaishnavism, declaration and commitment to being on the Saivism, Shaktism, Smartism as well as Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a . The oldest and most Buddhist from a non-Buddhist.[14] Other famous Jagannath deity is established in practices may include following ethical Puri, in Orissa. The temple of Jagannath in precepts; support of the monastic Puri is regarded as one of the Char Dham community; renouncing conventional living (sacred Hindu pilgrimage places) in India.

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Buddhism is a religion and philosophy practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha and practices, largely based on teachings (the community). Taking "refuge in the attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, triple gem" has traditionally been a commonly known as the Buddha ("the declaration and commitment to being on the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and Buddhist path and in general distinguishes a taught in the northeastern Indian Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other subcontinent sometime between the 6th and practices may include following ethical 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by precepts, support of the monastic Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened community, renouncing conventional living teacher who shared his insights to help and becoming a monastic, the development sentient beings end ignorance (avidy ā) of of mindfulness and practice of meditation, dependent origination, thus escaping what is cultivation of higher wisdom and seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth.Two discernment, study of scriptures, devotional major branches of Buddhism are recognized: practices, ceremonies, and in the Mahayana Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and tradition, invocation of buddhas and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). bodhisattvas. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Orissa, the sacred land of Jagannath has the Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is distinction of being the cradle land of all the found throughout East Asia and includes the major religions of India from a very early traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren time of its history and culture. Among the Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, geo-political units of ancient Orissa, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some Dakshina Koshla occupied a prominent classifications Vajrayana—a form of place. During the early historic period, the Buddhism practiced in Tibet and territory of Dakshina Kosala, roughly Mongolia—is recognized as a third branch, comprising the upper Mahanadi valley while others classify it as a subcategory of i.e,western parts of Orissa, namely the Mahayana. erstwhile undivided districts of While Buddhism remains most popular Sundargarh,Sambalpur,Bolangir and within Asia, both branches are now found Kalahandi and the neighbouring areas of throughout the world. Estimates of Chhatisgarh namely Raipur, Bilaspur and its Buddhists worldwide vary significantly adjoining region played a vital role in depending on the way Buddhist adherence is shaping the history and culture of Orissa and defined. Lower estimates are between 350– Central India, which is evident from its vast 500 million and Buddhism is the fourth archaeological remains. The land has always largest religion in the world.Buddhist provided a hospitable climate for the schools vary on the exact nature of the path peaceful co-existence of various religions to liberation, the importance and canonicity and sects. One can see with satisfaction the of various teachings and scriptures, and growth and popularity of Saivism, especially their respective practices. The Vaisnavism, Saktism, Tantricism, Buddhism cardinal doctrine of dependent origination is and Jainism in this area in one time or the only doctrine that is common to all another which could be possible only Buddhist teachings from Theravada to because of the high eclectic attitude of the Dzogchen to the extinct schools. The various ruling dynasties of Dakshina Kosala foundations of Buddhist tradition and in ancient and medieval period.

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DESCRIPTION AND SOURCE districts of Odisha. For data pooling and As the sample size of NSS is not adequate analysis for this study STATA 9.0 (software for substrate (regional) level analysis, this for statistical analysis has been used. paper is based on state and centre pooled METHODOLOGY data of Household Consumer Expenditure The Jagannath culture from time Survey conducted by NSSO (National immemorial preaches the word of love and Sample survey Organization) during its two peaceful coexistence among the human recent quiniqunial rounds i.e 61st (2004-05) community. The character of culture is and 66th (2009-10) rounds. The central generosity and endurance and coordination. sample raw data set is obtainable from No culture or religion in whatsoever manner NSSO, Government of India & the state in whatsoever places is equal to this sample raw data set is obtainable from composite concept of Lord Jagannath. Lord Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Jagannath is worshipped throughout the Government of Odisha. These two data sets world because he is generous and kind to all. contain the MPCE (monthly percapita He is looking at great and small, rich and consumer expenditure) of each member of poor, ruled and ruler, Brahman and Chandal sample households to be used for the study. with an equal eye. In this look, there is no For further analysis these two data sets are question of caste, creed or religion, no place pooled using certain statistical methodology. for egoism, aristocracy nor any place for The sampling frame for NSS 61st round was communalism. Here worshipped and the list of 2001 census villages and 400 worshipper are equal and as such their number of sample villages had been separateness vanishes which is symbolized surveyed out of 51349 census villages. The in embracing of Lord Jagannath by a visitor sample proportion for 61sth round was 0.8% during Ratha Yatra. Lord Jagannath i.e. also less than 1%. Also the sampling symbolizes universal love and humanism. frame for NSS 66th round was the list of Myths, history and legends mingled over 2001 census villages and 372 number of centuries and have formed a composite sample villages had been surveyed out of culture of Lord Jagannath. He is not only the 51349 census villages. Again the sample Lord of Hindu or Indian, but also the God of proportion for 66th round was 0.7% i.e. also entire humanity. Let his blessing be less than 1%. The above said two rounds i.e. endowed to each inhabitants of entire 61st and 66th were last two recent Universe. quinquinial rounds of NSS. For Odisha two The Indian yogic system has reached its different equal and independent samples i.e. culmination in the unique culture of Lord Central and state samples had been surveyed Jagannath and this in its turn is rooted in by two different organisations i.e. NSSO, what may be called ‘Purusottama Govt of India and Directorate of Economics consciousnesses, otherwise known as Sri & Statistics, Govt of Odisha respectively. Jagannath consciousness. The Sri Jagannath By pooling these two raw data of two cult comprehends everything divine and independent samples of equal size, the transcends all barriers of caste, creed, sample size of pooled data becomes colour, religion and race just as the oceanic doubled. For this paper, it has been decided tradition of Indian yogic culture does. to obtain estimate for two specific region Although the devotees belong to different KBK which consists of eleven backward religious disciplines and follow their typical districts and Non_KBK consisting of rest 19 ecclesiastical practices, Sri Jagannath cult

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promises them all a shadow of religious the Sangha may abolish the "lesser and cover under all-embracing nomenclatures of minor" rules. Purusottama, Parambrahmaand Parramatta. But is this rule a minor one?...'Monks, there This is the second article in the series about are these four stains because of which the the Vinaya, the body of monastic rules and sun and moon glow not, shine not, blaze not. traditions binding on every Buddhist monk What are these four? Rain clouds... snow and nun. In this article I will be concerned clouds... smoke and dust... and an eclipse. with the controversial issue of a monk's or Even so, monks, there are these four stains nun's dealingswithmoney. The issue has because of which monks and priests glow been controversial for over 2,000 years. not, shine not, blaze not. What are these Around 200 years after the Buddha's final four? Drinking alcohol... indulging in sexual passing away, there arose a great quarrel in intercourse... accepting gold or money... which "both endless disputations arose and obtaining one's requisites through a wrong of not one speech was the meaning clear" mode of livelihood. These are the four [1]. This dispute arose because a large stains, monks, because of which monks and community of monks were accepting money priests glow not, shine not, blaze not.' [3] in defiance of the Vinaya. The proceedings Obviously, the Buddha thought that the rule of the dispute became known as the Second prohibiting the acceptance of gold or money Council and it sowed the seed of the first was, indeed, a very important rule. The non- great schism in the Buddhist world, which acceptance of money has always been one of happened soon after. Then, as now, there is the fundamental observances of those who no excuse for uncertainty on this point, for have left the world. Money is the measure of the Buddha's own words make it plain...On wealth and to most people material wealth is Monks and Money Buddhist monks the goal of life. In the renunciation of money (bhikkhus) and nuns (bhikkhunis) are not by monks and nuns, they emphatically allowed to accept money for themselves. demonstrate their complete rejection of Nor are they allowed to tell a trustworthy worldly pursuits. At one stroke they set layperson to receive it on their behalf and themselves significantly apart from the vast keep it for them (e.g. keeping a personal majority of people and thus become a bank account). Such practices are explicitly constant reminder to all that a life based on prohibited in the 18th rule of the section of the struggle to accumulate money is not the Vinaya called Nissaggiya Pacittiya. only way to live. Through giving up money Nor may monks or nuns buy and sell things they give up much of their power to for themselves using money. This is manipulate the world and to satisfy their prohibited by the 19th rule in the Nissaggiya desires. Thus, as the Buddha once said when Pacittiya.Some people argue that these two asked whether money was permissible to the rules refer only to gold and silver but such a monks and nuns: 'Whoever agrees to gold or view is indefensible. The Vinaya money, headman, also agrees to the five specifically states that these rules cover strands of sensual pleasure, and whoever "whatever is used in business" [2], i.e. any agrees to the five strands of sensual medium of exchange. Other people try to get pleasure, headman, you may take it for around this rule by saying that it is only a certain that this is not the way of a recluse, minor rule, inapplicable to monastic life that this is not the way of a Buddhist monk. today. Indeed, the Buddha once did say that

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RELIGION AND SECULARISM tradition of their faith is not viewed as an Power points - Religion and secularism By alternative to Western democracy, based on Mark Juergensmeyer. (1075 words) secular law, but rather as the only real May 2008 alternative to totalitarianism. The Economist CONCLUSION ECN 387 I would like to spend a few moments by way English (c) The Economist Newspaper of conclusion to reflect upon what we have Limited, London 2008. All rights reserved done over the past weeks and relate it to The slogans of political Islam remain highly what we can do now and in the future. resonant, whether as a programme for The teachings of the Buddha are peaceful governance or an inspiration to exceedingly vast and very profound. In fact, wage war. Two new books explain why over the past weeks, we have only managed WHEN the British and French empires were to survey a few of the fundamental teachings at their height, imperial service often of the Buddha, and these too only provided an outlet for the talents of superficially. Yet, you may feel that what precociously clever ethnographers, social we have covered is a lot, and you may feel anthropologists and scholars of religion. On that it is impossible to practice all that we the face of things, Noah Feldman is a similar have discussed. In fact, it is said that it is figure, rendering important services to the difficult even for a monk living in isolation American imperium, both as a rising star in to practise all of the fundamental teachings the intellectual establishment and in more of the Buddha. No small wonder that it is practical ways—he helped to draft Iraq's difficult for laymen and women like new constitution. A young professor at ourselves who have many secular Harvard Law School with a doctorate in responsibilities. Nonetheless, if one Islamic political thought, Mr Feldman is succeeds in sincerely cultivating and brimming with the sort of expertise that practising even a few of the many teachings America's new proconsuls in the Middle of the Buddha, and then one will have East and Afghanistan badly need. Above all, succeeded in making this life more he is qualified to opine on how America meaningful. One will be certain that one will should react to the dilemma posed by the again in the future encounter circumstances huge popular support, in Muslim lands, for favorable to the practice of the Dharma and explicitly Islamic forms 0f administration. In to the eventual realization of liberation. a short, incisive and elegant book, he lays Everyone can achieve the highest goal in out for the non-specialist reader some of the Buddhism, be he a layman or a monk. All forms that Islamic rule has taken over the we need to do is to make an honest effort to centuries, while also stressing the follow the Noble Eightfold Path. It is said differences between today's political Islam that those who have realized the truth, like and previous forms of Islamic the Buddha Shakyamuni and His prominent administration. In particular, he shows why disciples did not do so accidentally. They “justice” is such a resonant slogan for did not fall from the sky like rain, nor did Islamist movements. At least subliminally, it they spring up from the earth like grain. The evokes memories of a dimly remembered Buddha and His disciples were once era when Islamic law, as interpreted by ordinary sentient beings like you and me. scholars, acted as a real constraint on the They were once afflicted by the impurities power of rulers. To many Muslims, the legal of the mind, desire, ill-will and ignorance. It

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is through contacting the Dharma, through "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for purifying their words and deeds, through anybody who has achieved nirvana , developing their minds and through including the Buddha, is arahant . acquiring wisdom that they became free, Bodhi is a term applied to the experience of exalted beings able to teach and help others Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally to realize the truth. There is therefore no means "awakening", but it is more doubt that if we apply ourselves to the commonly translated into English as teachings of the Buddha, we too can attain "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi the ultimate goal of Buddhism. We too can carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana , become like the Buddha or like His using only some different metaphors to prominent disciples. describe the experience, which implies the It is of no use merely to listen to the Dharma extinction of raga (greed, craving), dosa or to read the Dharma. Similarly, it is of no (hate, aversion) and moha (delusion). In the use merely to write articles about the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the Dharma, or to give lectures about the status of nirvana was downgraded in some Dharma if we do not put it into practice. It scriptures, coming to refer only to the has been said that those of us who call extinction of greed and hate, implying that themselves Buddhists can profit by delusion was still present in one who occasionally taking stock. If we see that over attained nirvana , and that one needed to the past years our practice of the Buddha’s attain bodhi to eradicate delusion: teachings has brought about a slight change An important development in the Mahayana in the quality of our experience (and it will [was] that it came to separate nirvana from be a slight change), then we will know that bodhi ('awakening' to the truth, the teachings are having some effect. If all Enlightenment), and to put a lower value on of us put the teachings into practice, there is the former (Gombrich, 1992d). Originally no doubt that we will realize their benefits. nirvana and bodhi refer to the same thing; If we seek to avoid harming others, if we try they merely use different metaphors for the our best to help others whenever possible, if experience. But the Mahayana tradition we learn to be mindful, if we learn to separated them and considered that nirvana develop our ability to concentrate our mind, referred only to the extinction of craving if we cultivate wisdom through study, (passion and hatred), with the resultant careful consideration and meditation, there escape from the cycle of rebirth. This is no doubt that the Dharma will benefit us. interpretation ignores the third fire, delusion: It will first lead us to happiness and the extinction of delusion is of course in the prosperity in this life and in the next. early texts identical with what can be Eventually, it will lead us to the ultimate positively expressed as gnosis, goal of liberation, the everlasting bliss of Enlightenment. Nirvana. —Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism NIRVANA Began Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbana") means Therefore, according to Mahayana "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and Buddhism, the arahant has attained only ignorance and therefore suffering and the nirvana , thus still being subject to delusion, cycle of involuntary rebirths (sa ṃsāra), while the bodhisattva not only achieves "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is nirvana but full liberation from delusion as also known as "Awakening" or well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a

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Buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and everyone. The monuments- the sun temple nirvana carry the same meaning as in the at Konark, the Jagannath temple at Puri, the early texts, that of being freed from greed, Lingraj temple at Bhubaneswar are the hate and delusion. sacred places of Orissa attract thousands of The term parinirvana is also encountered in pilgrimages from the different parts of world Buddhism, and this generally refers to the in recent time. The beautiful yatra, Car complete nirvana attained by the arhat at festivals of Lord Jagannath motivate many the moment of death, when the physical devotees from different parts of the world. body expires. There are many spots of Orissa, which BUDDHAS deserve to be publicized worldwide by Theravada international tourism. The temple architect In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken and sculpture of Orissa are world famous. from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly Apart from Indian culture, Orissa like any realizing the true nature of reality; such other region of the country have no separate people are called arahants and occasionally culture of own. Lord Jagannath is the Buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of presiding deity of Orissa culture. It became spiritual striving, they have reached the end the symbol of unified religion and culture of the cycle of rebirth, no longer among the Jainism, Buddhism, shaivism, reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or vaishnavism and Shaktism from time to other being. The commentaries to the Pali time. But Jagannath is the lord of universe, Canon classify these awakened beings into almighty and omnipresent. The sacred place, three types: Puri of Orissa is prominent as purusottam • Sammasambuddha , usually just kshetra. In the Hindu belief it is one of the called Buddha, who discovers the four centres of salvation from ancient times, truth by himself and teaches the path the people of India regarded four places, to awakening to others namely, Badrinathin the north, Rameswaram • Paccekabuddha , who discovers the in the south, Dwaraka in the west, and Puri truth by himself but lacks the skill to on the eastern sea cost as their destinations teach others for pilgrimage. Puri was thus recognized as • Savakabuddha , who receive the truth one of the most sacred places of India from directly or indirectly from a an immemorial past. It is also known as Sammasambuddha 'Shreekshetra1, Niladri, Sankha kshetra and Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, Martya-baikuntha. that of being freed from craving, hate, and According to Vedas and the Puranas the delusion. In attaining bodhi , the arahant has Purusottam appears in the Puri. Therefore it overcome these obstacles. As a further is called Purusottamkshetra, the place of distinction, the extinction of only hatred and Jagannath or Purusottam, i.e., the Supreme greed (in the sensory context) with some Being or the Lord of the universe is a place residue of delusion is called anagami. of great antequity. According to old Jagannath Culture -The principle of tradition, Sanskrit Brahma Purana and SarvaDharma samanwaya Scandha Purana as well as in Oriya Orissa is the land of Jagannath culture. It of Adikavi Sarala Das and represents the religious worships of Orissa. Darubrahma Gita of Jagannath Das, a It has unique and valuable religious tourism Savara leader named Biswabasu worshipped resources. The state has something for

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the image of Nilamadhava at a secret place is also said that Tri-Ratna of Jainism namely named Nilakandara on the eastern seashore. Right Faith, Right knowledge and Right The king of Malawa, Indradyumna Action are symbolically represented in the "advanced towards Utkal to take possession trinity of Jagannath, Balabhadra, of that divine Image. But Nilamadhava Subhadra.The Janis believed in idol disappeared from his original place and worship. floated in the sea in form of a huge log of They believed used to place the images of wood. the Tirthankars on chariot and take out in Indradyumn engaged a carpenter to carve procession like the car festival of Jagannath. out images from that sacred wood inside a According to some scholars, the images of temple. The old carpenter agreed to make Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra images on condition that the doors of the symbolized the Buddhist Faith in Buddha, temple would remain closed for twenty-one Dharma and Sangha. It is also said that days. On fifteenth day when no sound of forest-dwellers of Orissa like the Savaras woodcarving was heard. From inside, the adopted Buddhism in Asoka's time. By first queen suspected that the image-maker might century of the Christian era when idol be dead. She requested the king to open the worship became common among the door, when it was done. Inside the temple Buddhists, the savara came to regard the were seen the incomplete idols of Jagannath, image of Jagannath as the image of Buddha. Balab-bhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshan.The In course of time the Hindus also regarded legend suggests that Jagannath was Buddha as an incarnation or Avatar of originally the God of the savaras. . The Vishnu and identified Buddha as Jagannath, primitive races like the Savaras, Nishads and The Supreme Being in this Age of Kali the Kiratas used to worship trees as their (Kaliyuga). Buddhism stood for a casteless deities from pre- historic ages. In later times society. It belived in brotherhood of all men. the Dravidians, and the Aryans also included Purusottam kshtra is the only sacred place in tree worship in their religion, subsequently, whole of India where the Prasad or bhoga of the tree worship was transformed in to the Jagannath is shared under same plate by worship of wooden images. Brahmans and Sudra together. This unique Be it noted that while the images of the phenomenon is described to the influence Hindu deities are made of stone or metal, the Buddhism under universal religion, which image of the Supreme Being Purusotam Jagannath stands for. Jagannath is made of wood. Since the When the Surya a Dynasty came to power original name of the Savara deity was after the Gang as the medieval Bhakti Nilamadhava, the name of his new place Movement was at its height. Devotion to came to be known as Nilachala.It is said that Krishna was the central theme of Bhakti. On wooden idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, account of this, Jagannath was seen as subhadra and Sudarshan represent the Krishna. To drive this point to the Hindu primitive art of the savaras. Jagannath was mind, was narration that when Srikrishna the God of the Savaras was so deep rooted gave up his body after being struck by an in the Oriya mind that Sarala Das described arrow of Jarasavara, through Jagannath as "Savari Narayana" in his cremated his total remedial. But one portion Mahabharata written in 15th century. burn, and floated in form of wood in the real According lo the Jainism -Jagannath in the it coming to know of in dream, king Indra manner of the names of JainaTirthakaras.It dyunma order for carving out of images of

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jannath, Balabhadra, subhadra and sudarsan [9] Mahapatra, G.N.: Jagannath in from that divine wood. To the Vaishnavites, History and Religious Tradition, thus it is srikrishna who has appeared as Calcutta, 1982. Jagannath in this kali Age. [10] Mahapatra, K.N.: Antiquity In order to justify the presence of of Jagannath Puri as a place of Balabhadra and subhadra with Jagannath it pilgrimage, OHRJ, Vol.III, No.1, was said that Jagannath is Vasudev- April, 1954, p. 17. Krikrishna, and, therefore Krishna's brother [11] Mahapatra, R.P.: Jaina and, sister Subhadra have been Monuments of Orissa, New Delhi, given place with-Jagannath. Since those, 1984. three idols were considered as Buddha. [12] Mishra, K.C.: The Cult of Dharma and Sangha by the Buddhists, and Jagannath, Firma K.L. Sudarshan was described as a symbol of Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1971. Buddha's Dhrma-Chakra the Vaishnavas [13] Mishra, K.C.: The Cult of identify Sudarshan with Krishna's Jagannath, Calcutta, 1971. 'Sudarshan Chakra'. [14] Mishra, Narayan and Durga REFERENCES Nandan: Annals and antiquities of [1] Das, Bikram: Domain Of Jagannath - the temple of Jagannath, Sarup & A Historical Study, BR Publishing Sons, New Delhi, 2005. [17] Corporation. [15] Mohanty, B.C. and Buhler, [2] Das, J. P. Puri Paintings: the Alfred: Patachitras of Orissa. (Study Chitrakara and his Work. New Delhi: of Contemporary Textile Crafts of Arnold Heinemann (1982). India). Ahmedabad, India: Calico [3] Das, M.N. (ed.): Sidelights on Museum of Textiles, 1980. History and Culture of Orissa, [16] Mohapatra, Bishnu, N.: Ways Cuttack, 1977. of ‘Belonging’: The Kanchi Kaveri [4] Das, Suryanarayan: Jagannath Legend and the Construction of Through the Ages, Sanbun Oriya Identity, Studies in History, Publishers, New Delhi. (2010) [16] 12, 2, n.s, pp. 204–221, Sage [5] Eschmann, A., H. Kulke and G.C. Publications, New Delhi (1996). Tripathi (Ed.): The Cult of Jagannath [17] Mukherji, Prabhat: The and the Regional Tradition of Orissa, History of Medieval Vaishnavism in 1978, Manohar, Delhi. Orissa, Calcutta, 1940. [6] Hunter, W.W. Orissa: The [18] Nayak, Ashutosh: Sri Vicissitudes of an Indian Province Jagannath Parbaparbani Sebapuja under Native and British Rule, Vol. (Oriya), Cuttack, 1999. I, Chapter-III, 1872. [19] Padhi, B.M.: Daru Devata [7] Kulke, Hermann in The (Oriya), Cuttack, 1964. Anthropology of Values, Berger [20] Panda, L.K.: Saivism in Peter (ed.): Yayati Kesari revisted, Orissa, New Delhi, 1985. Dorling Kindrsley Pvt. Ltd., (2010). [21] Patnaik, H.S.: Jagannath, His [8] Mohanty, A. B. (Ed.): Madala Panji, Temple, Cult and Festivals , Aryan Utkal University reprinted, Books International, New Delhi, Bhubaneswar, 2001. 1994, ISBN 81-7305-051-1.

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