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ATHENS AND THE CYCLADES This page intentionally left blank Athens and the Cyclades Economic Strategies 540–314 BC BRIAN RUTISHAUSER 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Brian Rutishauser 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2012 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–964635–7 Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn To my parents, Kurt and Eleanor Rutishauser This page intentionally left blank Preface The island group known as the Cyclades offers great potential to historians of Greek antiquity, yet this potential has only been slightly explored. Though not considered among the most powerful of Greek states, these island communities were crucial nodes on ancient sailing routes in the Aegean, and possessed famous local resources. While they were often neglected by our Athenocentric sources, Cycladic poleis make tantalizing appearances in the accounts of the late Archaic through late Classical periods in the Aegean. When coupled with the evidence of epigraphy, numismatics, and archaeological excavation and survey, these accounts help form a regional portrait which, though maddeningly lacunose at times, remains one unlike any other in Greek antiquity. This study approaches these ancient Cycladic islanders as much more than simple subjects oppressed by various hegemons during different periods of antiquity. Though they were often forced to adapt to hegemony, there is reason to believe that on more than one occasion they found a modus vivendi under these hegemons which enabled them to achieve a certain level of economic prosperity. Although many details of political history from the late sixth through late fourth centuries BC are covered herein, the focus remains on the reconstruction of economic phenomena and economic strategies of these islanders. Many practices that appear to be connected to what has been called peer-polity interaction surface during two periods on this timeline—the minting of coinage, the operation of warships, and monumental construction of temples and fortifications. One of these periods is the late sixth century, generally considered in modern scholarship as the apex of power for Cycladic communities. The periods of Athenian domination in the fifth and fourth centuries are usually characterized as periods of economic as well as political decline for these islands. However, the late fourth century is another period when similar phenomena reappear. Although conditions of insularity, mainly those derived from geography, always had some effect on the region, the inhabitants of the Cyclades could and did respond to particular circumstances to maximize benefits for their communities. The decisions of the Athenians, moreover, created viii Preface symbiotic effects that could alter the factors within economic equa- tions. Chapter 1 discusses past scholarship and previous approaches to these issues, as well as framing Cycladic economies within the larger debate concerning the ancient Greek economy. Chapter 2 sets the geographical stage by discussing such factors as varying definitions of the ‘Cyclades’ as a region, navigation, and attested trade routes. Chapter 2 also discusses the wide range of sources that will be examined in this study, including literary, epigraphic, numismatic, and archaeological evidence. Chapter 3 covers the Cyclades in the Archaic period (particularly the late sixth century, called herein the period of ‘local hegemonies’), while Chapter 4 focuses on the fifth century and the Athenian arkhē, from the Persian Wars through the end of the Peloponnesian War. Chapter 5 gives an overview of the period from 404 to 355, when hegemony over the region was more ‘fluid’ and could shift among various naval powers. Chapter 6 takes the narrative from the end of the Social War to the loss of Athenian control over Delos in 314. Certain phenomena are ad- dressed throughout all periods: the extent to which various hegemons were able to control the Cyclades militarily and affect commerce; changing (and unchanging) trade routes; and possible economic strategies available to the islanders. I would like to thank my original mentor in ancient history, R. Bruce Hitchner, who introduced me to the field during my under- graduate years at the University of Dayton and sparked my interest in the ancient economy. This project has its roots in my 1998 PhD dissertation completed at the Ohio State University, now greatly revised and expanded. I wish to thank my dissertation committee: Timothy Gregory, Stephen Tracy, and the late Jack Balcer. I am thankful also for the encouragement given to me by Nathan Rosenstein. I would also like to thank all at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens during the 1996–7 year, when much important material that is presented here was gathered. I am also grateful to Mr. Tzones Zervoudakis, the late Evangelos Th. Pantazo- glou, and all on Siphnos during my participation in the 1998 and 2002 Sifnean Symposia. My thanks also to the following who read earlier drafts of this work: Christy Constantakopoulou, John W.I. Lee, Darel Engen, Patrice Brun, Thomas J. Figueira, and the anonymous readers em- ployed by Oxford University Press. In addition, I would like to Preface ix express my gratitude to others with whom I have discussed aspects of this project over the years: Ronald Stroud, Ken Sheedy, Lina Mendoni, and Charikleia Papageorghiadou-Banis. Their comments and advice have greatly improved the final product and have saved me from a number of errors. Any errors that remain are the sole responsibility of the author. Thanks also to Hilary O’Shea, Cathryn Steele, and Taryn Campbell at OUP; and to Siran Erysian for producing the maps. Special praise is due to Theresa Delaney, whose tireless efforts in acquiring research materials made the completion of this project possible. I must also extend thanks to the staff of the Classics Library at the University of Cincinnati for their assistance during my many visits. Closer to home, I must also mention Colette and Brandon, who have endured my obsession with this project with little to no com- plaint. Finally, all the thanks in the world would be insufficient to express my gratitude to my parents Kurt and Eleanor Rutishauser. Without their support and encouragement, this book would never have seen the light of day—and it is to them that it is respectfully dedicated. Brian Rutishauser Fresno City College, California October 2011 This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Maps xiii List of Tables xiv Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction 1 The Cyclades and the Ancient Economy 10 2. Defining the Cycladic Region 19 Trade Routes through the Cyclades in Antiquity 29 Models for Regional Development in the Cyclades 35 Cycladic Population Estimates 37 Cycladic Landscapes and Survey Archaeology 40 Sources for Cycladic History 43 3. Local Hegemonies: The Archaic Cyclades (540–490) 51 Archaic Sea Power and ‘Thalassocracies’ in the Aegean 52 Naxian Resources and Sea Power 60 ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ Insularity 71 Conclusions 79 4. Under the Arkhē: The Cyclades in the Fifth Century (490–404) 81 The Persian Wars and the Formation of the Delian League 81 The Cyclades during the Pentekontaetia 91 Trade Routes through the Cyclades during the Arkhē 100 Coinage in the Cyclades During the Arkhē 112 The Cyclades during the Peloponnesian War 117 Cycladic Revolts after the Sicilian Expedition 126 Conclusions 136 5. Fluid Hegemonies: The Cyclades in the Early Fourth Century (403–355) 141 From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the King’s Peace 142 The ‘Wrangle’ over the Region (386–376) 153 From the Second Athenian League to the End of the Social War (378–355) 158 xii Contents Delian Apollo and the Cyclades 170 Conclusions 186 6. A (Nearly) Perfect Symbiosis? The Cyclades in the Later Fourth Century (355–314) 189 From the Social War to Chaironeia (355–338) 190 The Aegean and Lamian Wars 200 The Nesiotic Leagues as Comparanda 207 Trade Routes through the Cyclades during the Later Fourth Century 209 Piracy and Convoying 225 Coinage and Monumental Construction in the Later Fourth Century 229 Conclusions 235 Conclusion 239 Bibliography 243 Index Locorum 287 General Index 299 List of Maps 1.1 The Cycladic Region 2 2.1 Trade Routes through the Cyclades Attested in Various Classical Sources 31 2.2 Trade Routes Attested in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni 32 6.1 Possible Trade Routes Based On Cities Listed in the Kyrene Grain Inscription 213 6.2 Map of Tenos 220 List of Tables 4.1 Some representative figures for island tribute 93 5.1 Debts to Delian Apollo by Cycladic poleis 171 Abbreviations ADelt Archaiologikon Deltion. Athens, 1961–. BNJ Brill’s New Jacoby. http://www.brill.nl/publications/online- resources/jacoby-online CH O. Hoover, A. Meadows, and U. Wartenberg (eds.), Coin Hoards.Vol.10: Greek Hoards. Royal Numismatic Society, London, 2010. CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.