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Appendix 3 Further Reading Since the completion of Etan Kohlberg’s D.Phil. dissertation in 1971 there has been a marked increase in the number of studies devoted to subjects discussed there. This ap- pendix, jointly prepared by the author and the editor, lists some of these studies; oth- ers may have been inadvertently omitted. The material is arranged in two sections, in conformity with the main themes of the dissertation chapters included in this volume. The first section contains studies on the Companions, with a particular focus on their role during the fitna and the effects of the fitna on Sunni and Shiʿi theology and politi- cal thought; this section also includes a limited number of titles on concepts associ- ated with the Companions such as the prophetic tradition (sunna) and the doctrine of consensus (ijmāʿ). Studies listed in the second section deal with the doctrine of the imamate in Imāmī Shiʿism until the end of the Buwayhid period. Five of the selected titles (numbers 38–40, 47, 54) are translations of Arabic primary texts. Several of the titles mentioned here also appear in the Bibliography. §1. The Companions 1. Abd-Allah Wymann-Landgraf, U. F. Mālik and Medina: Islamic Legal Reasoning in the Formative Period. Leiden, 2013. * The views of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795) on the prophetic tradition, hadith and consensus are discussed on pp. 94–137. 2. Afsaruddin, A. Excellence and Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legiti- mate Leadership. Leiden, 2002. * Chapter 4 presents the Sunni-Shiʿi debate on the merits of the Compan- ions versus the Prophet’s family, based primarily on al-Jāḥiẓ’s (d. 255/869) al- ʿUthmāniyya and its refutation by Jamāl al-Dīn Ibn Ṭāwūs (d. 673/1274–5) en- titled Bināʾ al-maqāla al-fāṭimiyya fī naqḍ al-risāla al-ʿuthmāniyya. 3. Andersson, T. Early Sunni Historiography: A Study of the Tārīkh of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ. Leiden, 2017. * Chapter 8 provides an analysis of Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ’s account of the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn. 4. Ansari, M. “Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī”. Translated by A. Bouri. In Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Edited by W. Madelung and F. Daftary. Leiden, 2007–. * His life and especially his role in the arbitration of Ṣiffīn are briefly examined. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004406971_030 Etan Kohlberg - 9789004406971 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:39:24PM via free access FURTHER READING 561 5. Anthony, S. The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Leiden, 2012. * Chapter 3 examines Sayf b. ʿUmar’s account of the Battle of the Camel. 6. Bahramian, A. “ʿĀʾisha. Part 1: Biography”. Translated by M. Melvin-Koushki. In Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Edited by W. Madelung and F. Daftary. Leiden, 2007–. * A brief account of ʿĀʾisha’s involvement in the Battle of the Camel. 7. ____. “ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ”. Translated by F. Negahban. In Encyclopaedia Islamica On- line. Edited by W. Madelung and F. Daftary. Leiden, 2007–. * Examines the decisive role of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ in the confrontations between Muʿāwiya and ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭlib including the Battle of Ṣiffīn. 8. Brown, J. A. C. The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon. Leiden, 2007. * Examines the historical developments concerning the emergence of the hadith collections of al-Bukhārī and Muslim as the best representations of the prophet- ic tradition in Sunni Islam. 9. ____. Hadith: Muḥammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Second edition. Oxford, 2017. * Chapter 4 summarises the Shiʿi views on hadith, including the position of the Imams versus the Companions. 10. Crone, P. Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh, 2004 (published in the U.S. under the title God’s Rule: Government and Islam. Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Political Thought. New York, 2004). * Chapters 1–11 deal with the political thought of the major currents of the first two Islamic centuries after the conquests. Various issues pertaining to the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn are addressed in chapter 2: “The First Civil War and Sect Formation”. 11. ____ and M. Hinds. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge, 1986. * Chapters 2 and 5 examine various ideas pertaining to the conception of the caliph as religious authority, as discussed in the early extant sources. 12. ____ and F. W. Zimmermann. The Epistle of Sālim b. Dhakwān. Oxford, 2001. * The early Murjiʾa and events surrounding the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn are dealt with on pp. 186–194, 219–250. 13. Djaït, H. La grande discorde. Religion et politique dans l’islam des origines. Paris, 1989. * An account of the major events from the death of the Prophet to Muʿāwiya’s accession. About a quarter of the book (pp. 159–259) is taken up with the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn. Etan Kohlberg - 9789004406971 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:39:24PM via free access 562 Appendix 3 14. El-Hibri, T. Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. New York, 2010. Paperback edition, 2018. * Chapter 6 comprises an account and analysis of the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn. 15. El Omari, R. “Accommodation and Resistance: Classical Muʿtazilites on Ḥadīth”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 71.2 (2012): 231–256. 16. ____. The Theology of Abū l-Qāsim al-Balkhī/al-Kaʿbī (d. 319/931). Leiden, 2016. * Chapter 6 presents this Muʿtazilī theologian’s views on the question of who should lead the Muslim community after the Prophet’s passing. 17. El Shamsy, A. The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge, 2013. * Focusing on al-Shāfiʿī and the tradition associated with him, this monograph provides an engaging account of the transformation of Islamic law during its for- mative period through the lens of scriptural canonization. Chapters 1–3 explore the intellectual context of 2nd/8th century Medina and Iraq where al-Shāfiʿī developed his ideas regarding the authority of the prophetic tradition, hadith authenticity and consensus. 18. Gimaret, D. La doctrine d’al-Ashʿarī. Paris, 1990. * The last two chapters (pp. 517–566) briefly examine al-Ashʿarī’s conception of the prophetic tradition and present his critical perspectives on the Shiʿi concep- tion of the imamate. 19. Hagler, A. M. “The Echoes of Fitna: Developing Historiographical Interpreta- tions of the Battle of Ṣiffīn”. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2011. 20. Hallaq, W. B. “On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus”. International Jour- nal of Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1986): 427–454. 21. ____. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge, 2005. * The Companions as a source of legal authority are discussed on pp. 102–121, 194–206. 22. Hansu, H. “Debates on the Authority of Hadith in Early Islamic Intellectual His- tory: Identifying al-Shāfiʿī’s Opponents in Jimāʿ al-ʿIlm”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 136.3 (2016): 515–533. 23. Hinds, M. Studies in Early Islamic History. Edited by J. Bacharach, L. Conrad and P. Crone. Princeton, 1996. * Chapters 1–4 address various issues pertaining to the first century of the Hijra including the murder of the Caliph ʿUthmān and the Battle of Ṣiffīn. Specifically, chapter 3, “The Ṣiffīn Arbitration Agreement”, analyses the text of the two extant versions of the agreement; chapter 4, “The Banners and Battle-Cries of the Arabs at Ṣiffīn”, similarly focuses on two manuscripts of a text that describes the dispo- sition of troops at Ṣiffīn. Etan Kohlberg - 9789004406971 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 02:39:24PM via free access FURTHER READING 563 24. Hodgson, M. The Venture of Islam, vol. 1. Chicago, 1974. * Sections of particular relevance are “The Early Muslim State, 625–692” (pp. 187–230) and “The Islamic Opposition, 692–750” (pp. 241–279). 25. Husayn, N. “The Rehabilitation of ʿAlī in Sunnī Ḥadīth and Historiography”. Jour- nal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29.4 (2019): 565–583. * A study of some of the ways in which Sunni scholars attempted to create an image of ʿAlī in line with their central doctrines through selective use of extant materials found in the hadith and historical literature. 26. Jabali, F. The Companions of the Prophet: A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignment. Leiden, 2003. * Chapters 1–2 present a historical overview of the various definitions provided for “Companion”, debates concerning the Companions’ probity (ʿadāla), and their stances during the fitna. This monograph also provides a comparison be- tween the background of the Companions who settled in Iraq, Syria and Egypt and those who took part in the battle of Ṣiffīn. 27. Kennedy, H. The Caliphate: A Pelican Introduction. London, 2016. * Chapter 1 provides an overview of the concept of the caliphate as well as the major events unfolding during the caliphates of Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān and ʿAlī. 28. Lowry, J. E. Early Islamic Legal Theory: The Risāla of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al- Shāfiʿī. Leiden, 2007. * Chapter 4 presents al-Shāfiʿī’s conception of and arguments for the authority of the prophetic tradition. 29. Lucas, Scott C. Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʿd, Ibn Maʿīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Leiden, 2004. * Following a survey of Shiʿi views on the Companions, chapter 6 explores 3rd/9th century Sunni approaches that led to the doctrine of the collective pro- bity (ʿadāla) of the Companions as one of three foundational principles of Sunni Islam. 30. Madelung, W. The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cam- bridge, 1997. * This comprehensive history of the conflict between the Banū Hāshim and Quraysh during the reign of the first four caliphs includes a detailed account of the battles of the Camel and Ṣiffīn (pp.
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