ARCL 0048 the History, Ethnography, and Archaeology of African States

Institute of Archaeology

ARCL 0048 The History, Ethnography, and Archaeology of African States

2019 Year 2/3 Option, 15 credits

Fridays 2 to 4pm, room 412

Module Co-ordinator: Prof Kevin C. MacDonald [email protected]

Teaching Assistant: Dr Sirio Canós-Donnay [email protected] Room 114 1

ARCL 0048. The History, Ethnography, and Archaeology of African States Prof Kevin C. MacDonald / Dr Sirio Canós-Donnay This seminar module aims to critically investigate the structure of historical African states. While lectures will concentrate on West Africa, student projects and discussion will cover the whole of the continent. Conclusions derived from readings and discussions will then be used to assess the validity of traditional models used to conceptualise the historical and prehistoric complex societies of Africa. This module will require a good deal of independent reading and original research, and will involve all participants in presentations & discussions. week 1 (11 January) 1. Introduction, Conceptual Background, Choice of Research Topics 2. Lecture: Deep Time Complexity beyond Egypt: ‘Mande’ West Africa to AD 1100 week 2 (18 January) 3. Lecture: Social Evolution and the Understanding of Complex Societies 4. Lecture: Oral History & Ethnography: the ‘Historical Approach’ to African Statehood week 3 (25 January) 5. Lecture: City-centric Approaches to Social Complexity along the Middle Niger 6. Lecture: An Ethnoarchaeology of Segou: the State-Created Landscape (Mali) week 4 (1 February) 7. Lecture: Mande Political Traditions: Kafu and Fanga 8. Lecture: Towards an Archaeology of the Empire of Mali week 5 (8 February) 9-10. Presentations on Initial Readings & Discussion [MacDonald & Canós-Donnay]

**reading week** week 6 (22 February) 11. Lecture: At the Periphery of the Great Sahelian Empires [Canós-Donnay] 12. Lecture: Through Foreign Eyes: A Critical Assessment of External Sources on African States [Canós-Donnay] week 7 (1 March) 13. Lecture: Ethnicity and Statehood 14. Lecture: Acephalous Igboland? Igbo Ukwu & the History of Igbo Social Complexity week 8 (8 March) 15-16. Presentations on Further Readings & Discussion [Canós-Donnay] week 9 (15 March) 17-18. Discussion & Practical: What should African Towns & States look like archaeologically? week 10 (22 March) 19-20. Presentations on Final Research Findings [MacDonald & Canós-Donnay]

Class: Fridays 2-4pm, rm. 412

General Concepts Behind the Course: This course is a coordinated attempt at group research on common themes:  Are archaeological models for African complex societies consistent with known historical examples?  How can we best research the plethora of social forms known to have existed historically in Africa?  Can we formulate archaeological criteria to detect different types of complex socio- political organisation in Africa?

As class members each work on the background to their own chosen ‘state’, the module coordinator will provide a series of lectures on aspects of his own research into Mande political traditions. It is hoped that these lectures will provide a model for the sorts of issues students should be examining with their own projects.

The class will begin by undertaking assigned readings and writing reports on them. Each student will then research more complete bibliographies on their study regions and report to the seminar group on their findings and changing perspectives as we go along. By the end, it is hoped that we will reach some consensus as to how we should go about investigating prehistoric and historic African complex societies.

Readings & Library Resources: Readings for this course should occupy on average four hours of the students time each week. Most periodical sources are available via the UCL internet (the library website or via Jstor). Books are held at the Institute Library, the Science Library (DMS Watson) and the Main UCL Library. Some sources are only held at SOAS.

Assignments: All participants are to write two ‘reading reports’ of 950-1050 words each. Each reading report will critically evaluate the utility of one major source for informing historical archaeological research on the participant’s chosen study region. Special attention should be paid in these reviews to flagging issues of relevance to the aims of the course (e.g. hierarchy vs. heterarchy, spatial organisation of states, presence or absence of material expressions of status, slavery, etc…). Relevant text options are given in the reading list. The starred option should be done in the first instance, unless it is temporarily unavailable. The two reading reports are to be presented in the class meetings of 8th February and 8th March respectively. The Reading Reports will be due for submission on the Friday of the following weeks: the 15th February and the 15th March. Combined, they will count for 40% of the final mark.

Final Report: A 2850-3150 word (ca.12 page) final report on the student’s research region will count for 60% of the final mark. This report will contain an exposition of the economic, spatial and socio-political organisation of the state chosen, and an evaluation of how the state’s organisational system might (or might not) be visible archaeologically. Awareness of the literature on social complexity in Africa (i.e. the lecture reading list) should also be 3 demonstrated. It is expected that each student will use library resources to significantly enlarge the brief bibliography for their state presented in this syllabus. The final report is due by Friday, 26th April.

Word-length: Strict new regulations with regard to word-length have been introduced UCL- wide. Students must adhere to word limits on assessments; they are intended to help ensure equality of workloads between courses as well as to encourage the useful transferable skills of clearly structured arguments and succinct writing. UCL regulations impose penalties on assessed work that exceeds the prescribed word limit, so pay careful attention to the word limits stipulated for each assessment.

The Turnitin 'Class ID' is 3884506 and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is IoA1819 Further information is given on the IoA website. Turnitin advisors will be available to help you via email: [email protected] if needed.

Return of Coursework: The Reading Reports will be available for collection with first mark by 1st March (or in class on the 7th March) and 21st March (in class). The marked final report will be available for inspection from May 20th.

See further IoA Policy Guidance at the end of this document.

ARCL 0048. History, Ethnography, and Archaeology of African States

LECTURE READING LIST *starred* readings are ‘essential’

Core Text (Everyone should read!) *McIntosh, S. K. (ed.) 1999. Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Readings for Week 1 (re. Deep Time Traditions) Before Tichitt Brass, M. 2007.Reconsidering the emergence of social complexity in early Saharan pastoral societies. Sahara 18: 7-22. *MacDonald, K.C. 2013. Complex societies, urbanism and trade in the Western Sahel, In The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, P. Mitchell and P. Lane (eds.), 829-844. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MacDonald, K.C. 1998, Before the Empire of Ghana: Pastoralism and the Origins of Cultural Complexity in the Sahel, In Transformations in Africa: essays on Africa's later past, ed. G. Connah, 71-103, London: Cassell/Leicester University Press. Magnavita, C., Breunig, P., Ameje, J., and Posselt, M. 2006, Zilum : a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad, Journal of African Archaeology 4: 153-170. Raimbault, M. 1995. La Culture Néolithique des « Villages à Enciente » dans le region de Tessalit, au nord-est du Sahara Malien, In L’Homme Méditerranéen : Mélanges offerts à Gabriel Camps, Professeur émérite de l’Université de Provence, ed. R. Chenorkian, 113-125, Aix-en-Provence : Publications de l’Université de Provence.

Tichitt Amblard, S. 1996. Agricultural Evidence and its Interpretation on the Dhars Tichitt and Oualata, south-eastern Mauritania. In Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, eds. G. Pwiti and R. Soper, 421-427. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications. Amblard-Pison, S. 2006. Communautés villageoises Néolithiques des Dhars Tichitt et Oulata (Mauritanie). BAR International Series 1546. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd. Holl, A. 1985. Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4: 73-115. Holl, A. 1993. Late Neolithic cultural landscape in southeastern Mauritania: an essay in spatiometrics. In Spatial Boundaries and Social Dynamics: Case Studies from Food-producing societies, eds. A. Holl and T. E. Levy, 95-133, Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.

MacDonald, K.C. 1996. Tichitt-Walata and the Middle Niger: evidence for cultural contact in the second millennium BC. In Aspects of African Archaeology: Papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, eds. G. Pwiti and R. Soper, 429-440, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications. MacDonald, K.C. 2011. Betwixt Tichitt and the IND: the Pottery of the Faïta Facies, Tichitt Tradition. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 46: 49-69. *MacDonald, K.C. 2015. The Tichitt Tradition in the West African Sahel, in G. Barker and C. Goucher (eds.) The Cambridge World History, Volume II: A World with Agriculture 12000 BCE – 500 CE, 499-513, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacDonald, K.C., R. Vernet, M. Martinon-Torres and D.Q. Fuller. 2009. Dhar Néma: from early agriculture to metallurgy in southeastern Mauritania, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44: 3-48. Munson, P.J. 1980. Archaeology and the Prehistoric Origins of the Ghana Empire. Journal of African History 21: 457-466.

Ghana/Wagadu Belcher, S. 1999. Epic Traditions of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Berthier, S. 1997. Recherches Archéologiques sur la capitale de l’empire de Ghana. BAR International Series No.680. Oxford: Archaeopress. Garrard, T. 1982. ‘Myth and Metrology: the Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade’, Journal of African History 23 : 443-61. Lange, D. 2004. Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: Africa-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives. Dettelbach: Verlag J.H. Röll. Chapter 19 only Levtzion, N. 1973. Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York: Africana. Levtzion, N. 1981. The early states of the western Sudan to 1500, In History of West Africa: Volume I (Third Edition), eds. J.F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder, 129-166, Harlow: Longman. Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J. (1981) Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacDonald, K.C. 2016. Empire of Ghana. In J.M. MacKenzie (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Empire, First Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Online publication DOI: 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe343 Mauny, R. 1954. The Question of Ghana. Africa 24: 200-213. McCall, D. and F.S. Reed 1974. Reconstructing Early Mande Civilizations: Ghana and Mali, Reconstructing Complex Societies: An Archaeological Colloquium; Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Supplementary Studies, 20: 41-48

Readings for Week 2 (re. Social Evolution, Historical & Ethnographic approaches)

General Earle, T. 1997. How Chiefs Come to Power: the Political Economy in Prehistory. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Earle, T. (ed.) 1991. Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fried, Morton H. 1967. The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology. New York: Random House. Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. 1977. The Evolution of Social Systems. London: Duckworth. Maisels, C.K. 1990. The Emergence of Civilization. London: Routledge. Mann, M. 1986. The Sources of Social Power. [Volume 1], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *McIntosh, S. K. (ed.) 1999. Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Introductory Chapter) Pauketat, T.R. 2007. Chiefdoms and other Archaeological Delusions. Lanham: Alta Mira. Service, E.R. 1980. Origins of the State and Civilization. New York: W.W. Norton. Trigger, B. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Africa Fortes, M. and E.E. Evans-Pritchard (eds.) 1940. African Political Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press. *Goody, J. 1971. Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Herbst, J. 2000. State and Power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control. Princeton: Princeton University Press. *Horton, R. 1985. ‘Stateless Societies in the History of Africa,’ in J. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.) History of West Africa, Volume One, 3rd Edition. pp.87-128. London: Longmans. *Kopytoff, I. (ed.) 1987. The African Frontier: the Reproduction of Traditional African Societies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Middleton, J. and Tait, D. 1958. Tribes Without Rulers: Studies in African Segmentary Systems. London: Routledge. Skalnik, Peter 1983. Questioning the Concept of State in Indigenous Africa. Social Dynamics 9 (2): 11-28.

Southall, A. 1988. The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (1): 52-82. Stevenson, R.F. 1968. Population and Political Systems in Africa: comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. New York: Columbia. Tuden, A. and Plotnicov, L. (eds.) 1970. Social Stratification in Africa . New York: Free Press. Vansina, J. 1962 A Comparison of African Kingdoms, Africa 32: 324-35. Vansina, J. 1990. Paths in the Rainforest: towards a history of political tradition in Equatorial Africa. London: James Currey. Vansina, J. 2004. How Societies are Born: Governance in West Central Africa before 1600, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Vansina, J., R. Mauny and L.V. Thomas (eds.) 1964. The Historian in Tropical Africa, London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press.

Readings for Week 3 (re. the Middle Niger) Bedaux, R., K. MacDonald, A. Person, J. Polet, K. Sanogo, A. Schmidt, and S. Sidibé. 2001. The Dia Archaeological Project: rescuing cultural heritage in the Inland Niger Delta (Mali) Antiquity 75: 837-48. McIntosh, R.J. 1999. Peoples of the Middle Niger. Oxford: Blackwell McIntosh, R.J. 2005. Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McIntosh, S.K. (ed.) 1995. Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), The 1981 Season. Berkeley: University of California Press. *McIntosh S.K. 1999. Modeling political organization in large-scale settlement clusters: a case study from the Inland Niger Delta, in S.K. McIntosh (ed.) Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa, 66-79, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 1993. Cities Without Citadels: understanding urban origins along the Middle Niger. in The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. eds. Shaw, Sinclair, Andah and Okpoko, 622-41, London: Routledge. Togola, T. 2008. T. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa), Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology no.73, pp. 93-101, Oxford: BAR.

Further Readings for Week 3 (re. Segou) *Bazin, Jean 1974. War and Servitude in Segou, Economy and Society 3:107-144. Conrad, David C. [ed.] 1990. A State of Intrigue: the Epic of Bamana Segu according to Tayiru Banbera. London: The British Academy/ Oxford University Press. *MacDonald, K.C., and Camara, S. 2012. Segou, Slavery, and Sifinso. in Monroe,J. C., Ogundiran,A. (ed.) State and Society in Atlantic West Africa. 169-190, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*MacDonald, K.C. and Camara, S. 2011. Segou: Warfare and the Origins of a State of Slavery, in P. Lane and K. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 25-46, London: The British Academy/ Oxford University Press. (available from K. MacDonald) Meillassoux, C. 1991. The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold. London: Athlone. Roberts, Richard L. (1987) Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: the State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Readings for Week 4 (re. Mande Political Traditions: Kafu & Fanga) Dieterlen, G. 1957. The Mande Creation Myth. Journal of the International African Institute, 27 (2): 124-138. *Jansen, J. 1996. Polities and Political Discourse: Was Mande Already a Segmentary Society in the Middle Ages? History in Africa 23: 121-128. Johnson, J.W. 1998. The Dichotomy of Power and Authority in Mande Society and in the Epic of Sunjata, in R. Austen (ed.) In Search of Sunjata: the Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, Performance, pp. 9-24, Bloomington: Indiana University Press *Kesteloot, Lilyan, Thomas A. Hale, Richard Bjornson 1991. Power and Its Portrayals in Royal Mandé Narratives. Research in African Literatures, 22 (1): 17-26 *MacDonald, K. C., N. Gestrich, S. Camara, and D. Keita 2018. The ‘Pays Dô’ and the origins of the Empire of Mali. In T. Green and B. Rossi eds. Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past: Essays in Honour of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias, 63- 87. Leiden: Brill. McNaughton, P.R. 1988. The Semantics of Jugu: Blacksmiths, Lore and Who's "Bad" in Mande, Anthropological Linguistics, 30 (2): 150-165. Perinbam, B.M. 1997. Family, Identity & the State in the Bamako Kafu, c.1800-c.1900. Boulder: Westview. Tamari, T. 1991. The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa. The Journal of African History, 32 (2): 221-250.

Readings for Week 4 (re. Empire of Mali) Austen, R. (ed.) 1998. In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, Performance. Bloomington: Indiana. Read Chapters 1-7. Austen, R. and J. Jansen 1996. History, Oral Transmission and Structure in Ibn Khaldun's Chronology of Mali Rulers. History in Africa 23: 17-28. *Conrad, David C. 1994. A Town Called Dakalajan: the Sunjata tradition and the question of Ancient Mali’s Capital, Journal of African History 35: 355-77. Filipowiak, W. 1979. Etudes archéologiques sur la capitale médiévale du Mali. Szczecin : Muzeum Nardowe. *Hunwick, J.O. 1973. The Mid-Fourteenth Century Capital of Mali. The Journal of African History, 14(2): 195-206 9

MacDonald, K.C. 2013. Complex societies, urbanism and trade in the Western Sahel, In The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, P. Mitchell and P. Lane (eds.), 829-844. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *MacDonald, K.C., S. Camara, S. Canos Donnay, N. Gestrich and D. Keita 2011. Sorotomo: a forgotten Malian capital? Archaeology International 13/14: 52-64. Niane, D.T. 1994 Sundiata : an epic of old Mali (G.D. Pickett translator). Harlow : Longman

Readings for Week 6 (re. the Periphery of Empires) Kaabu Innes, G. 1976. Kaabu and Fuladu : Historical narratives of the Gambian Mandinka. London : SOAS. Lopes, C. 2003.’ Kaabu and its neighbours: A Historical and Territorial Interpretation of Conflicts’. Mande Studies 5, 113-126 Niane, D.T. 1989. Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou. Paris: Karthala. Sidibe, B.K. 2004. A brief history of Kaabu and Fuladu : 1300-1930 : a narrative based on some oral traditions of the Senegambia. Torino/Paris : Harmattan. Wright, D.R. 1987. 'The epic of Kelefa Saane as a guide to the nature of precolonial Senegambian society'. History in Africa 14, 287-309.

Other Senegambian states Gokee, C. 2011. Practical knowledge and politics of encounter along the Lower Falémé River, Senegambia (c. AD 1500–1925). Azania 46(3), 269-93. Quinn, C. 1972. Mandingo kingdoms of the Senegambia. Evanston : Northwestern University Press. Richard, F.G. 2015. ‘The African State in Theory: thoughts on political landscapes and the limits of rule in Atlantic Senegal (and elsewhere)’. In S. Wynne-Jones & J.B. Fleisher (eds) Theory in Africa, Africa in Theory, 201-231, London: Routledge.

Readings for Week 6 (re. External Sources on African States) Essential Reading Insoll, T.A. 1994. ‘The external creation of the Western Sahel’s past: use and abuse of the Arabic sources. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 13: 39-50. Thorton, J. 2005. ‘European documents and African History’. In J.E. Philips (ed) Writing African History. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 254-265. Wright, D.R. 1999. ‘What do you mean there’s no tribes in Africa? History in Africa 26, 409-26.

Further reading Classical sources Horton, M.C. 1990. The Periplus and East Africa’ Azania 25: 95-99. Raven, S. 1993. Rome in Africa. London: Routledge. China Chang, K.S. 1971. ‘Ming maritime enterprise and China’s knowledge of Africa’ Terrae Incognitae 3:33-44. Duyvendak, J.J.L. 1949. China’s discovery of Africa. London: A. Probsthain. Arabic Sources Hunwick, J. 2005 ‘Arabic sources for African History’. In J.E. Philips (ed) Writing African History. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 216-253. Levtzion, N. & J.F:P. Hopkins. 2000. Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history. Princeton: Markus Wiener (esp. see Ibn Battuta, pp. 270-304).

European sources McKrittick, M. 2003. ‘Capricious tyrants and persecuted subjects: reading between the lines of missionary records in precolonial northern Namibia’. In T. Falola & C. Jennings (eds) Sources and methods in African History: Spoken, written, unearthed. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 219-236. Spear, T. 2003. Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British Colonial Africa, Journal of African History 44: 3-27. Stahl, A. 1999. ‘Perceiving variability in time and space: the evolutionary mapping of African societies’. In S. McIntosh (ed). Beyond Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Readings for Week 7 (re. Ethnicity) Lentz, C. 2006. Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana. London: Edinburg University Press. Lentz, C., Nugent, P. (eds.) 2000. Ethnicity in Ghana: the limits of invention. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Peel, J. D. Y. 1989. The Cultural Work of Yoruba Ethnogenesis. In E. Tonkin, M. McDonald, M. Chapman (eds), History and Ethnicity. London: Routledge, 198-215. ANTHROPOLOGY QH 316 LEN *Richard, F. and K.C. MacDonald 2015. Ethnic Ambiguity and the African Past: Materiality, History and the Shaping of Cultural Identities. Walnut Creek/London: Left Coast Press/Routledge. Read Chapters 1,4,6 and 7. *Shennan, S. 1989.Introduction: archaeological approaches to cultural identity, in S. Shennan ed., Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity, pp.1-32, London: Unwin Hyman. Spear, T. 2003. Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British Colonial Africa, Journal of African History 44: 3-27.

Readings for Week 7 (re. Igbo Political Tradition) Afigbo, A.E. 2006. The Spell of Oral History: A Case Study from Northern Igboland, History in Africa, 33: 39-52. Green, M.M. 1947. Ibo Village Affairs. London: Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd. Insoll, T. and T. Shaw 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: Beads, Interregional Trade, and Beyond. African Archaeological Review 14: 9-24. Isichei, E. 1976. A History of the Igbo People. London: Macmillan. Njaka, E. N. 1974. Igbo Political Culture. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. Onwuejeogwu, M. A. 1981. An Igbo civilization: Nri kingdom & hegemony. London: Ethnographica. Oriji, J. N. 1989. Sacred Authority in Igbo Society, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 68.1: 113-123. Shaw, T. 1977. Unearthing Igbo-Ukwu. Ibadan: Oxford University Press. Stevenson, R.F. 1968. Population and Political Systems in Africa: comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. New York: Columbia. Read Chapter IX on Ibo.

ARCL 0048. History, Ethnography, and Archaeology of African States

REGIONAL OPTIONS:

(One option per student. For reading reports do a starred reading first, then choose any other reading for the second report)

1) Asante Daaku, K.Y. 1970. Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600-1720. Oxford: Clarendon. Kea, R.A. 1982. Settlements, Trade, and Polities in the Seventeenth-Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: John Hopkins. McCaskie, T.C. 2003. State and society in Pre-Colonial Asante. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *McLeod, M.D. 1981. The Asante. London: The British Museum. *Wilks, I. 1975. Asante in the Nineteenth Century: the Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilks, I. 1993. Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante. Athens [USA]: Ohio University Press.

2) The Yoruba (Oyo) Bascom, W. 1969. The Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. *Law, R. 1977. The Oyo Empire: 1600-1836. Oxford: Clarendon. Johnson, S. 1921. The History of the Yorubas: from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate. London: George Routledge & Sons. *Morton-Williams, P. 1967. ‘The Yoruba Kingdom of Oyo’ in D. Forde and P.M. Kaberry (eds.) West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century . pp.36-69, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Obayemi, A. 1981. ‘The Yoruba and Edo-speaking Peoples before 1600,’ in J.F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.) The History of West Africa (Volume I) pp.255-322. Harlow: Longman. Ogundiran, A. 2012. The Formation of an Oyo Imperial Colony during the Atlantic Age. in J.C. Monroe and A. Ogundiran (eds.) Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives, 222-254. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, R.S. 1988. Kingdoms of the Yoruba (3rd Edition) . London: James Currey.

3) Benin (Edo) Ben-Amos, P. 1999. Art, Innovation and Politics in Eighteenth Century Benin. Bloomington (In): Indiana University Press. *Bradbury, R.E. 1967. The Kingdom of Benin, in D. Forde and P.M. Kaberry (eds.) West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century . pp.1-35, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bradbury, R.E. 1957 The Benin Kingdom and the Edo-speaking Peoples of South-Western Nigeria. London: IAI. Fagg, W. 1978. Divine Kingship in Africa. London: British Museum. Picton, John 1997. ‘Edo Art, Dynastic Myth, and Intellectual Aporia,’ African Arts (1997): 18- 25, 91-92. Ryder, A.F.C. 1969. Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897. London: Longmans.

4) Dahomey *Akinjogbin, I.A. 1967. Dahomey and its Neighbours, 1707-1718. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Asiwaju, A. and Law, R. 1981. From the Volta to the Niger, c.1600-1800, in J.F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder (eds.) The History of West Africa (Volume I) pp.412-464. Harlow: Longman. Bay, E. 1998. Wives of the Leopard: Gender, Politics and Culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Herskovits, M.J. 1938. Dahomey: an ancient West African Kingdom. New York: JJ Augustin. Law, R. 2004. Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving Port 1727-1892. London: James Currey. Monroe, J. C. 2012. Building the State in Dahomey: Power and landscape in the Bight of Benin, in J.C. Monroe and A. Ogundiran (eds.) Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives, 191-221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Polanyi, K. 1966. Dahomey and the Slave Trade: an analysis of an archaic economy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

For Dahomey you may also have a look at this Explorer account by Sir Richard Burton (very much ‘of its time’): Burton, R.F. 1864 [and reprints]. A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. London.

5) Jukun *Meek, C.K. 1931. A Sudanese Kingdom: An Ethnographical Study of the Jukun-speaking Peoples of Nigeria. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trubner. Ruxton, F.H. 1908. ‘Notes on the Tribes of the Muri Province,’ Journal of the Royal African Society, 7(28) 374-86. Webster, J.B. 1984. ‘Through the Palace Gates, Chiefs and chronology: Developing Reliable Dating Structures,’ History in Africa 11: 331-49. Young, M.W. 1966. ‘The Divine Kingship of the Jukun: A Re-Evaluation of some Theories,’ Africa 36 (2): 135-153.

6) Nupe (a.k.a. Bida) Forde, D. 1955. Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence. Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Part 10. London; International African Institute. Mason, M. 1973. ‘Captive and Client Labour and the Economy of the Bida Emirate: 1857- 1901.’ The Journal of African History 14 (3), 453-71. Mason, M. 1981. Foundations of the Bida Kingdom. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press. *Nadel, S.F. 1942. A Black Byzantium: the kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press. Nadel, S.F. 1970 [1954] Nupe Religion. New York: Schoken Books.

7) The Sokoto Caliphate Hogben. S.J. and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene 1966. The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: a preliminary survey of their historical traditions. London: Oxford University Press.

*Last, M. 1967. The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longmans. Lovejoy, P.E. 2005. Slavery, Commerce and Production in the Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Smaldone, J.P. 1977. Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate: Historical and Sociological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

8) Kongo *Balandier, G. 1968. Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Freidman, K.E. 1992. Catastrophe and creation: Transformation of an African Society, London: Routledge. Hilton, A. 1985. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press. *MacGaffey, W. 2000. Kongo Political Culture: the conceptual challenge of the particular. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. Miller, J.C. 2002. ‘Central Africa During the Era of the Slave Trade’ in L. Heywood (ed.) Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora, pp.21-69, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thornton, J. 1983. The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition 1641-1718. Madison (Wi): University of Wisconsin Press.

9) Bunyoro Beattie, J. 1971. The Nyoro State. Oxford: Clarendon. Beattie, J. 1960. Bunyoro: an African Kingdom. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston. *Beattie, J. 1964. ‘Bunyoro: An African Feudality,’ Journal of African History 5(1): 25-36. Kiwanuka, M. 1968. The Empire of Bunyoro Kitara – myth or reality? Kampala: Longmans. Robertshaw, P. 1999. Seeking and Keeping Power in Bunyuro-Kitara, Uganda, in S. K. McIntosh (ed.) Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa . pp.124-135, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schoenbrun, D.L. 1999 The (in)visible roots of Bunyoro-Kitara and Buganda in the Lakes region: AD 800-1300, in S.K. McIntosh (ed.) Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa . pp.136-150, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

10) Zulu - Ndebele [it is possible to split this topic] *Gluckman, M. 1940. ‘The Kingdom of the Zulu of South Africa’ in M. Fortes and E.E. Evans- Pritchard (eds.) African Political Systems pp.25-55. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Binns, C.T. 1963. The Last Zulu Kings. London: Longmans. Ritter, E.A. 1955. Shaka Zulu: the Rise of the Zulu Empire. London. Beach, D. 1974. ‘Ndebele Raiders and Shona Power’, Journal of African History 15 (4): 633-51.

Cobbing, J. 1974. ‘The Evolution of the Ndebele amabutho’ Journal of African History 15: 607- 31. Hughes, A.J.B. and van Velsen, J. 1954. The Shona and Ndebele of Southern Rhodesia. Ethnographic Survey of Africa (D. Forde ed.), Southern Africa, Part IV, London: International African Institute.

11) The Alur and the ‘Segmentary State’ *Southall, A. 1956. Alur Society: A Study in Processes and Types of Domination. Cambridge: Heffer. Southall, A. 1988. The Segmentary State in Africa and Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (1): 52-82. Southall, A. 1991. The Segmentary State: from the imaginary to the material means of production, in H. Claessen and P. van de Velde (eds.) Early State Economics, pp. 75-96, New Brunswick (USA): Transaction. *Southall, A. 1999. The Segmentary State and the Ritual Phase in Political Economy, in S. K. McIntosh (ed.) Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa . pp.31-38, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

12) Buganda Kigongo R.M. and A. Reid 2007. Local communities, politics and the management of the Kasubi tombs, Uganda. World Archaeology 39(3), 371-384. Kiwanuka M.S.M. 1971. A history of Buganda. London: Longman. *Reid R.J. 2002. Political power in pre-colonial Buganda. Oxford: James Currey. *Reid R.J. and H. Medard 2000. Merchants, missions, and the remaking of the urban environment in Buganda c. 1849-c. 1890. In Africa’s Urban Past (eds D.M. Anderson and R. Rathbone): 98-108. London: Greenwood Press. Richards A.I. 1964. Authority patterns in traditional Buganda. In The King’s Men: Leadership and Status in Buganda (ed L.A. Fallers), 256-93. London: Oxford University Press. Roscoe J. 1911. The Baganda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

For Buganda you may also have a look at the relevant sections in the journals of these early European explorers: Speke J.H. 1863. Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. Edinburgh: Blackwood. Stanley H.M. 1878. Through the Dark Continent. London.

13) The Kingdoms of Western Cameroon *Asombang, R. 1999. Sacred Centers and Urbanization in West Central Africa, in S. K. McIntosh (ed.) Beyond Chiefdoms: pathways to complexity in Africa . pp.31-38, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chilver, E.M. and Kaberry, P.M. 1967. The Kingdom of Kom in West Cameroon, in D. Forde and P.M. Kaberry (eds.) West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century . pp.123-150, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Engard, R.K. 1988. Myth and Political Economy in Bafut (Cameroon): the structural history of an African kingdom. Paideuma 34: 21-89. Kaberry, P.M. 1962. Retainers and Royal Households in the Cameroons Grassfields. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 3: 282-298. Nsangou, J. A. 2018. Pitfalls, ditches and a wall: territorial defence strategies of the Bamun of Foumban, Cameroon. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 53: 383-397. Ritzenthaler, P. 1966. The Fon of Bafut. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. *Warnier, J-P. 2012. The Grassfields of Ancient Cameroun: Ancient Center or Recent Periphery? Africa Today 58 (3): 58-72. *Warnier, J-P. 2012. Cameroon Grassfields Civilization. Bamenda: Langaa. (worth purchasing this one via Amazon for £20 if you are doing this subject)

14) The Polities of the Niger Coastal Delta 1600-1890s (e.g. Efik Calabar, Aro Confederacy) *Jones, G.I. 1963. The Trading States of the Oil Rivers: a study of political development in Eastern Nigeria. London: International African Institute/ Oxford University Press. Latham, A.J.H. 1973. Old Calabar 1600-1891: the impact of the international economy upon a traditional society, Oxford: Clarendon. *Nwauwa, A.O. 1995. The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeast Nigeria, 1690-1720: a theoretical synthesis of state formation process in Africa. Anthropos 90: 353-64. Northrup, D. 1972. The Growth of Trade among the Igbo before 1800. The Journal of African History, 13:217-236. Walker, J.B. 1877. Notes on the Politics, Religion and Commerce of Old Calabar. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 6: 119-124.

15) Mende/ Temne (Sierra Leone) Abraham, A. 2003. An Introduction to the Pre-Colonial History of the Mende of Sierra Leone. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. Dorjahn, V.R. 1960. The Changing Political Institutions of the Temne, Africa 30: 110-140. Hill, M.H. 1984. Where to Begin? The Place of the Hunter Founder in Mende Histories. Anthropos 79: 653-656. *Little, K. 1967. The Mende Chiefdoms of Sierra Leone, in D. Forde and P.M. Kaberry (eds.) West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century . pp.239-60, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wylie, K.C. 1969. Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftancy , The Journal of African History. 2: 295-308.

*Wylie, K.C. 1974. The Influence of the Mande on Temne Political Institutions: aspects of political acculturation, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 7: 255-71.

16) Dagaba/Wala (Northern Ghana) *Lentz, C. 2000. Of Hunters, Goats and Earth Shrines: Settlement Histories and Politics of Oral Tradition in Northern Ghana. History in Africa 27: 193-214. Lentz, C. 2006. Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. McGaffey, W. 2013. Chiefs, Priests and Praise-Singers: History, Politics and Land Ownership in Northern Ghana. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. Wilks, I. 1989. Wa and the Wala: Islam and polity in northwestern Ghana, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

If you are a fluent French reader other options are available

APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2018-19 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/module/view.php?id=40867 For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/

GENERAL MATTERS ATTENDANCE: A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email. DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.

COURSEWORK LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late submission has been granted. The UCL penalties are as follows:  The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10 percentage point deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark).  The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).  Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. You are reminded that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/

RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Module Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.

CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism

RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the module on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson ([email protected]) 19