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The Aristoteles Decree and the Expansion of the Second Athenian

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The Aristoteles Decree and the Expansion of the Second Athenian HESPERIA 75 (2006) THE ARISTOTELES Pages 379-395 DECREE AND THE EXPANSION OF THE SECOND ATHENIAN LEAGUE ABSTRACT The left lateral face of the Aristoteles Decree stele {IG IP 43), the most impor numerous tant epigraphic source for the Second Athenian League, presents problems of interpretation. The author attempts here to establish the order in were on which members of the League listed that face and to link them with a campaigns described in the literary sources, offering possible restoration for the name inscribed in line 111 and later erased. A contemporary inscription from Athens points to the Parians, who were also listed on the front of the stone. the erasure was intended to correct a mistake of Thus, repetition. our The stele of the Aristoteles Decree (Fig. 1) is principal epigraphic evi dence for the Second Athenian League, and since its discovery and initial more a on publication than 150 years ago it has shed great deal of light the affairs of Athens and Greece during the first half of the 4th century b.c.1 It has also raised many questions, both epigraphic and historical, especially names with regard to the specific of members and their dates of entry into the League. Both the stone and the organization whose existence it records over have received intense scholarly scrutiny the years.2 In this article I on names focus the of member city-states, leagues, and individuals that appear on the left lateral face of the stone (lines 97-134), both to establish the order in which the names were inscribed and to attempt to link the campaigns of Athenian generals recorded in the literature with the ap names on a to pearance of the stele. My findings support possible solution 1.1 would like to thank on Jeremy for their valuable suggestions, especially based Cargill 1981 (see Cargill 1996 for his assistance and the Mclnerney concerning the Paros inscription. for differences and for several typo in this errors in none encouragement preparing article; 2. IG IP 43. The reconstructed stele graphical Mitchel's text, for the time to of is for Stephen Tracy taking stands in the entry hall of the Epi which crucial my purposes). examine the stele of the Aristoteles graphicalMuseum (EM 10397). The I retain the consecutive numbering of Decree and to share his with most recent of opinions publications the decree Cargill, however (as do Rhodes and Glen Bowersock and Christian me; include Rhodes and Osborne 2003 (no. Osborne), rather than designating sides me access to as Habicht for granting pho 22), Mitchel 1984, Horsley 1982, and A and B Mitchel does. Full-length and the Muse see a treatments tographs, Epigraphical Cargill 1981; Cargill 1996 for of the Second Athenian um in Athens for to use text on permission them; fuller listing.The which I rely League include Cargill 1981, Accame and the referees anonymous Hesperia for this article is that ofMitchel 1984, 1941,Marshall 1905, and Busolt 1874. ? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 380 CHRISTOPHER A. BARON W; ?OPUS lo i . pepiM-kHJjg mi? ft; :%p? im-*--. ?Tu-f..,:. ^1i?V Figure 1.The stele of the Aristoteles = Decree (IG IP 43 EM 10397). Lines 97-134 appear on the left lateral face. Courtesy Epigraphical Museum, Athens THE ARISTOTELES DECREE 381 one name of the key problems presented by the stone: the inscribed?and later erased?in line 111. The entries on the left lateral face of the stele present numerous problems of reconstruction and interpretation. The 30 entries that survive or most here in part in full likely reflect the original number. The highest as entry, in line 97 (continuing to line 98), appears at the same level the on first line of the main body of the decree the front of the stone (line 7). Twenty-eight entries follow in 32 successive lines with relatively regular a m to text on spacing. Then, after space of 0.26 (equal about 16 lines of occurs over the front of the stone), there the lowest entry, stretching four lines, the first of which is at the same level as line 79 on the front?that is, the line containing the entry for the Chians, the first of all the member names inscribed on the stone. The major questions concerning the left lateral face of the stele include were the following: the order in which the entries inscribed; whether all the entries were inscribed at the same time and, if not, what groups of can simultaneously inscribed entries be detected, and when those groups were name a or was inscribed; and what of city, league, individual originally inscribed in line 111 and later erased. Most scholars agree that there were at least three different hands on involved in inscribing the entries the left face: the highest (comprising lines 97-98) and the lowest (comprising lines 131-134) differ from each other and from the rest of the entries. These two entries are also crucial for determining the order inwhich the entire face was inscribed, so Iwill discuss to those first before turning the bulk of the names (lines 99-130). LINES 131-134: THE DEMOS OF THE ZAKYNTHIANS IN/ON THE NELLOS Upon the conclusion of the Peace of 375/4 b.c., the Athenians sent envoys to Corcyra to recall the general Timotheos. On his way back to Athens an on he intervened in episode of factional strife the island of Zakynthos, a installing group of exiled democrats at a fortified site on the island (or per s a haps the mainland nearby). Timotheos actions ultimately led to renewal as of hostilities, the Zakynthians in the city complained to Sparta, who sent a fleet to assist them.3 on The Zakynthians appear the stele of the Aristoteles Decree as "the demos of (the) Zakynthians in/on the Nellos."4 This entry, which of all on was a those the stone most clearly inscribed at separate time, is also the most as enigmatic. Commentators often describe the hand "sloppy."5Other or unique distinctive attributes of the entry include the reference to "the on demos" (repeated the surviving parts of the stone only in lines 97-98), to a the reference particular locale (an otherwise unknown one at that), 3. Xen. Hell. Diod. Sic. For see 6.2.2-3; detailed examinations, Sealey (with further references). 15.45.2-4. The on bibliography this 1957, pp. 99-104; Cawkwell 1963; 4. Lines 131-134: Zaio)v[8]?cov | episode, part of the tangled chain of Mitchel 1981;Tuplin 1984; Stylianou ? ?fjuo? I? ?v tan Nr|X,?,|coi. events of the is years 375-371, large. 1998, pp. 346-357; and Fauber 1999 5.E.g.,Cargilll981,p.44. 382 CHRISTOPHER A. BARON on and its placement the stone (see below).6 For my present purpose, am we can I concerned mostly with what conclude about when this entry was inscribed relative to the others on the left side. Silvio Accame as was sumed from its position at the bottom of the left face that it the latest a ante entry, and that it therefore provided terminus quern for the entire autumn list, which he placed in 375.7 This conclusion is easily refuted, however, for two reasons: (1) we cannot be certain that this was the latest on we not assume entry (chronologically) the stone, and (2) should that the was entry made immediately after (or at any time after) the intervention of Timotheos at Zakynthos. on First, regarding the relative order of the entries the left lateral face, out A. Geoffrey Woodhead pointed in 1957 that the Zakynthian entry occurs on a level with that of the Chians, the first entry on the front of the was stele.8 Therefore, it is possible, if not likely, that the Zakynthian demos on thefirst entry the left side rather than the last. Raphael Sealey conjectures see names on that the mason "did not higher up the left face and append on on his entry to them; the contrary, he saw names only the front and on inscribed his entry their level to associate itwith them."9 Jack Cargill no was has commented that there is certain epigraphic evidence that this the case; but it remains difficult to explain why this entry would have been ones placed at that level after the inscribing of the above it.10The distinctive nature of the entry cannot be used to explain the separation, since other entries that are different in some way appear in the list of names on the or left side: "[the d]emos of (the) [- -]raians" (lines 97-98); cities leagues with the preposition "from" appended (lines 101-102,128-129); genitive one or more on plural ethnics followed by cities the corresponding island (lines 107-108,119-122); and the names of individuals (lines 109-110). Thus, the most likely explanation for the placement of the Zakynthian entry remains that suggested byWoodhead and supported by Cawkwell was on and Sealey: it the first to be inscribed the left side. As far as the absolute date of the entry is concerned, there is no need to as it occurred Timotheos's return from On assume, Accame did, that upon 6. Cargill 1981, pp. 44, 64-66. were the identification of the see the Ionian Sea in 375/4. It is possible that the Zakynthians already Nellos, on summer Mitchel 1981. members of the League when he set out his voyage in early 375, 7. Accame 86. Fauber and an additional reason for his that was to 1941, p.
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