A proposed archaeological survey of Tegea Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Pfauth, Thomas James, 1954- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 10:43:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291875 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the t&ct directly firom the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fiice, while others may be fi-om any ^e of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313^61-4700 800/521-0600 A Proposed Archaeological Survey of Tegea by Thomas Pfauth Copyright © Thomas Pfauth 1997 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1997 UMI Number: 1385734 Copyright 1997 by Pfauth, Thomas Jaunes All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1385734 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. Signed: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: sj Mary E. Voyatzi:Voyatzif ^ Date Associate Professor of Classics TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4 ABBREVIATIONS 5 INTRODUCTION 8 L PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON TEGEA 13 Early Investigations of Tegea. 13 Excavations at the Temple of Athena Alea 17 Previous Regional Investigations 22 n. TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND HYDROLOGY 25 Hydrology 26 The Sarandapotomos River 31 Recent Alluvium 36 m. PREHISTORY AND HISTORY OF TEGEA 39 Tegea in the Bronze Age 40 Early Iron Age through the Classical Period 45 City Walls 49 Citadel 51 Other Monuments of Tegea 52 Tegean Demes 53 Research Questions and Diachronic Settlement Patterns 57 IV. SURFACE SURVEY 62 Methodology 62 Archaeological Materials 69 GIS and Computer Databases 70 V. CONCLUSION 75 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 2.1. The Plain of Tegea and the Sarandapotomos 21. Figure 2.2. Topographic map of a portion of the Tegean Plain 32. Rgure 3.1. Possible archaeological feature revealed in aerial photograph 54. Figure 3.2. Tegean Demes and Modem Tegean Villages 56. Figure 4.1. Photo-map showing the village of Alea and temple of Athena Alea. 72. 5 ABBREVIATIONS Bibliographical: AJA American Journal of Archaeology BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellinique B6raid, T^gie B6rard, V., 'T6g6e et la T6g6atide," Bulletin de correspondance helMnique 17 (1893): 529-549. BSA Annual of the British School at Athens C/BBE Bindiff, J.L. & A.M. Snodgrass, "The Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian Expedition: the First Four Years," Journal of Field Archaeology 12 (1985): 123-161. DodweU, Tour DodweU, E., A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, during the years 1801,1805, and 1806 (London, 1819). Howell, Survey Howell, R., "A Survey of Eastern Arcadia in Prehistory," Annual of the British School at Athens 65, (1970): 79-117. JFA Journal of Field Archaeology NVAP Cherry, J.F., J.L. Davis, A. Demitrack, E. Mantzourani, T.F. Strasser, L.E, Talalay, "Archaeological Survey in an Artifact- Rich Landscape: a Middle Neolithic Example from Nemea, Greece," American Journal of Archaeology 92 (1988): 159-176. 0stby, Excavations 0stby, E., "Excavations in the Sanctuary of Athena Alea," Archaeology in the Peloponnese, K. Sheedy, ed.. Oxbow Monograph 48 (Oxford, 1994). 0stby, et al., Tegea 0stby, E., J.-M. Luce, G.C. Nordquist, C. Tarditi and M. Voyatzis, "The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea: First Preliminary Report (1990-1992)," Opuscula Atheniensia XX:8 (1994): 89-141. Pausanias Pausanias, Description of Greece, W.H.S. Jones trans. Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, 1935. 6 Pritchett, SAGT Pritchett, W.K., Studies in Ancient Greek Topography Part I (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965): 122-130. Voyatzis, ESAAT Voyatzis, M.E., The Early Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea (Goteborg, 1990). Xenophon Xenophon, Hellenica, E.C. Marchant (text) and G.E. Underhill (notes), Oxford, 1906. General: G (PG, EG, MG, LG) Geometric (Protogeometric, Early Geometric, Middle Geometric, Late Geometric) H (EH, MH, LH) Helladic (Early Helladic, Middle Helladic, Late Helladic) 7 ABSTRACT This paper proposes a plan for an archaeological survey of the ancient Greek city of Tegea, in Arcadia. Excavations at the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea have uncovered evidence of cult practice that extends into the tenth century BC, and provide the basis for further archaeological investigation. An archaeological survey would connect known developments within the religious sphere to developments in the social and political spheres of the surrounding territory. The survey will be an intensive, pedestrian, and all-period survey, will follow the methodology of the Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian Expedition, and will use computer databases and GIS. From the diachronic changes in settiement pattern discovered, we can infer the answers to questions regarding the social, political and economic structures in all periods from the Neolithic to modem times. The materials collected by the survey will provide opportunities for research beyond their immediate usefulness to the survey itself. 8 INTRODUCTION In this paper I propose a plan for an archaeological survey to be carried out at the site of the ancient Greek ciQr of Tegea^ in Arcadia. Recent excavations conducted at the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea have uncovered evidence of cult practice that extends into the tenth century BC, and of cult buildings that are at least as early as the eighth century BC. This ancient sanctuary is the same one that later, in the fourth century BC, saw the construction of one of the finest marble temples in the Peloponnese. Literary evidence suggests that Tegea developed early into an important and powerful city, on a par with Sparta, Argos, and Corinth, and ahead of other Arcadian polities. Tegea's location on a nexus of travel routes through the Peloponnese exposed the city to the common cultural developments of ancient Greece that comprised one of the greatest flowerings of thought and art in Western history. Tegea contributed materially to this flowering in the building of the magnificent fourth-century BC temple of Athena Alea. The city was likewise well positioned to mediate cultural developments to other parts of Arcadia. Her later history shows her as a leader in the foundation of the Arcadian League, which put her at the forefront of political development in ancient Greece. An archaeological survey of Tegea would enable us to leam more about how Tegea developed into a great city, and how this development relates to the progress of events in Greece as a whole. In particular we would most like to understand the process by which small, scattered communities combined to form a central, dominant city-state, a process called synoecism. Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of religion 9 in the process of synoecism,' and the evidence of early cult practice at the temple site reinforces this; we would like to know what were the other factors involved in synoecism. A clearer picture of Tegea will throw more light on other parts of Greece as well, particularly on Laconia with which Tegea was always closely connected. Moreover, while an archaeological survey of the plain of Tegea will, in and of itself, contribute a great deal to the history and archaeology of the region, it will also provide a starting point for many other valuable research projects. One of the primary goals of archaeological surveys is to locate sites and to place them in proper chronological relation with each other. It follows that, once they are located, sites of interest can also be excavated. For Tegea such sites can range from features associated with agriculture, like small farms, to important civic and religious structures, like sanctuaries. The materials, particularly the ceramics, collected by the survey will also provide opportunities for research beyond their immediate usefulness to the survey itself.