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Ramli Omar Phd Thesis >42 ?7/BB/1 =?002==598- =?002==598 >9 >42 0/65;4/>2 3<97 >42 35<=> 05@56 A/< >9 >42 281 93 >42 ?7/BB/1 1B8/=>B <CNMK 9NCR / >JGSKS =UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 1GIRGG PH ;J1 CT TJG ?OKVGRSKTY PH =T$ /OFRGWS ',,+ 3UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO <GSGCREJ.=T/OFRGWS-3UMM>GXT CT- JTTQ-%%RGSGCREJ#RGQPSKTPRY$ST#COFRGWS$CE$UL% ;MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN- JTTQ-%%JFM$JCOFMG$OGT%'&&()%(+)* >JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQYRKIJT THE UMAYYAD SUCCESSION: SUCCESSION TO THE CALIPHATE FROM THE FIRST CIVIL WAR TO THE END OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY RAMLI OMAR ,ý. CA UNI A . -- Presented in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS 1997 This thesis has been composed by me, Ramli Omar. It is a record of work done by me and has not been accepted in any previous application for any degree. 16 Candidate Date of candidate's admission as a research student: December 1993 Mr Ramli Omar has fulfilled the regulations applying to candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews. Supervisor Access to this thesis in the University Library, if it is approved,shall be unrestricted. Dedication My beloved wife Meriah all my sons and daughters Nailah A. Salami Af ifuddin Hidayati Nazii who patiently waited for me during my study Thank you so much Acknowledgments Dr RA Kimber, of the Department of Arabic Studies, Mrs E. Kerr, the Secretary of the Department of Arabic Studies, Dr H. Kennedy, of the Department of Medieval History, the members of staff of St Andrews University Library and of the Modern Languages Library and the members of staff of the University of St Andrews English Language Teaching Centre. I owe very special thanks to all of them. I also wish to express my sincere and deep gratitute to my supervisorDr RA Kimber for his expert guidanceand for all his kindness. Above all, I am most deeply indebted to Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious College, a Higher Education institute of Terengganu State of Malaysia for sponsoring my studies and to my wife Meriah Bakar for her endless patience. I am grateful to all of them. Ramli Omar Department of Arabic Studies University of St Andrews March 1997. Contents Introduction 6 ........................................................................................................................... 1. 'Uthm5n b. 'Affa-n 16 ........................................................................................................... 2. The First Fitna. 27 ................................................................................................................. 3. Mu'dwiya b. Abi Sufy5n 37 ................................................................................................ 4. Yazid b. Mu'dwiya 52 ......................................................................................................... 5. The Second Fitna. 57 ............................................................................................................ 6. Marw5n b. 63 al-Ijakarn ...................................................................................................... 7. 'Abd b. Marw5n 70 al-Malik .............................................................................................. 8. Al-Walid b. 'Abd 84 al-Malik ............................................................................................ 9. Sulaym5n b. 'Abd 91 al-Malik ............................................................................................ 10. 'Umar b. 'Abd 98 al-'Aziz ................................................................................................ 11. Yazid b. 'Abd 107 al-Malik .............................................................................................. 12. Hisharn b. 'Abd 113 al-Malik ........................................................................................... 13. Al-Walid b. Yazid 121 ...................................................................................................... 14. The Third Fitna. 127 ........................................................................................................... 15. Yazid b. 134 al-Walid ....................................................................................................... 16. Ibr5him b. 144 al-Walid ..................................................................................................... 17. Marw5n b. Mubarnmad 147 .............................................................................................. Conclusion 152 ....................................................................................................................... Appendix 155 .......................................................................................................................... Bibliography 167 .................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction Introduction Review of Modern Works There The present state of knowledge of tile Umayyad succession is not complete. are but far I various studies on the Umayyad Caliphs dealt with by the modern scholars, as as am concerned, nobody has done research on the succession of the caliphs in which they particularly mention the early life of the candidates, on what grounds they were chosen to inherit the position and the other things related to the succession such as policy and preparation of a caliph and so on. We have a number of modern researchers who work in tile history of this period. They are Wellhausen, The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall, Sliaban, Islamic History AD 600-750 (AH 132), Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islain, Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the few Wellhausen, Ibn Kathir, Caliphates -just to name a examples. who refers to al-Bitifilya lbri Qutayba, f bn Khaldfin, Kiffib wa- -Nihilya, Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqfit al-Kabir, al-Ma'61 al-'Ibar, al-Balddliuri, Ansfib al-Ashr ql*, al-Tabari, Ta'rikh al-Rusid, al-J5ýi?,, al-Bayfin but wa-7-Tabyin and to others for his study, mentions the succession of all the caliphs, the discussions are very brief. In this respect, Shaban, Hawting and Kennedy the modern scholars who recently published their works do the same. Although detailed research into by the succession of the caliphs during tile early Abbasid period has been carried out Chejne, his research into the Urnayyad period is also very brief. He deals only with the succession of Yazid b. Mu'5wiya tip to the nomination of Marwan b. Muýammad. (Chtýjne, AG. Succession to the ride in Islam: with special refirence to the early Abbasid period, Michigan 1985,43-50). Another researcher who describes tile Umayyad patterns of the succession since 'Uthmdn b. 'Affan is Blay-Abramski. However, her discussion about the Umayyad successors is also in general. (Blay-Abramski, Irit Irene, Froin Damascus to Baghdad: The Abbasid Administrative SYstem as a Product of the Uinayyad Heritage 6 Introduction (41/661-320/932), Princeton University, Ph. D. 1982, under the title 'The Umayyad Patterns of Succession,69-80). Among other scholars who have chosen to describe a particular candidate in more detail is W. W. Barthold (V. V. Bartold). He describes 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz in his article 'Caliph 'Umar Il and the conflicting reports on his personality, ' published in Islamic Quarterly XV (197 1) which was translated from Russian by Jan W. Waryho. He uses a lot of Arabic references in his study such as Tabari, TaWk-h al-Rusul wa-7-Muluk, Ibn Sa'd, Tabaq6t al-Kabir, Mas'fidi, Murfij al-Dhahab, YaUjbi, TaWk-h al-Ya'qi-ibi, Mu4y al-Din b. Sharaf Naw5wi, Tahilib al-Asmij iva-'I-Lughfit and others. From all of these, he scans a lot of information about 'Umar's early life before he became caliph. Saleh K. Hammarneh whose article 'Marwan b. al-Ijakarn wa-'l-Khil5fa, ' first published in Dirfisilt Tfirikiyya VI (1981) translated and edited by Eugene L. Rogan: 'Marwan b, al-Hakam and the Caliphate, ' in Der Islam LXV (1988) challenges Wellhausen's view that despite any initiative on his own part, Marwan, following his expulsion from Medina, ascended the throne in Damascus. Although Salch K. Harnmarneh's opinion that Marw5n had clear ambitions to be caliph is not strong enough, his article nevertheless provides a lot of information about the early life of Marwan before he eventually did become caliph. Marwan has more recently been examined by C. E. Bosworth in his work 'Marwan I b. al-Ijakam, ' published in The Encyclolmetlia of Islam, New Edition, VI, Leiden 1991. Bosworth's information on Marwan before coming to power, is more or less the same as that of Saleh. However, Bosworth seems to differ from Salell, in his opinion that Marwan came to power after lengthy preparation. Bosworth's point of view is that Marwdn was about to give the oath of allegiance to 'Abd A115h b. al-Zubayr but that Tbayd Allab b. Ziydd urged Marwan to claim power for himself. In addition to the above mentioned scholars is 'Abd al-Ameer 'Abd Dixon who also 7 Introduction contributes a great deal of information on 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwdn's personality in his book The UrrtayyadCaliphate, 65-86/684-705, London 1971. Although he is not dealing with the successionof 'Abd al-Malik in particular, he provides an introductory chapter on the background of 'Abd al-Malik and finally arrives at his conclusion that it was the valuable experienceof 'Abd al-Malik which determinedhim as successor,to the exclusion of his brothers. Moreover, we have a little information about 'Abd al-Malik's succession and his background from H. A. R. Gibb's work
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