DOCSLIB.ORG

The Freedom of the Greeks in the Early Hellenistic Period (337-262 BC)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Freedom of the Greeks in the Early Hellenistic Period (337-262 BC) The Freedom of the Greeks in the Early Hellenistic Period (337-262 BC). A Study in Ruler-City Relations Shane Wallace Ph.D. University of Edinburgh 2011 Signed Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate‘s own and the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Signed: ii Abstract This thesis treats of the use and meaning of the Greek concept of eleutheria (freedom) and the cognate term autonomia (autonomy) in the early Hellenistic Period (c.337-262 BC) with a specific focus on the role these concepts played in the creation and formalisation of a working relationship between city and king. It consists of six chapters divided equally into three parts with each part exploring one of the three major research questions of this thesis. Part One, Narratives, treats of the continuities and changes within the use and understanding of eleutheria and autonomia from the 5th to the 3rd centuries. Part Two, Analysis, focuses on the use in action of both terms and the role they played in structuring and defining the relationship between city and king. Part Three, Themes, explores the importance of commemoration and memorialisation within the early Hellenistic city, particularly the connection of eleutheria with democratic ideology and the afterlife of the Persian Wars. Underpinning each of these three sections is the argument that eleutheria played numerous, diverse roles within the relationship between city and king. In particular, emphasis is continually placed variously on its lack of definition, inherent ambiguity, and the malleability of its use in action. Chapter one opens with the discovery of eleutheria during the Persian Wars and traces its development in the 5th and early 4th centuries, arguing in particular for a increasing synonymity between eleutheria and autonomia. Chapter two provides a narrative focused on the use and understanding of eleutheria in the years 337-262. It emphasises continuity rather than change in the use of eleutheria and provides a foundation for the subsequent analytical and thematic chapters. Chapter three analyses eleutheria itself. It emphasises the inherent fluidity of the term and argues that it eschewed definition and was adaptable to and compatible with many forms of royal control. Chapter four looks at the role of eleutheria within the relationship between city and king. It elaborates a distinction between Primary and Secondary freedom (freedom as a right or freedom as a gift) and treats of eleutheria as a point of either unity or discord within a city‘s relationship with a king. Chapter five explores the connection between freedom and democracy and looks at how the past was used to create and enforce a democratic present, specifically in constructing both Alexander‘s nachleben as either a tyrant or liberator and the validity of Athenian democratic ideology in the 3rd century. Chapter six concludes the thesis by returning to the Persian Wars. It analyses the use of the Wars as a conceptual prototype for later struggles, both by kings and by cities. Exploring the theme of the lieu de mémoire, it also outlines the significance of sites like Corinth and Plataia for personifying the historical memory of eleutheria. iii Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure in finishing this thesis to be able to look back and thank all those who have helped me along the way. First of all, my inestimable thanks go to my supervisor Andrew Erskine. Without his patience, guidance, and careful supervision I would not even have begun this thesis, let alone completed it. His unerring criticism and his constant encouragement have been a continuous source of inspiration for me. I am also indebted to my secondary supervisor Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones for reading, supporting, and promoting my work, from application all the way to submission. To both I offer my deepest thanks. This thesis would be much worse were it not for the input of those who have generously read and commented on it. To all I express my most sincere gratitude. Mathias Strøm Manly read a draft of chapter one, Michael Cummings and Calum Maciver read chapters three and four, while Ioanna Kralli read a draft of chapter five. Christian Habicht, in particular, generously read chapter six. Characteristically, his keen eye and encyclopaedic knowledge saved it from more errors than I care to mention. Julia Shear continually provided help throughout my dissertation, both in reading and discussing my work with me and I would like to thank her in particular for sending me two of her articles in advance of publication. I am also grateful to Sviatoslav Dmitriev for very kindly sending me an offprint of his book in advance of publication. Graham Oliver has been a constant source of support (and references) and has continually shared his epigraphic expertise with me. Without the financial support of numerous bodies the completion of this thesis would have been a lot more arduous than it was. The Arts and Humanities Research Council and the University of Edinburgh kindly funded my PhD research. In 2007/8 I was Marie Curie Research Fellow at the École normale supérieure, Paris, under the generous auspices of the European Doctorate in the Social History of Europe and the Mediterranean. I also spent 2009/10 at the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki as Erasmus student. The British School at Athens has been my home for the past year and a half. I am especially grateful to Robert Pitt for his assistance with all things epigraphic, to the librarians of the School for their help and consideration during the final month of writing, and in particular to the staff, students, and members of the School who provided friendship and support during my years there. I began this thesis at the University of Edinburgh but over the past four years I have travelled from Edinburgh to Paris, to Athens, and back again. My greatest source of stability, love, and support throughout has been my girlfriend Nicolette, and to her my final and most tender thanks are given. iv Table of Contents Signed Declaration ii Thesis Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v Note on Abbreviations and Editions viii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 PART 1 – NARRATIVES Chapter 1: The Origins, Development, and Synonymity of Eleutheria and Autonomia in the 5th and 4th Centuries 16 Introduction 17 1.1. The Origin and Development of Eleutheria and Autonomia in the 5th Century 18 1.1.1. Eleutheria 18 1.1.2. Autonomia 23 1.2. The Importance of Autonomia in the 4th Century 27 1.3. The Synonymity of Eleutheria and Autonomia 33 Conclusion 43 Chapter 2: Towards an Ideological Narrative, 337-262 45 Introduction 45 2.1. Philip and Alexander in Greece and Asia, 337-323 46 2.2. The Hellenic (Lamian) War, 323/2 50 2.3. Polyperchon and the Freedom of the Greeks, 319-317 51 2.4. Antigonos and the Greeks, 318-311 54 2.5. Antigonos, Ptolemy, and the Struggle for Freedom, 310-308 59 2.6. Demetrios in Greece, 307-301 62 2.7. Demetrios and Ptolemy in Greece, 295-280 65 2.8. Lysimachos and Seleukid Asia, 301-262 69 2.9. The Gallic Invasions in Greece and Asia, 280-278 74 v 2.10. Antigonos Gonatas and the Chremonidean War, 268-262 75 Conclusion 78 PART 2 – ANALYSIS Chapter 3: Analysing and Understanding Eleutheria in the Early Hellenistic Period 81 Introduction 81 3.1. Negations of Eleutheria 83 3.1.1. Garrisons 83 3.1.2. Taxation 89 3.2. Defining Eleutheria in Action 92 3.2.1. Positive and Negative Freedom 93 3.2.2. Differing Interpretations of Eleutheria 98 3.2.3. Typology of Statuses 103 Conclusion 112 Chapter 4: The Role of Eleutheria in Relations between City and King 114 Introduction 114 4.1. Eleutheria between King and Primary Free City 115 4.2. Eleutheria between King and Secondary Free City 119 4.2.1. Petition and Benefaction. The Relationship between City and King 119 4.2.2. Eleutheria as Benefaction 123 4.2.3. The Functional Limits of Secondary Freedom 132 4.3. Athens and Demetrios in 303. A Case-Study 137 Conclusion 148 PART 3 – THEMES Chapter 5: Demokratia and Eleutheria: Democratic Ideology between City and King 152 Introduction 152 5.1. Alexander‘s Democratic Nachleben 154 5.1.1. Alexander in Asia 154 5.1.2. Alexander in Athens and Greece 156 5.1.2.1. Polyperchon‘s Edict 157 5.1.2.2. The Lykourgos Decree 159 5.2. Democratic Ideology and Civic Freedom 162 vi 5.2.1. Athens, 323-282: The Erosion and Restoration of the Demos 163 5.2.2. Asia, 334-262: Democratic Ideology and Secondary Freedom 172 5.3. Demokratia and Royal Terminology 176 5.3.1. Royal Avoidance of Demokratia 177 5.3.2. Explanations 182 Conclusion 185 Chapter 6: The Memory and Commemoration of the Persian Wars 187 Introduction 187 6.1. Philip, Alexander, and Corinth 188 6.1.1. Philip and the League of Corinth 188 6.1.2. Alexander and the League of Corinth 190 6.1.3. The Successors and Corinth 194 6.2. The Hellenic War 199 6.2.1. The ‗Hellenic War Decree‘ 199 6.2.2. Hyperides‘ Epitaphios 201 6.2.3. Zeus Eleutherios and the Decree for Euphron of Sikyon 203 6.3. The Chremonidean War 205 6.3.1. The Chremonides Decree 205 6.3.2. Zeus Eleutherios and the Decree for Glaukon 208 6.4. Juxtaposing the Gallic Invasions and the Persian Wars 212 Conclusion 215 Conclusion 218 Appendices 1. A Catalogue of Epigraphic Attestations of Eleutheria, Autonomia, and Demokratia in 4th and 3rd Century Greece and Athens 224 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Philochoros and the tradition of local historical writing at Athens : genre, ideology and methodology in the reconstruction and literary presentation of attic history Joyce, Christopher J. How to cite: Joyce, Christopher J. (2002) Philochoros and the tradition of local historical writing at Athens : genre, ideology and methodology in the reconstruction and literary presentation of attic history, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1003/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 0 i ochoros and the Tradition of Local Historical Writing at Athens: Genre, Ideology and Methodology in the Re- construction and Literary Presentation of Attic History. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be publishedwithout his prior written consentand information deriv6d from it should be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts
    THE NATURE OF HELLENISTIC DOMESTIC SCULPTURE IN ITS CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig I. Hardiman, B.Comm., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton, Advisor Dr. Timothy J. McNiven _______________________________ Advisor Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Graduate Program in the History of Art Copyright by Craig I. Hardiman 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation marks the first synthetic and contextual analysis of domestic sculpture for the whole of the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE). Prior to this study, Hellenistic domestic sculpture had been examined from a broadly literary perspective or had been the focus of smaller regional or site-specific studies. Rather than taking any one approach, this dissertation examines both the literary testimonia and the material record in order to develop as full a picture as possible for the location, function and meaning(s) of these pieces. The study begins with a reconsideration of the literary evidence. The testimonia deal chiefly with the residences of the Hellenistic kings and their conspicuous displays of wealth in the most public rooms in the home, namely courtyards and dining rooms. Following this, the material evidence from the Greek mainland and Asia Minor is considered. The general evidence supports the literary testimonia’s location for these sculptures. In addition, several individual examples offer insights into the sophistication of domestic decorative programs among the Greeks, something usually associated with the Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Cynicism
    A HISTORY OF CYNICISM Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com A HISTORY OF CYNICISM From Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D. by DONALD R. DUDLEY F,llow of St. John's College, Cambrid1e Htmy Fellow at Yale University firl mll METHUEN & CO. LTD. LONDON 36 Essex Street, Strand, W.C.2 Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com First published in 1937 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN Downloaded from https://www.holybooks.com PREFACE THE research of which this book is the outcome was mainly carried out at St. John's College, Cambridge, Yale University, and Edinburgh University. In the help so generously given to my work I have been no less fortunate than in the scenes in which it was pursued. I am much indebted for criticism and advice to Professor M. Rostovtseff and Professor E. R. Goodonough of Yale, to Professor A. E. Taylor of Edinburgh, to Professor F. M. Cornford of Cambridge, to Professor J. L. Stocks of Liverpool, and to Dr. W. H. Semple of Reading. I should also like to thank the electors of the Henry Fund for enabling me to visit the United States, and the College Council of St. John's for electing me to a Research Fellowship. Finally, to• the unfailing interest, advice and encouragement of Mr. M. P. Charlesworth of St. John's I owe an especial debt which I can hardly hope to repay. These acknowledgements do not exhaust the list of my obligations ; but I hope that other kindnesses have been acknowledged either in the text or privately.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Ancient History
    THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME VII PART I The Hellenistic World Edited by F. W. W ALBANK F.B.A. Emerit1u Projeuor, former!J Profmor of Anrienl History and C!t111ieal Ar<haeology, Univmi!J of Live~pool A. E. ASTIN Profmor of Antient History, The Q11een'1 Univtr.ri!J, Btlfast M. W. FRED ERIKSEN R. M. OGI LVIE CAMBRIDGE -~ UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S:io Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Bujlding, Cambridge, CB2 8Ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org [nformacion on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521234450 ©Cambridge University Press i984 This publication is in copyright. Subject to smurory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the wrircen permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1928 Second edition 1984 Eleventh printing 2008 Primed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Library ofCongress catalogue card number; 75-85719 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. I: The Helleniscic World, r. History, Ancient 1. Walbank, F. W . .930 D57 ISBN 978-0-521-23445-0 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-85073-5 set Cambridge U niversity Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURL; for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guraranree that any content on su~ websites is, or will remain, a.ccurare or appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • & Special Prizes
    Αthena International Olive Oil Competition 26 ΧΑΛΚΙΝΑ- 28 March ΜΕΤΑΛΛΙΑ* 2018 OLIVE OIL PRODUCER DELPHIVARIETAL MAKE-UP• PHOCIS REGION COUNTRY WEBSITE ΜEDALS & SPECIAL PRIZES Final Participation and Awards Results For its third edition the Athena International Olive Oil Competition (ATHIOOC) showed a 22% increase in the num- ber of participating samples; 359 extra virgin olive oils from 12 countries were judged by a panel of 20 interna- tional experts from 11 countries. This is the first year that the number of samples from abroad overpassed those from Greece: of the 359 samples tasted, 171 were Greek (48%) and 188 (52%) from other countries. In conjunction with the high number of inter- national judges (2/3 of the tasting panel), this establishes Athena as one of the few truly international extra virgin olive oil competitions in the world ―and one of the fastest growing ones. ATHIOOC 2018 awarded 242 medals in the following categories: 13 Double Gold (scoring 95-100%), 100 Gold (scoring 85-95%), 89 Silver (scoring 75-85%) and 40 Bronze (scoring 65-75%). There were also several special prizes including «Best of Show» which this year goes to Palacio de los Olivos from Andalusia, Spain. There is also a notable increase in the number of cultivars present: 124 this year compared to 92 last year, testify- ing to the amazing diversity of the olive oil world. The awards ceremony will take place in Athens on Saturday, April 28 2018, 18:00, at the Zappeion Megaron Con- ference & Exhibitions Hall in the city center. This event will be preceded by a day-long, stand-up and self-pour tasting of all award-winning olive oils.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Art and Royalty in Sparta of the 3Rd Century B.C
    HESPERIA 75 (2006) ART AND ROYALTY Pages 203?217 IN SPARTA OF THE 3RD CENTURY B.C. ABSTRACT a The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that revival of the arts in Sparta b.c. was during the 3rd century owed mainly to royal patronage, and that it was inspired by Alexander s successors, the Seleukids and the Ptolemies in particular. The tumultuous transition from the traditional Spartan dyarchy to a and to its dominance Hellenistic-style monarchy, Sparta's attempts regain in the P?loponn?se (lost since the battle of Leuktra in 371 b.c.), are reflected in the of the hero Herakles as a role model promotion pan-Peloponnesian at for the single king the expense of the Dioskouroi, who symbolized dual a kingship and had limited, regional appeal. INTRODUCTION was Spartan influence in the P?loponn?se dramatically reduced after the battle of Leuktra in 371 b.c.1 The history of Sparta in the 3rd century b.c. to ismarked by intermittent efforts reassert Lakedaimonian hegemony.2 A as a means to tendency toward absolutism that end intensified the latent power struggle between the Agiad and Eurypontid royal houses, leading to the virtual abolition of the traditional dyarchy in the reign of the Agiad Kleomenes III (ca. 235-222 b.c.), who appointed his brother Eukleides 1. For the battle of Leuktra and its am to and Ellen Millen 2005.1 grateful Graham Shipley Paul Cartledge and see me to am consequences, Cartledge 2002, and Ellen Millender for inviting der for historical advice. I also 251-259.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Datastream
    City of Praise: The Politics of Encomium in Classical Athens By Mitchell H. Parks B.A., Grinnell College, 2008 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2014 © Copyright 2014 by Mitchell H. Parks This dissertation by Mitchell H. Parks is accepted in its present form by the Department of Classics as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Adele Scafuro, Adviser Recommended to the Graduate Council Date Johanna Hanink, Reader Date Joseph D. Reed, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae Mitchell H. Parks was born on February 16, 1987, in Kearney, NE, and spent his childhood and adolescence in Selma, CA, Glenside, PA, and Kearney, MO (sic). In 2004 he began studying at Grinnell College in Grinnell, IA, and in 2007 he spent a semester in Greece through the College Year in Athens program. He received his B.A. in Classics with honors in 2008, at which time he was also inducted into Phi Beta Kappa and was awarded the Grinnell Classics Department’s Seneca Prize. During his graduate work at Brown University in Providence, RI, he delivered papers at the annual meetings of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South (2012) and the American Philological Association (2014), and in the summer of 2011 he taught ancient Greek for the Hellenic Education & Research Center program in Thouria, Greece, in addition to attending the British School at Athens epigraphy course.
    [Show full text]
  • Ptolemaic Foundations in Asia Minor and the Aegean As the Lagids’ Political Tool
    ELECTRUM * Vol. 20 (2013): 57–76 doi: 10.4467/20800909EL.13.004.1433 PTOLEMAIC FOUNDATIONS IN ASIA MINOR AND THE AEGEAN AS THE LAGIDS’ POLITICAL TOOL Tomasz Grabowski Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków Abstract: The Ptolemaic colonisation in Asia Minor and the Aegean region was a signifi cant tool which served the politics of the dynasty that actively participated in the fi ght for hegemony over the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea basin. In order to specify the role which the settlements founded by the Lagids played in their politics, it is of considerable importance to establish as precise dating of the foundations as possible. It seems legitimate to acknowledge that Ptolemy II possessed a well-thought-out plan, which, apart from the purely strategic aspects of founding new settlements, was also heavily charged with the propaganda issues which were connected with the cult of Arsinoe II. Key words: Ptolemies, foundations, Asia Minor, Aegean. Settlement of new cities was a signifi cant tool used by the Hellenistic kings to achieve various goals: political and economic. The process of colonisation was begun by Alex- ander the Great, who settled several cities which were named Alexandrias after him. The process was successfully continued by the diadochs, and subsequently by the follow- ing rulers of the monarchies which emerged after the demise of Alexander’s state. The new settlements were established not only by the representatives of the most powerful dynasties: the Seleucids, the Ptolemies and the Antigonids, but also by the rulers of the smaller states. The kings of Pergamum of the Attalid dynasty were considerably active in this fi eld, but the rulers of Bithynia, Pontus and Cappadocia were also successful in this process.1 Very few regions of the time remained beyond the colonisation activity of the Hellenistic kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Περίληψη : Antigonus Monophthalmus (382-301 BC) Was a General of Alexander the Great, the Most Important of the Successors and Founder of the Antigonid Dynasty
    IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παναγοπούλου Κατερίνα Μετάφραση : Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , Καριώρης Παναγιώτης Για παραπομπή : Παναγοπούλου Κατερίνα , "Antigonus I Monophthalmus (One- Eyed)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7285> Περίληψη : Antigonus Monophthalmus (382-301 BC) was a general of Alexander the Great, the most important of the successors and founder of the Antigonid dynasty. He was the governor of Phrygia and possibly Lydia in Asia Minor. He was appointed ruler of Asia Minor for a short period of time (311 BC) and he was the first of the Diadochoi to assume the royal title along with his son Demetrius I (306 BC). He was killed in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 382 BC, Macedonia Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου 301 BC, Ipsus Κύρια Ιδιότητα General of Alexander the Great, King 1. Family-Education-Early Years Contemporary to the Macedonian kings Phillip II (359-336 BC) and Alexander the Great (336-323 BC), like all the Diadochoi, Antigonus Monophtphalmus was born in 382 BC and lost his life in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC.1 His father was called Philip2 and he had three brothers, but only the names of the two are known (Demetrius, Ptolemy).3 His family belonged to the Macedonian aristocracy and he was raised in the wider area of Pella, the capital of Macedonia.4 Hence, he was very well educated and had studied Euripides, Homer, tragic and lyric poetry, rhetoric and philosophy.5 His father lost his life during the defeat of the Macedonian army by the Illyrian invaders, which left Macedonia without a king in 359 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Routes in Aetolia (Greece)
    Yvette Bommeljé The long and winding road: land routes in Aetolia Peter Doorn (Greece) since Byzantine times In one or two years from now, the last village of the was born, is the northern part of the research area of the southern Pindos mountains will be accessible by road. Aetolian Studies Project. In 1960 Bakogiánnis had Until some decades ago, most settlements in this backward described how his native village of Khelidón was only region were only connected by footpaths and mule tracks. connected to the outside world by what are called karélia In the literature it is generally assumed that the mountain (Bakogiánnis 1960: 71). A karéli consists of a cable population of Central Greece lived in isolation. In fact, a spanning a river from which hangs a case or a rack with a dense network of tracks and paths connected all settlements pulley. The traveller either pulls himself and his goods with each other, and a number of main routes linked the to the other side or is pulled by a helper. When we area with the outside world. visited the village in 1988, it could still only be reached The main arteries were well constructed: they were on foot. The nearest road was an hour’s walk away. paved with cobbles and buttressed by sustaining walls. Although the village was without electricity, a shuttle At many river crossings elegant stone bridges witness the service by donkey supplied the local kafeneíon with beer importance of the routes. Traditional country inns indicate and cola. the places where the traveller could rest and feed himself Since then, the bulldozer has moved on and connected and his animals.
    [Show full text]