January 23, 2013 Starring: Allah: Islamic term for God Muhammad: Prophet of Allah Abu Bakr: "companion of the cave," Muhammad's closest friend, (and father in law), the first Caliph Ali: Younger cousin (and son in law )of Muhammad. Called "The Lion of Allah," 4th Caliph Aisha: "favorite" wife of Muhammad, daughter of Abu Bakr January 23, 2013 Terms Caliph: Successor to the Prophet, leader of the religious/political/military community of Islam Rashidun: "The rightly guided" Caliphs, a term used to describe the first four Caliphs Caliphate: similar to an empire or kingdom, term used to describe the "reign" of a certain caliph. (The time when Abu Bakr was in charge would be known as the Caliphate of Abu Bakr) January 23, 2013 After the Hijra Muhammad was eventually able to unite the Arabian tribes under the banner of Islam When possible, Muhammad used diplomacy, when necessary, used warfare. Attacked the trade caravans of the "idolaters" (people who had not converted to Islam). Why? _________________________ _________________________ January 23, 2013 After Muhammad Muhammad died without a son, and without a clear plan of succession Muhammad ? ? ? ? He had trusted some of his followers with specific religious tasks near the end of his life. Muhammad had leaned on other advisors for certain military or political commitments. pollev.com/mrdoran January 23, 2013 This indecision led to the development of a "schism," or split, in Islam that exists to this day. It would be years until the rift turned into full on warfare, but the seeds of discord had been sown. January 23, 2013 The Ridda Wars After the death of Muhammad, many tribes refused to pay the zakat or alms tax to Abu Bakr. These tribes claimed that they had pledged their allegiance to the man, and since he had died, they owed no obligation to anyone else Abu Bakr argued that they had joined the religious community of Islam January 23, 2013 Dividing his forces into 11 divisions of varying size, Abu Bakr defeated the rebelling tribes one at a time. After several decisive victories, other tribes began to come back to Islam, realizing that it would be easier/cheaper than fighting January 23, 2013 Fast Forward----> Abu Bakr is Caliph for two years (632-634) when he dies, Ali is again passed over ...twice. Finally in 656 Ali became Caliph, the last of the Rashidun, or "rightly guided Caliphs" January 23, 2013 Aisha became vocal critic of Ali's caliphate Joined with other ambitious muslims who wanted to remove Ali and take over the caliphate. Met Ali's army near Basra, Iraq January 23, 2013 The Battle of the Camel IMPORTANCE!!! This was the first time Muslim had gone to war against other Muslims. Ali desperately tried to negotiate a peaceful solution, but was unsuccessful January 23, 2013 Battle of the Camel Ali vs Aisha 20,000 men 30,000 Men 5,000 casualties 13,000 casualties 70 men "died at the bridle" Won Lost January 23, 2013 Aftermath: After the battle Ali's forces became known as Shia't Ali: "Followers of Ali" This term has been shortened to Shia, and is one of the two major branches in the division of Islam The other major branch are known as Sunni, where does that term comes from? January 23, 2013 Homework: Pick one In 3-6 sentences: 1.) Provide a brief description and explain the significance of the Battle of the Camel. 2.) Describe the Ridda Wars, what was important about them?.