DOCSLIB.ORG

Abu Bakr: "Companion of the Cave," Muhammad's Closest Friend, (And Father in Law), the First Caliph Ali: Younger Cousin (And Son in Law )Of Muhammad

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abu Bakr: January 23, 2013 Starring: Allah: Islamic term for God Muhammad: Prophet of Allah Abu Bakr: "companion of the cave," Muhammad's closest friend, (and father in law), the first Caliph Ali: Younger cousin (and son in law )of Muhammad. Called "The Lion of Allah," 4th Caliph Aisha: "favorite" wife of Muhammad, daughter of Abu Bakr January 23, 2013 Terms Caliph: Successor to the Prophet, leader of the religious/political/military community of Islam Rashidun: "The rightly guided" Caliphs, a term used to describe the first four Caliphs Caliphate: similar to an empire or kingdom, term used to describe the "reign" of a certain caliph. (The time when Abu Bakr was in charge would be known as the Caliphate of Abu Bakr) January 23, 2013 After the Hijra Muhammad was eventually able to unite the Arabian tribes under the banner of Islam When possible, Muhammad used diplomacy, when necessary, used warfare. Attacked the trade caravans of the "idolaters" (people who had not converted to Islam). Why? _________________________ _________________________ January 23, 2013 After Muhammad Muhammad died without a son, and without a clear plan of succession Muhammad ? ? ? ? He had trusted some of his followers with specific religious tasks near the end of his life. Muhammad had leaned on other advisors for certain military or political commitments. pollev.com/mrdoran January 23, 2013 This indecision led to the development of a "schism," or split, in Islam that exists to this day. It would be years until the rift turned into full on warfare, but the seeds of discord had been sown. January 23, 2013 The Ridda Wars After the death of Muhammad, many tribes refused to pay the zakat or alms tax to Abu Bakr. These tribes claimed that they had pledged their allegiance to the man, and since he had died, they owed no obligation to anyone else Abu Bakr argued that they had joined the religious community of Islam January 23, 2013 Dividing his forces into 11 divisions of varying size, Abu Bakr defeated the rebelling tribes one at a time. After several decisive victories, other tribes began to come back to Islam, realizing that it would be easier/cheaper than fighting January 23, 2013 Fast Forward----> Abu Bakr is Caliph for two years (632-634) when he dies, Ali is again passed over ...twice. Finally in 656 Ali became Caliph, the last of the Rashidun, or "rightly guided Caliphs" January 23, 2013 Aisha became vocal critic of Ali's caliphate Joined with other ambitious muslims who wanted to remove Ali and take over the caliphate. Met Ali's army near Basra, Iraq January 23, 2013 The Battle of the Camel IMPORTANCE!!! This was the first time Muslim had gone to war against other Muslims. Ali desperately tried to negotiate a peaceful solution, but was unsuccessful January 23, 2013 Battle of the Camel Ali vs Aisha 20,000 men 30,000 Men 5,000 casualties 13,000 casualties 70 men "died at the bridle" Won Lost January 23, 2013 Aftermath: After the battle Ali's forces became known as Shia't Ali: "Followers of Ali" This term has been shortened to Shia, and is one of the two major branches in the division of Islam The other major branch are known as Sunni, where does that term comes from? January 23, 2013 Homework: Pick one In 3-6 sentences: 1.) Provide a brief description and explain the significance of the Battle of the Camel. 2.) Describe the Ridda Wars, what was important about them?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Ā'isha, MOTHER of the FAITHFUL the Prototype of Muslim Women
    Naw Lily Kadoe & Fatimah Husein Ulama, State, and Politics in Myanmar Al-Jāmi‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies - ISSN: 0126-012X (p); 2356-0912 (e) Vol. 53, no. 1 (2015), pp. 159-179, doi: 10.14421/ajis.2015.531.159-179 ‘Ā’ISHA, MOTHER OF THE FAITHFUL The Prototype of Muslim Women Ulama Fatih Harpci Carthage College Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA email: [email protected] Abstract Having a unique intelligence and assertiveness, ‘Ā’isha has been regarded Islam’s ideal woman scholar. She was not only as one of the earliest reporters of the authentic sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad, but also a great source for conveying his private family life. The article seeks to show that ‘Ā’isha’s life in the 7th century Arabia is especially remarkable when examined through the lenses of contemporary times. Her main characteristic was her critical, ever-inquisitive, and curious mind. Through the questions she was able to ask, ‘Ā’isha became a bridge between the time of the Prophet and the contemporary Muslim life. The important role she played in the scholarly efforts of Muslim men and women in learning and teaching knowledge needs to be examined and properly emphasized. Her sound scholarship in Islamic disciplines include but was not necessarily be limited to hadith, tafsīr, fiqh, literature, and poetry. Today Muslim women may take ‘Ā’isha not only as a pious example, but follow her intelligence, curiosity, and reasoning. [Dengan kecerdasan dan kepercayaan diri yang khas, Ā’isha terkenal sebagai seorang ulama perempuan yang ideal. Tidak hanya dikenal sebagai perawi hadis, dia juga merupakan rujukan yang hebat mengenai masalah-masalah pribadi dan keluarga.
    [Show full text]
  • Guided Reading: Chapter 6 TIMELINE: Insert the Following Events Into a Timeline. This Should Help You Compare Important Histor
    Guided Reading: Chapter 6 TIMELINE: Insert the following events into a timeline. This should help you compare important historical events chronologically. Ridda wars begin end of Umayyad dynasty Muhammad escapes from Mecca to Medina assassination of Uthman battle of Siffin Muhammad receives first revelations 610 CE 750 CE TERMS, PEOPLE, EVENTS: The following terms, people and events are important to your understanding of the chapter. Islam Muslims Bedouin shaykhs Mecca Medina Quraysh Umayyad Ka’ba Allah Muhammad Quran hijra umma zakat five pillars hajj Ali Abu Bakr Ridda wars jihad Uthman Battle of Siffin Mu’awiya Sunnis Shi’a Karbala Damascus Mawali dhimmis Abbasid Abu al-Abbas Baghdad wazir ayan REVIEW QUESTIONS A. Describe the social organization of the Arabs prior to the introduction of Islam. B. Compare and contrast the status of women in Islam during the pre-Islamic period and the Abbasid Empire. C. Why was Islam able to appeal to people of so many different cultures? D. What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession to the Prophet? E. What was the difference between the Abbasid Empire and the Umayyad Empire? F. What conditions influenced the rise of Islam in Arabia? G. Describe the development of the Muslim community and the teachings of Islam. H. What factors contributed to the rise and success of the Arabic Empire? I. How did Islam unite and effectively rule diverse peoples and cultures? J. How did Islam and the Arabic empire change during the Abbasid rule? K. Describe Islamic society including social classes, gender and inequalities. .
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle Against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama
    THE STRUGGLE AGAINST MUSAYLIMA AND THE CONQUEST OF YAMAMA M. J. Kister The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The study of the life of Musaylima, the "false prophet," his relations with the Prophet Muhammad and his efforts to gain Muhammad's ap- proval for his prophetic mission are dealt with extensively in the Islamic sources. We find numerous reports about Musaylima in the Qur'anic commentaries, in the literature of hadith, in the books of adab and in the historiography of Islam. In these sources we find not only material about Musaylima's life and activities; we are also able to gain insight into the the Prophet's attitude toward Musaylima and into his tactics in the struggle against him. Furthermore, we can glean from this mate- rial information about Muhammad's efforts to spread Islam in territories adjacent to Medina and to establish Muslim communities in the eastern regions of the Arabian peninsula. It was the Prophet's policy to allow people from the various regions of the peninsula to enter Medina. Thus, the people of Yamama who were exposed to the speeches of Musaylima, could also become acquainted with the teachings of Muhammad and were given the opportunity to study the Qur'an. The missionary efforts of the Prophet and of his com- panions were often crowned with success: many inhabitants of Yamama embraced Islam, returned to their homeland and engaged in spreading Is- lam. Furthermore, the Prophet thoughtfully sent emissaries to the small Muslim communities in Yamama in order to teach the new believers the principles of Islam, to strengthen their ties with Medina and to collect the zakat.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Islamic Scholars, Theological Seminaries.18 Similar to the Muftis, and Judges Are the Great Exception
    ISSUE BRIEF 10.02.18 Women as Religious Authorities: What A Forgotten History Means for the Modern Middle East Mirjam Künkler, Ph.D., University of Göttingen Although the history of Islam includes family members of the prophet were numerous examples of women transmitting frequently consulted on questions of Islamic hadith (i.e., sayings of the prophet), writing guidance. This practice was not limited to authoritative scholarly commentaries on the prophet’s family and descendants. As the Quran and religious law, and issuing Islamic scholar Khaled Abou El Fadl notes, fatwas (rulings on questions of Islamic law), “certain families from Damascus, Cairo, and women rarely perform such actions today. Baghdad made a virtual tradition of training Most Muslim countries, including those in female transmitters and narrators, and… the Middle East, do not allow women to these female scholars regularly trained serve as judges in Islamic courts. Likewise, and certified male and female jurists and few congregations would turn to women therefore played a major contributing role for advice on matters of Islamic law, or in the preservation and transmission of invite women to lead prayer or deliver the Islamic traditions.”1 sermon (khutba). Women’s role in transmitting hadiths For decades, Sudan and Indonesia were was modeled after ‘A’ishah, the prophet’s the only countries that permitted female youngest wife, who had been such a prolific judges to render decisions on the basis of transmitter that Muhammad is said to have the Quran and hadiths (which are usually told followers they would receive “half their conceived as a male prerogative only).
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad
    Journal of Law and Practice Volume 4 Article 3 2011 Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad Charlie Lehmann Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice Part of the Family Law Commons Recommended Citation Jaafar-Mohammad, Imani and Lehmann, Charlie (2011) "Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce," Journal of Law and Practice: Vol. 4, Article 3. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Law and Practice by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Keywords Muslim women--Legal status laws etc., Women's rights--Religious aspects--Islam, Marriage (Islamic law) This article is available in Journal of Law and Practice: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 Jaafar-Mohammad and Lehmann: Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ISLAM REGARDING MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 4 Wm. Mitchell J. L. & P. 3* By: Imani Jaafar-Mohammad, Esq. and Charlie Lehmann+ I. INTRODUCTION There are many misconceptions surrounding women’s rights in Islam. The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the basic rights of women in Islam in the context of marriage and divorce. This article is only to be viewed as a basic outline of women’s rights in Islam regarding marriage and divorce.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting the Qur'an and the Constitution
    INTERPRETING THE QUR’AN AND THE CONSTITUTION: SIMILARITIES IN THE USE OF TEXT, TRADITION, AND REASON IN ISLAMIC AND AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE Asifa Quraishi* INTRODUCTION Can interpreting the Qur’an be anything like interpreting the Constitution? These documents are usually seen to represent overwhelming opposites in our global legal and cultural landscapes. How, after all, can there be any room for comparison between a legal system founded on revelation and one based on a man-made document? What this premise overlooks, however, is that the nature of the founding legal text tells only the beginning of the story. With some comparative study of the legal cultures that formed around the Qur’an and the Constitution, a few common themes start to emerge, and ultimately it turns out that there may be as much the same as is different between the jurisprudence of Islam and the United States. Though set against very different cultures and legal institutions, jurists within Islamic law have engaged in debates over legal interpretation that bear a striking resemblance to debates in the world of American constitutional theory.1 We will here set these debates next to * Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School. The author wishes to thank Frank Vogel and Jack Balkin for their support and advice in the research that contributed to this article, and Suzanne Stone for the opportunity to be part of a stimulating conference and symposium. 1 Positing my two fields as “Islamic” and “American” invokes a host of potential misunderstandings. First, these are obviously not mutually exclusive categories, most vividly illustrated by the significant population of American Muslims, to which I myself belong.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads
    NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE CODE: ISL 271 COURSE TITLE: THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYADS. ISL127 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE ISL271 THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND THE UMAYYADS Course Team Muhibbudin G. Yusuf (Developer/Writer) - EACOED, OYO Prof. A.F. Ahmed (Editor/Programme Leader) - NOUN Dr A.R. Mustapha (Coordinator) - NOUN ii ISL127 COURSE GUIDE NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos. Abuja Office 5, Dar’es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published By: National Open University of Nigeria First Printed 2012 ISBN: 978-058-635-0 All Rights Reserved iii ISL127 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………………...…. 1 What You Will Learn in This Course ………………………….…... 1 Course Aims …………………………………………………….…. 1 Course Objectives………………………………………………..…. 2 Working through the Course…………………………………….…. 2 Study Units……………………………………………….………… 2 Textbooks and References ………………………………………… 3 Assignment File………………………………………………..…… 4 Course Overview and Presentation schedule………………….…… 4 Assignment……………………………………………….……….… 5 Tutor-Marked Assignment …………………………………….…... 5 Final Examination and Grading………………………………….…. 6 Course Marking Scheme………………………………………….… 6 How to Get the Most from This Course………………………….…. 6 Facilitators/Tutor and Tutorials………………………………….…. 8 Summary……………………………………………….…………… 8 iv Introduction Welcome! ISL127: The Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads is a two-unit course available in the second semester for the B.A. Islamic Studies programme at the National Open University of Nigeria. This course aims at exposing you to the history of the four Orthodox Caliphs. The course places particular emphasis on their biographies and contributions to the development of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/27/2021 02:39:24PM Via Free Access FURTHER READING 561
    Appendix 3 Further Reading Since the completion of Etan Kohlberg’s D.Phil. dissertation in 1971 there has been a marked increase in the number of studies devoted to subjects discussed there. This ap- pendix, jointly prepared by the author and the editor, lists some of these studies; oth- ers may have been inadvertently omitted. The material is arranged in two sections, in conformity with the main themes of the dissertation chapters included in this volume. The first section contains studies on the Companions, with a particular focus on their role during the fitna and the effects of the fitna on Sunni and Shiʿi theology and politi- cal thought; this section also includes a limited number of titles on concepts associ- ated with the Companions such as the prophetic tradition (sunna) and the doctrine of consensus (ijmāʿ). Studies listed in the second section deal with the doctrine of the imamate in Imāmī Shiʿism until the end of the Buwayhid period. Five of the selected titles (numbers 38–40, 47, 54) are translations of Arabic primary texts. Several of the titles mentioned here also appear in the Bibliography. §1. The Companions 1. Abd-Allah Wymann-Landgraf, U. F. Mālik and Medina: Islamic Legal Reasoning in the Formative Period. Leiden, 2013. * The views of Mālik b. Anas (d. 179/795) on the prophetic tradition, hadith and consensus are discussed on pp. 94–137. 2. Afsaruddin, A. Excellence and Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legiti- mate Leadership. Leiden, 2002. * Chapter 4 presents the Sunni-Shiʿi debate on the merits of the Compan- ions versus the Prophet’s family, based primarily on al-Jāḥiẓ’s (d.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Peninsula from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search "Arabia" and "Arabian" Redirect Here
    Arabian Peninsula From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see Arabia (disambiguation) and Arabian (disambiguation). Arabian Peninsula Area 3.2 million km2 (1.25 million mi²) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Qatar Bahrain -shibhu l-jazīrati l ِش ْبهُ ا ْل َج ِزي َرةِ ا ْلعَ َربِيَّة :The Arabian Peninsula, or simply Arabia[1] (/əˈreɪbiə/; Arabic jazīratu l-ʿarab, 'Island of the Arabs'),[2] is َج ِزي َرةُ ا ْلعَ َرب ʿarabiyyah, 'Arabian peninsula' or a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[4][5][6][7][8] The peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[9] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are Riyadh, Dubai, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Kuwait City, Sanaʽa, and Mecca. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Red Sea Coast (Tihamah), Central Plateau (Al-Yamama), Indian Ocean Coast (Hadhramaut) and Persian Gulf Coast (Al-Bahrain).
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islam
    Istanbul 1437 / 2016 © Erkam Publications 2016 / 1437 H HISTORY OF ISLAM Original Title : İslam Tarihi (Ders Kitabı) Author : Commission Auteur du Volume « Histoire de l’Afrique » : Dr. Said ZONGO Coordinator : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Faruk KANGER Academic Consultant : Lokman HELVACI Translator : Fulden ELİF AYDIN Melda DOĞAN Corrector : Mohamed ROUSSEL Editor : İsmail ERİŞ Graphics : Rasim ŞAKİROĞLU Mithat ŞENTÜRK ISBN : 978-9944-83-747-7 Addresse : İkitelli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Mahallesi Atatürk Bulvarı Haseyad 1. Kısım No: 60/3-C Başakşehir / Istanbul - Turkey Tel : (90-212) 671-0700 (pbx) Fax : (90-212) 671-0748 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.islamicpublishing.org Printed by : Erkam Printhouse Language : English ERKAM PUBLICATIONS TEXTBOOK HISTORY OF ISLAM 10th GRADE ERKAM PUBLICATIONS Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (632–661) / 8 A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH .............................................................................................. 11 B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (632–634) ....................................... 11 C. THE PERIOD OF UMAR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (634–644) ............................................... 16 D. THE PERIOD OF UTHMAN (May Allah be Pleased with him) (644–656) ........................................ 21 E. THE PERIOD OF ALI (May Allah be pleased with him) (656-661) ...................................................... 26 EVALUATION QUESTIONS .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Muslim Women's Rights Based on the Works Of
    An Analysis of Muslim Women’s Rights Based on the Works of Amina Wadud, Fatima Mernissi, and Riffat Hassan The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Stack, Roohi. 2020. An Analysis of Muslim Women’s Rights Based on the Works of Amina Wadud, Fatima Mernissi, and Riffat Hassan. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37365037 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA An Analysis of Muslim Women’s Rights Based on the Works of Amina Wadud, Fatima Mernissi, and Riffat Hassan Roohi Khan Stack A Thesis in the Field of Religion for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University May 2020 Copyright 2020 Roohi Khan Stack Abstract This thesis will analyze the arguments, methods, results and contexts of Islamic feminist scholars Amina Wadud, Fatima Mernissi, and Riffat Hassan. These women have been at the forefront of writing about the equal rights of women in Islam. Although each looks at Islam from a different scholarly lens, their work involves trying to elucidate Muslim women’s equality as stated in Islamic religious texts such as the Qur’an and the ahadith, as well as looking at the actions of the Prophet Muhammad and Muslim women in the early Islamic period.
    [Show full text]