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Guided Reading: Chapter 6 TIMELINE: Insert the Following Events Into a Timeline. This Should Help You Compare Important Histor
Guided Reading: Chapter 6 TIMELINE: Insert the following events into a timeline. This should help you compare important historical events chronologically. Ridda wars begin end of Umayyad dynasty Muhammad escapes from Mecca to Medina assassination of Uthman battle of Siffin Muhammad receives first revelations 610 CE 750 CE TERMS, PEOPLE, EVENTS: The following terms, people and events are important to your understanding of the chapter. Islam Muslims Bedouin shaykhs Mecca Medina Quraysh Umayyad Ka’ba Allah Muhammad Quran hijra umma zakat five pillars hajj Ali Abu Bakr Ridda wars jihad Uthman Battle of Siffin Mu’awiya Sunnis Shi’a Karbala Damascus Mawali dhimmis Abbasid Abu al-Abbas Baghdad wazir ayan REVIEW QUESTIONS A. Describe the social organization of the Arabs prior to the introduction of Islam. B. Compare and contrast the status of women in Islam during the pre-Islamic period and the Abbasid Empire. C. Why was Islam able to appeal to people of so many different cultures? D. What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession to the Prophet? E. What was the difference between the Abbasid Empire and the Umayyad Empire? F. What conditions influenced the rise of Islam in Arabia? G. Describe the development of the Muslim community and the teachings of Islam. H. What factors contributed to the rise and success of the Arabic Empire? I. How did Islam unite and effectively rule diverse peoples and cultures? J. How did Islam and the Arabic empire change during the Abbasid rule? K. Describe Islamic society including social classes, gender and inequalities. . -
The Struggle Against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST MUSAYLIMA AND THE CONQUEST OF YAMAMA M. J. Kister The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The study of the life of Musaylima, the "false prophet," his relations with the Prophet Muhammad and his efforts to gain Muhammad's ap- proval for his prophetic mission are dealt with extensively in the Islamic sources. We find numerous reports about Musaylima in the Qur'anic commentaries, in the literature of hadith, in the books of adab and in the historiography of Islam. In these sources we find not only material about Musaylima's life and activities; we are also able to gain insight into the the Prophet's attitude toward Musaylima and into his tactics in the struggle against him. Furthermore, we can glean from this mate- rial information about Muhammad's efforts to spread Islam in territories adjacent to Medina and to establish Muslim communities in the eastern regions of the Arabian peninsula. It was the Prophet's policy to allow people from the various regions of the peninsula to enter Medina. Thus, the people of Yamama who were exposed to the speeches of Musaylima, could also become acquainted with the teachings of Muhammad and were given the opportunity to study the Qur'an. The missionary efforts of the Prophet and of his com- panions were often crowned with success: many inhabitants of Yamama embraced Islam, returned to their homeland and engaged in spreading Is- lam. Furthermore, the Prophet thoughtfully sent emissaries to the small Muslim communities in Yamama in order to teach the new believers the principles of Islam, to strengthen their ties with Medina and to collect the zakat. -
Legacies of Colonialism and Islam for Hausa Women: an Historical Analysis, 1804-1960
Legacies of Colonialism and Islam for Hausa Women: An Historical Analysis, 1804-1960 by Kari Bergstrom Michigan State University Winner of the Rita S. Gallin Award for the Best Graduate Student Paper in Women and International Development Working Paper #276 October 2002 Abstract This paper looks at the effects of Islamization and colonialism on women in Hausaland. Beginning with the jihad and subsequent Islamic government of ‘dan Fodio, I examine the changes impacting Hausa women in and outside of the Caliphate he established. Women inside of the Caliphate were increasingly pushed out of public life and relegated to the domestic space. Islamic law was widely established, and large-scale slave production became key to the economy of the Caliphate. In contrast, Hausa women outside of the Caliphate were better able to maintain historical positions of authority in political and religious realms. As the French and British colonized Hausaland, the partition they made corresponded roughly with those Hausas inside and outside of the Caliphate. The British colonized the Caliphate through a system of indirect rule, which reinforced many of the Caliphate’s ways of governance. The British did, however, abolish slavery and impose a new legal system, both of which had significant effects on Hausa women in Nigeria. The French colonized the northern Hausa kingdoms, which had resisted the Caliphate’s rule. Through patriarchal French colonial policies, Hausa women in Niger found they could no longer exercise the political and religious authority that they historically had held. The literature on Hausa women in Niger is considerably less well developed than it is for Hausa women in Nigeria. -
The Application of Islamic Law and the Legacies of Good Governance In
Vol. 1 (2013) The Application of Islamic Law and the Legacies of Good Governance in the Sokoto Caliphate, Ni- geria (1804-1903): Lessons for the Contemporary Period by Mukhtar Umar Bunza Vol. 1 (2013) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Andrea Büchler, University of Zurich Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Bettina Dennerlein, University of Zurich Prof. Dr. Gianluca Parolin, American University in Cairo, Egypt Prof. Dr. Mathias Rohe, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Dr. Eveline Schneider Kayasseh, University of Zurich, Switzerland Dr. Prakash A. Shah, Queen Mary, University of London, UK Dr. Nadjma Yassari, Max Planck Institute for Compara- tive and International Private Law, Hamburg, Germany Vol. 1 (2013) Published by The Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Legal Studies (CIMELS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Suggested citation style Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (EJIMEL), Vol. 1 (2013), pages, http://www.ejimel.uzh.ch ISSN 1664-5707 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Cover photo: © PRILL Mediendesign/Fotolia.com The Application of Islamic Law and the Legacies of Good Governance in the Sokoto Caliphate, Nigeria (1804-1903) | by Mukhtar Umar Bunza The Application of Islamic Law and the Legacies of Good Governance in the Sokoto Caliphate, Nigeria (1804-1903): Lessons for the Contemporary Period by Mukhtar Umar Bunza Abstract One of the key jargons of contemporary democracy is good governance, which entails social justice, effective, responsible, and transparent administrative machinery. In the same way, social and political maladies such as corruption, nepotism, favoritism, ethnicity, and flagrant abuse of power were ostracized in the system. -
Arabian Peninsula from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search "Arabia" and "Arabian" Redirect Here
Arabian Peninsula From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see Arabia (disambiguation) and Arabian (disambiguation). Arabian Peninsula Area 3.2 million km2 (1.25 million mi²) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Qatar Bahrain -shibhu l-jazīrati l ِش ْبهُ ا ْل َج ِزي َرةِ ا ْلعَ َربِيَّة :The Arabian Peninsula, or simply Arabia[1] (/əˈreɪbiə/; Arabic jazīratu l-ʿarab, 'Island of the Arabs'),[2] is َج ِزي َرةُ ا ْلعَ َرب ʿarabiyyah, 'Arabian peninsula' or a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[4][5][6][7][8] The peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[9] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are Riyadh, Dubai, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Kuwait City, Sanaʽa, and Mecca. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Red Sea Coast (Tihamah), Central Plateau (Al-Yamama), Indian Ocean Coast (Hadhramaut) and Persian Gulf Coast (Al-Bahrain). -
Sharīʿa in Africa Today
Sharīʿa in Africa Today John A. Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann - 978-90-04-26212-6 Downloaded from Brill.com07/22/2020 01:59:46AM via free access Islam in Africa Sharīʿa in Africa Today Reactions and Responses Editorial Board Rüdiger Seesemann Knut Vikør Edited by Founding Editor John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann John Hunwick VOLUME 15 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/isaf John A. Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann - 978-90-04-26212-6 Downloaded from Brill.com07/22/2020 01:59:46AM via free access Sharīʿa in Africa Today Reactions and Responses Edited by John Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 John A. Chesworth and Franz Kogelmann - 978-90-04-26212-6 Downloaded from Brill.com07/22/2020 01:59:46AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www .knowledgeunlatched.org. -
The 19Th Century Jihads in West Africa
THE 19TH CENTURY JIHADS IN WEST AFRICA A Jihad is a holy defensive war waged by Muslim reformers against injustices in the society, aimed at protecting the wronged and oppressed people together with their property and at the same time, spreading, purifying and strengthening Islam. In the Nineteenth Century, West Africa saw a wave of Jihads; however, three were more profound: 1. The Jihads that broke out in Hausaland in 1804 under the leadership of Uthman Dan Fodio. These took place in Sokoto area; and thus came to be known as the Sokoto Jihads. 2. In 1818, another Jihad was conducted in Massina under the headship of Seku (Sehu) Ahmadu. These came to be known as the Massina Jihads. 3. In Futa–Jallon and Futa–toto, another Jihadist called Al-Hajj Umar carried out a Jihad in 1851. This was known as the Tokolor or Tijjan Jihad. All these Jihads were led by members of the Fulani Muslims and carried out by people of Fulani origin; as such, the Jihads came to be known as the Fulani Jihads. CAUSES OF THE 19TH CENTURY JIHAD MOVEMENTS IN WEST AFRICA. Question: Account for the outbreak of the 19th Century Jihad Movement in West Africa. Although the Nineteenth Century Jihads were religious movements, they had a mixture of political, economic and intellectual causes; and a number of factors accounted for their outbreak in West Africa. 1. The 19th Century Jihads aimed at spreading Islam to the people who had not been converted to it. There were areas which had not been touched by Islam such as Mossi, Nupe, Borgu and Adamawa. -
Jihad in Sub-Saharan Africa Challenging the Narratives of the War on Terror
Jihad in Sub-Saharan Africa Challenging the Narratives of the War on Terror A World Policy Paper 1 by Dr. Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos October 2016 1 Senior Researcher, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Paris; Research Associate, Institut Français de Géopolitique, Université Paris 8; Associate Fellow, Africa Programme, Chatham House, London; PRIO Global Fellow, Peace Research Institute in Oslo. [email protected]. ABOUT THE WORLD POLICY INSTITUTE The World Policy Institute, a non-partisan global think tank, engages fresh ideas and new voices from around the world to address critical shared challenges. The World Policy Institute and its flagship World Policy Journal provide a forum for solution- focused policy analysis and public debate in support of an inclusive and sustainable global market economy, effective and equitable governance, and integrated security strategies World Policy Institute 108 West 39th St. Suite 1000 New York, NY 10018 (212) 481 5005 [email protected] www.worldpolicy.org www.worldpolicy- africa.org Beyond the Clash of Civilizations Despite extensive media coverage, jihad is not the main threat to human security in sub-Saharan Africa. Each year, malaria and traffic accidents kill many more people than terrorist acts on the continent. The fact that state security forces are generally more lethal than the insurgent groups they fight challenges the dominant discourse on the extent of jihadist atrocities. Indeed, government armies possess far superior firepower. Insurgence followed by a more deadly state response is found in almost all the civil wars of the 20th century, not just in Africa. Terrorist violence is the subject of excessive media coverage because challenging the state is dramatic. -
117 Paul E. Lovejoy Jihād in West Africa Is the Coming Together
Book Reviews 117 Paul E. Lovejoy, Jihād in West Africa During the Age of Revolutions, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2016, xix + 396 pp., US$90.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0821422410. Jihād in West Africa is the coming together of a lifetime of work on various aspects of West Africa and African diasporas in the Americas. Lovejoy began as an economic historian, detailing respectively the trade of Kola nuts in Hausa- land and the production and trade of salt in the central bilād al-sūdān. Per- haps because of the central role that enslaved labour played in both of these industries and their intersection with the wider Atlantic world, Lovejoy devel- oped a long-lasting interest in documenting and exploring various aspects of the slave economy on both sides of the Atlantic. He now focuses increasingly on autobiographical records of the enslaved in the Americas, tracing those— predominantly Muslim—Africans who documented their experiences of and responses to slavery. In this publication, Paul Lovejoy weaves together the strands of his diverse inquiries into a single compelling narrative. This narrative conceives of two interconnected “Atlantic worlds”—West Africa and the colonies of the Americas—which exhibit remarkable historical parallels. In sum, while nine- teenth century Europe and the Americas witnessed an “age of revolutions”, a concept popularized by historian Eric Hobsbawm, in West Africa a parallel series of revolutionary events was occurring. Muslim scholar-warriors across the bilād al-sūdān militated for a jihad of the sword to radically reform society along the lines of Islamic orthodoxy.The jihads led to the collapse of longstand- ing African kingdoms, political elites and societal structures and the formation of new African Muslim states. -
Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa⇤
LOCAL STATE HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT: EVIDENCE FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA⇤ Emilio Depetris-Chauvin† October 28, 2013 JOB MARKET PAPER [Preliminary Version] Abstract I examine empirically the role of historical political centralization on the likelihood of modern civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. I combine a wide variety of historical sources to construct an original measure of long-run exposure to statehood at the local level. I then exploit variation in this new measure along with geo-referenced conflict data to document a robust negative statistical relationship between local long-run exposure to statehood and contemporary conflict. I argue that locations with long histories of statehood are better equipped with mechanisms to establish and preserve order. I provide two pieces of evidence consistent with this hypothesis. First, locations with relatively long historical exposure to statehood are less prone to experience conflict when hit by a negative shock to the agricultural sector. Second, exploiting contemporary individual-level survey data for 18 Sub-Saharan countries, I show that within-country long historical experience with statehood is linked to people’s positive attitudes toward state institutions and traditional leaders. ⇤I would like to thank David Weil, Pedro Dal Bó, and Stelios Michalopoulos for their guidance and encouragement on this project. Also, I wish to thank Oded Galor, Louis Putterman, Ola Olsson, Alejandro Molnar, Boris Gershman, Ömer Özak, participants of Macroeconomics Lunch and Macroeconomics Seminar at Brown University, and seminar participants at Universidad de San Andres for comments and helpful discussions. I am also grateful to Ömer Özak and Stelios Michalopoulos for sharing data, Nickolai Riabov and Lynn Carlson for computational assistance with ArcGIS and R, and Santiago Begueria for helpful discussions and suggestions regarding the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. -
Title: Assessing Apostasy, Blasphemy and Excommunication (Takfir) in Islam and Their Modern Application by States and Non-State Actors
Title: Assessing Apostasy, Blasphemy and Excommunication (takfir) in Islam and Their Modern Application by States and Non-State Actors A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Masaki Nagata Supervised by Dr. Mohamed Elewa Badar Brunel Law School Brunel University June 2016 Abstract In certain contemporary Muslim majority states apostasy and blasphemy are not merely religious sins; they are acts which potentially have legal, or extra-legal, consequences. Although apostasy has not been criminalised in many such states, extrajudicial killings of apostates are carried out by some extremist groups and individuals. Such groups always justify these murders of fellow Muslims and non-Muslims on the grounds of apostasy and blasphemy. The concept and use of takfir (excommunication) is also a serious issue in Muslim majority states. Groups such as Daesh (also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) rely on takfir to attack fellow Muslims, despite there being no legal basis in Shari’a for the use of takfir or for criminalising apostasy. Although the concept was developed by people, not God, takfir are now being used to bypass rational human judgement. Their use plays a major role in many of the religious issues confronting Muslim majority states, such as the criminalisation of apostasy and blasphemy. This thesis analyses the central issues of apostasy, blasphemy and takfir collectively, as their history and their contemporary use and misuse by extremist groups are inextricably entwined. The key finding is that the right to punish apostasy and blasphemy and to issue declarations of excommunication (takfir), all originally reserved in Islam for God only, have been appropriated by man. -
Freedom of Religion: the Contribution of Contemporary Iranian Reformist Scholars
religions Article Freedom of Religion: The Contribution of Contemporary Iranian Reformist Scholars Ali Akbar Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: This article examines a specific line of thinking shared by several contemporary reformist Iranian religious scholars who present arguments in favor of freedom of religion. Focusing on the ideas of five prominent reformist Iranian scholars—Abdolkarim Soroush (b.1945), Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari (b.1936), Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari (b.1950), Mohsen Kadivar (b.1959), and Ahmad Qabel (d.2012)—the article argues that these thinkers’ defense of freedom of religion is based “ not only on their interpretations of the Qur an¯ and historical Islamic sources, but also philosophical arguments in which concepts from the fields of epistemology and hermeneutics are deployed. As the article demonstrates, some of these scholars connect the notion of freedom of religion to political arguments supporting religious tolerance, or the view that, in order to guarantee religious freedom, the state must be neutral towards the religious orientation of its citizens. Keywords: freedom of religion; Iranian reformist scholars; Soroush; Shabestari; Eshkevari; Kadivar; Qabel 1. Introduction This article explores the ideas of several Iranian reformist scholars and the methods Citation: Akbar, Ali. 2021. Freedom they use to argue in favor of religious freedom. The scholars whose ideas are discussed in of Religion: The Contribution of this article are Abdolkarim Soroush (b.1945), Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari (b.1936), Contemporary Iranian Reformist Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari (b.1950), Mohsen Kadivar (b.1959), and Ahmad Qabel (d.2012). Scholars. Religions 12: 384. https:// All of these scholars except for Qabel are still living.