DOCSLIB.ORG

A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development And UNIDIR/98/2 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva A Peace of Timbuktu Democratic Governance, Development and African Peacemaking by Robin-Edward Poulton and Ibrahim ag Youssouf UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1998 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/98/2 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.98.0.3 ISBN 92-9045-125-4 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNIDIR is an autonomous institution within the framework of the United Nations. It was established in 1980 by the General Assembly for the purpose of undertaking independent research on disarmament and related problems, particularly international security issues. The work of the Institute aims at: 1. Providing the international community with more diversified and complete data on problems relating to international security, the armaments race, and disarmament in all fields, particularly in the nuclear field, so as to facilitate progress, through negotiations, towards greater security for all States and towards the economic and social development of all peoples; 2. Promoting informed participation by all States in disarmament efforts; 3. Assisting ongoing negotiations in disarmament and continuing efforts to ensure greater international security at a progressively lower level of armaments, particularly nuclear armaments, by means of objective and factual studies and analyses; 4. Carrying out more in-depth, forward-looking, and long-term research on disarmament, so as to provide a general insight into the problems involved, and stimulating new initiatives for new negotiations. The contents of UNIDIR publications are the responsibility of the authors and not of UNIDIR. Although UNIDIR takes no position on the views and conclusions expressed by the authors of its research reports, it does assume responsibility for determining whether they merit publication. UNIDIR Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Tel. (41.22) 917.31.86/42.92 Fax (41.22) 917.01.76 http://www.unog.ch/unidir iii iv About the authors Robin-Edward Poulton received his history MA at St Andrews, economics MSc at Oxford (via Freetown) and his doctorate at the Ecoles des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris. After 17 years working with civil society in West Africa, he is currently Senior Research Fellow at UNIDIR. Ibrahim ag Youssouf is a leading member of Malian civil society and a consultant with UNDP, Bamako. His doctoral studies in African linguistics and history were carried out in Indiana, and he is adviser to a number of NGOs and bilateral agencies working in West Africa. Table of Contents Page Preface by the Secretary-General .............................. vii Acknowledgements ...........................................ix Executive Summary ..........................................xi Chapter 1 Mali’s History and Natural Environment ................. 1 1.1 The Peoples of Mali and Their History .................. 1 1.2 The Natural Environment............................. 8 1.3 The Republic of Mali and the Crisis in the North ......... 11 1.4 Social Capital and the Value of Women ................ 15 Chapter 2 The Buildup to the Crisis in Northern Mali .............. 23 2.1 How Centralized Government Marginalized the North..... 23 2.2 Drought Hits the Sahel: 1965-1990 .................... 32 2.3 Social and Political Consequences of Drought ........... 39 2.4 Economic and Environmental Consequences of Drought . 44 Chapter 3 The Armed Revolt 1990-1997 ............................ 55 3.1 1990: The Revolt of Young ishumar Against the nomenklatura ........................... 55 3.2 1991: The End of Dictatorship and Mali’s National Conference.......................... 59 3.3 1992: Transition, Elections and Negotiations ............ 64 3.4 1993: Hopes of Lasting Peace ........................ 68 3.5 1994: Violence Breeds Violence, and Ganda Koy ......... 69 3.6 1995: Peacemaking through Civil Society ............... 75 3.7 1996-1997: Peace-building Begins .................... 77 v vi A Peace of Timbuktu Chapter 4 Peacemaking and the Process of Disarmament ........... 85 4.1 Building Civilian-military Bridges in a Democracy ....... 86 4.2 Mediators Official and Unofficial ..................... 93 4.3 The Commissariat au Nord and the Decentralization of Governance ...................... 101 4.4 Making Space for Civil Society ...................... 104 4.5 Half a Hundred Community Meetings ................. 109 4.6 The Cantonment Policy............................ 115 4.7 The Flame of Peace ............................... 120 4.8 The Re-integration of Ex-combatants ................. 123 Chapter 5 The International Community as a Catalyzer for Peace . 135 5.1 United Nations Projects and Non-governmental Actions . 135 5.2 UNHCR and Refugees............................. 144 5.3 United Nations Missions on Micro-disarmament ........ 151 5.4 A Political Adviser Arrives within UNDP .............. 155 5.5 Coordinating Donor Responses: United Nations, Swiss, US and NGO Efforts ............ 157 5.6 The United Nations Trust Fund for the North ........... 161 5.7 Leading the United Nations Family................... 165 Chapter 6 Ensuring Continued Peace and Development in Mali ... 175 6.1 Democratic Governance: Limiting Abuse and Empowering Civil Society ...................... 175 6.2 Democratic Governance and a Fundamental Rethinking of Education ................. 179 6.3 Rewriting Africa’s History and Its Traditions of Conflict Resolution.................. 182 6.4 Water and Land: Winning the Peace by Avoiding Conflict 188 6.5 Strengthening the Forces of Order .................... 191 6.6 Donors, NGOs and Civil Society ..................... 196 6.7 Getting Northern Mali Back to Work ................. 200 Table of Contents vii Chapter 7 The Flame of Peace Burns New Paths for the United Nations .................................. 209 7.1 The United Nations as a Partner for the Malian Government 209 7.2 The Tricky Issue of Sovereignty and United Nations Interference ..................... 211 7.3 Uniting the United Nations Family and Civil Society in the Field........................ 216 7.4 UNDP Partnership with the Political Secretariat ......... 220 7.5 United Nations Development Leadership and “Security First”............................... 222 7.6 Regional Integration Means Managing Shared Frontiers . 225 7.7 A Moratorium on Small Arms: Towards a Shared Democratic Space.................. 227 7.8 United Nations Support for African Democratic Traditions and the Media........................... 230 7.9 UNHCR and UNICEF in Relief and Reconciliation ...... 237 7.10 Creating a United Nations Development Partnership with Civil Society....................... 239 ANNEXES ............................................... 245 1. Map of Community Meetings.............................. 247 2. Key Texts............................................. 251 2.1 National Pact .................................... 251 2.2 A Code of Conduct for Civil-Military Relations ......... 273 2.3 Text of the Certificate at the Timbuktu Flame of Peace . 279 2.4 Speech of the Representative of MFUA and MPMGK .... 281 2.5 Amnesty Law.................................... 285 2.6 Note on a Regional Moratorium on Small Arms......... 287 3. List of Projects Which are Supposed to Contribute to Peace and Development in Northern Mali ......................... 293 viii A Peace of Timbuktu 4. Civil Society and the Social Economy: How to Make Them Stronger303 4.1 Creating a New Partnership between UNDP and Civil Society: Letter From CAPSDH to UNDP Administrator, Mr James Gustave Speth ........................... 305 4.2 Community Capital Funds, and the Creation of Self-sustaining Development Institutions .............. 310 4.3 Alternative Mechanisms for Funding the Organs of the Social Economy: The RAFAD Model .............. 313 4.4 Building Human Capacity and Developing Professional Training Throughout the Economy: The Philanthra Model . 317 5. Succinct Bibliography ................................... 321 6. Index of Special Terms, Abbreviations and Institutions .......... 343 with photographs by the authors and peace drawings by the children of Mali UNIDIR Publications........................................ 361 List of Illustrations Tables Chapter 1 1.1 Key Dates in Malian History.......................... 5 1.2 12 Key Dates since Mali’s Independence ............... 14 Chapter 2 2.1 Precipitation in Northern Mali for Selected Years......... 38 2.2 Livestock Distribution: Estimates for Mali 1990 .......... 47 Chapter 4 4.1 Numbers in the Cantonments at 5 January 1996 ......... 118 4.2 Numbers Integrated into the Public Services............ 119 PAREM Overview of the Programme ........................ 127 Breakdown of Projects by Sector of Activity (20.09.97) . 127 Chapter 5 5.1 United Nations Ongoing Projects in Northern Mali ...... 137 5.2 The Refugees still in Exile .......................... 146 5.3 Income to the UN Trust Fund to Support the Peace Process in North Mali ........................ 163 5.4 Expenditures from the UN Trust Fund................. 164 Maps
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O Kaabu E Os Seus Vizinhos: Uma Leitura Espacial E Histórica Explicativa De Conflitos Afro-Ásia, Núm
    Afro-Ásia ISSN: 0002-0591 [email protected] Universidade Federal da Bahia Brasil Lopes, Carlos O Kaabu e os seus vizinhos: uma leitura espacial e histórica explicativa de conflitos Afro-Ásia, núm. 32, 2005, pp. 9-28 Universidade Federal da Bahia Bahía, Brasil Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=77003201 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Mais artigos Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina, Caribe , Espanha e Portugal Home da revista no Redalyc Projeto acadêmico sem fins lucrativos desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa Acesso Aberto O KAABU E OS SEUS VIZINHOS: UMA LEITURA ESPACIAL E HISTÓRICA EXPLICATIVA DE CONFLITOS Carlos Lopes* Introdução Na definição dada pelos geógrafos, o espaço pode ter três dimensões: uma, determinada por um sentido absoluto que é a coisa em si e é o espaço dos cartógrafos com longitudes e latitudes, ou quilômetros qua- drados; uma segunda, que liga este primeiro espaço com os objetivos que ativam as suas ligações e perspectivas; e, por fim, uma terceira que inter- preta as relações entre os objetos, e as relações multiplicadas que estes criam entre si. Por exemplo, um hectare no centro de uma cidade não tem a mesma dimensão assumida pelo mesmo espaço numa zona rural, pois este último não possui toda a complexidade das representatividades multi- plicadas. O paradigma atual pretende que sem uma organização do espaço não existe processo de mobilização das forças produtivas.1 A relação entre espaço e território é muito complexa, visto que o primeiro não tem a força de fixação do segundo.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery and Slaving in African History Sean Stilwell Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00134-3 - Slavery and Slaving in African History Sean Stilwell Index More information Index Abbas, Emir of Kano, 189 Trans-Atlantic slave trade and, 145 , Abeokuta, 103 166–167 Abiodun, Alafi n of Oyo, 115 , 118 Ahmadu, Seku, 56 Abomey, 113 , 151 , 169 Ajagbo, Alafi n of Oyo, 115 Afrikaners, 57 , 186 Akan, 47 , 146 , 148 Agaja, King of Dahomey, 115 , 151 Akwamu, 75 , 101 age grades, 78 , 82 , 123 Akyem, 147 agricultural estates, 56–57 , 111 , 133 , al Rahman, ‘Abd, Sultan of Dar Fur, 140 135 , 138–142 , 150 , 152 , 157–159 , al-Kanemi, Shehu, 110 162–164 , 166–168 , 171 , 190 Allada, 151 agricultural revolution, 32 , 35 , 61 Aloma, Idris, 104 agriculture, 33 , 38 Álvaro II, King of Kongo, 97 , 105 Akan and, 147 Angola, 190 , 191 Asante and, 149 Anlo, 75 Borno and, 139 slavery and, 75–76 Dahomey and, 152 , 168–169 Anti-slavery international, 212 Dar Fur and, 140 António, King of Kongo, 105 economy and, 133 Archinard, Louis, 182 expansion of, 35 Aro, 86 freed slaves and, 204 Asante, 20 , 48 , 51 , 101 , 114 , 122 , 148–151 , Hausa city states and, 140 153 , 162 , 167 , 187 , 203 Kingdom of Kongo and, 159 Austen, Ralph, 167 origins of slavery and, 36 Austin, Gareth, 130 Sennar and, 141 Awdaghust, 134 slavery and, 37 , 128–131 , 133 , 135–142 , Axum, 37 , 99 146 , 150 , 152 , 155–157 , 159–160 , 164 , 167–168 , 170–172 , 174 , 188 , Badi II, Sultan of Sennar, 141 191 , 198 Bagirmi, 105 Sokoto Caliphate and, 166 Balanta, 60 , 78 Songhay and, 135–136 Bamba, Amadu, 197 South Africa and, 154–155 Bambara, 139
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Mali
    United Nations S/2016/1137 Security Council Distr.: General 30 December 2016 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali I. Introduction 1. By its resolution 2295 (2016), the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) until 30 June 2017 and requested me to report on a quarterly basis on its implementation, focusing on progress in the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali and the efforts of MINUSMA to support it. II. Major political developments A. Implementation of the peace agreement 2. On 23 September, on the margins of the general debate of the seventy-first session of the General Assembly, I chaired, together with the President of Mali, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, a ministerial meeting aimed at mitigating the tensions that had arisen among the parties to the peace agreement between July and September, giving fresh impetus to the peace process and soliciting enhanced international support. Following the opening session, the event was co-chaired by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and African Integration of Mali, Abdoulaye Diop, and the Minister of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Algeria, Ramtane Lamamra, together with the Under - Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. In the Co-Chairs’ summary of the meeting, the parties were urged to fully and sincerely maintain their commitments under the agreement and encouraged to take specific steps to swiftly implement the agreement. Those efforts notwithstanding, progress in the implementation of the agreement remained slow. Amid renewed fighting between the Coordination des mouvements de l’Azawad (CMA) and the Platform coalition of armed groups, key provisions of the agreement, including the establishment of interim authorities and the launch of mixed patrols, were not put in place.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St Reported Case of Ebola in Mali: Strengthened Measures to Respond
    Humanitarian Bulletin Mali September-October 2014 In this issue 1st case of Ebola virus disease P.1 Nutritional situation in Mali P.2 Food security survey P.3 HIGHLIGHTS Back to school 2014 - 2015 P.4 Information management trainings P.6 First confirmed case of SRP funding P.8 Ebola virus disease in Mali Clusters performance indicators P.8 Average prevalence of global acute malnutrition OCHA/D.Dembele reaches 13.3 percent National Food security 1st reported case of Ebola in Mali: survey : 24 per cent of households affected by strengthened measures to respond to the food insecurity epidemic KEY FIGURES On 23 October, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene confirmed the first Ebola case in Mali; a two-year old girl who had travelled with her grandmother from Guinea # IDPs 99, 816 (Kissidougou) to Kayes city (Western Mali), transiting through Bamako. She had been (Commission on hospitalized in Kayes where she died on 24 October. Population Movements, 30 Sep.) In response to this Ebola outbreak, the Government, with the support of WHO and # Refugees in 14, 541 partners (NGOs and other UN agencies), have strengthened prevention measures while Mali (UNHCR 31 the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene and its partners immediately put under August) observation around forty people who had direct contact with the girl in Bamako and # Malian 143, 253 refugees ( UNHCR Kayes, while the tracking of other contacts continued. 30 Sep) Severely food 1,900,000 Experts from WHO regional office and headquarters, supported by the National Public insecure people Health Institute of Quebec (INSRPQ), USAID and CDC1, who were on a Ebola (Source : March 2014 Harmonized preparedness mission in Mali at the time, are supporting the response and the Framework) implementation of the National Ebola Emergency Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Effects of Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Clashes in Nigeria
    Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Politics and Law Available online at www.sciarena.com 2017, Vol, 2 (1): 1-11 Economic Effects of Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Clashes in Nigeria Eme Okechukwu Innocent1, Ugwu Christian1, Richard A. Onuigbo2 1Department of Public Administration & Local Government, Division of General Studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Political Science Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu Email: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine the economic cost of Fulani-Farmers Clashes on the populace in general and the nation’s economy in particular. This is because insecurity and its various multifaceted manifestations like bombings, cattle rustling, farmland destruction, kidnapping/hostage taking, destruction of life and property, creation of fear among others has become a hydra headed monster which security agents in Nigeria appear incapable of addressing. Bloody clashes between Fulani herdsmen and farmers over grazing lands have led to the killing or maiming of people and razing down of houses as well as food storage facilities. The herdsmen claimed that they are the original owners of the land in the agrarian areas. According to them, the natives had sold it to them for their cows to graze. This is an allegation the farmers have consistently debunked, saying that the land was never at any instance sold to the herdsmen and that the cows damage their crops while grazing. Cattle-rustling has also been a major cause of unrest as cows are stolen by criminal-minded youths. This scenario has played out many times in Guma, Makurdi, Gwer West, Agatu, Logo, Kwande, Buruku and parts of Kastina-Ala local government areas of Benue State.
    [Show full text]
  • S/2019/868 Security Council
    United Nations S/2019/868 Security Council Distr.: General 11 November 2019 Original: English Joint Force of the Group of Five for the Sahel Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2391 (2017), in which the Council requested me, in close coordination with the States members of the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5 Sahel) (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and the Niger) and the African Union, to report on the activities of the Joint Force of the Group of Five for the Sahel. It provides an update since my report of 6 May 2019 (S/2019/371) on progress made in the operationalization of the Joint Force, international support for the Force, the implementation of the technical agreement signed between the United Nations, the European Union and G5 Sahel States in February 2018, challenges encountered by the Force and the implementation by the G5 Sahel States of a human rights and international humanitarian law compliance framework. 2. The period under review was marked by low-intensity activity by the Joint Force due to the rainy season, which hampered the movements of the Force, and the impact of persistent equipment and training shortfalls on its operations. In accordance with resolution 2391 (2017), international partners continued to mobilize in support of the G5 Sahel. The attack of 30 September on the Force’s base in Boulikessi, Mopti region, central Mali, inflicted heavy casualties. The terrorist group Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (JNIM) claimed responsibility for the attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850
    The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Benjamin, Jody A. 2016. The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493374 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 A dissertation presented by Jody A. Benjamin to The Department of African and African American Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of African and African American Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 © 2016 Jody A. Benjamin All rights reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong Jody A. Benjamin The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 Abstract This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Executive Summary
    16 Crossing the wilderness: Europe and the Sahel Presidents of the G5 Sahel and France at the Press Conference of the Pau Summit Executive summary No promised land the substantial financial and military resources they are ploughing into the region. France and its European partners are locked in a long-term struggle to try to stabilise the The Sahel needs tough love from Europe - vast Sahel region, spanning from Mauritania to a strategy to encourage political dialogue, Chad, in which there will be no outright victory governance reforms, decentralisation, over jihadist-backed insurgents and tangible protecting civilians, better public services and progress is hard to measure. the empowerment of women and young people, alongside security assistance, rather than an Often described as France’s Afghanistan, the obsessive focus on counter-terrorism with a conflict risks becoming Europe’s Afghanistan. blind eye to corruption and rights abuses. It also needs international partners to deliver on the There is no promised land at the end of the pledges they make at high-profile conferences. wilderness. But the European Union and its member states can achieve a better outcome Eight years after France’s military intervention than the present deadly instability if they make at the request of the Malian government to more targeted, integrated and conditional use of repel Islamist-dominated armed groups Executive summary | Spring 2021 17 advancing rapidly through central Mali and Europe has major economic, political and possibly towards the capital, Bamako, the demographic interests; and security situation has deteriorated across the central Sahel region, especially in the so-called • the central position of the Sahel makes tri-border area where Mali, Burkina Faso and it a historic crossroads for migration and Niger meet.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    69972 Options for Preparing a Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Program in Mali Consistent with TerrAfrica for World Bank Engagement at the Country Level Introduction Public Disclosure Authorized 1. Background and rationale: 1. One of the most environmentally vulnerable areas of the world is the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly the Sahel, the Horn of Africa and Southeast Africa. Mali, as with other dryland areas in this category, suffers from droughts approximately every 30 years. These droughts triple the number of people exposed to severe water scarcity at least once in every generation, leading to major food and health crisis. In general, dryland populations lag far behind the rest of the world in human well-being and development indicators. Similarly, the average infant mortality rate for dryland developing countries exceeds that for non-dryland countries by 23% or more. The human causes of degradation1 and desertification2 include direct factors such as land use (agricultural expansion in marginal areas, deforestation, overgrazing) and indirect factors (policy failures, population pressure, land tenure). The biophysical impacts of dessertification are regional and global climate change, impairment of carbon sequestation capacity, dust storms, siltation into rivers, downstream flooding, erosion gullies and dune formation. The social impacts are devestating- increasing poverty, decreased agricultural and silvicultural production and sometimes Public Disclosure Authorized malnutrition and/or death. 2. There are clear links between land degradation and poverty. Poverty is both a cause and an effect of land degradation. Poverty drives populations to exploit their environment unsustainably because of limited resources, poorly defined property rights and limited access to credit, which prevents them from investing resources into environmental management.
    [Show full text]
  • Régions De SEGOU Et MOPTI République Du Mali P! !
    Régions de SEGOU et MOPTI République du Mali P! ! Tin Aicha Minkiri Essakane TOMBOUCTOUC! Madiakoye o Carte de la ville de Ségou M'Bouna Bintagoungou Bourem-Inaly Adarmalane Toya ! Aglal Razelma Kel Tachaharte Hangabera Douekiré ! Hel Check Hamed Garbakoira Gargando Dangha Kanèye Kel Mahla P! Doukouria Tinguéréguif Gari Goundam Arham Kondi Kirchamba o Bourem Sidi Amar ! Lerneb ! Tienkour Chichane Ouest ! ! DiréP Berabiché Haib ! ! Peulguelgobe Daka Ali Tonka Tindirma Saréyamou Adiora Daka Salakoira Sonima Banikane ! ! Daka Fifo Tondidarou Ouro ! ! Foulanes NiafounkoéP! Tingoura ! Soumpi Bambara-Maoude Kel Hassia Saraferé Gossi ! Koumaïra ! Kanioumé Dianké ! Leré Ikawalatenes Kormou © OpenStreetMap (and) contributors, CC-BY-SA N'Gorkou N'Gouma Inadiatafane Sah ! ! Iforgas Mohamed MAURITANIE Diabata Ambiri-Habe ! Akotaf Oska Gathi-Loumo ! ! Agawelene ! ! ! ! Nourani Oullad Mellouk Guirel Boua Moussoulé ! Mame-Yadass ! Korientzé Samanko ! Fraction Lalladji P! Guidio-Saré Youwarou ! Diona ! N'Daki Tanal Gueneibé Nampala Hombori ! ! Sendegué Zoumané Banguita Kikara o ! ! Diaweli Dogo Kérengo ! P! ! Sabary Boré Nokara ! Deberé Dallah Boulel Boni Kérena Dialloubé Pétaka ! ! Rekerkaye DouentzaP! o Boumboum ! Borko Semmi Konna Togueré-Coumbé ! Dogani-Beré Dagabory ! Dianwely-Maoundé ! ! Boudjiguiré Tongo-Tongo ! Djoundjileré ! Akor ! Dioura Diamabacourou Dionki Boundou-Herou Mabrouck Kebé ! Kargue Dogofryba K12 Sokora Deh Sokolo Damada Berdosso Sampara Kendé ! Diabaly Kendié Mondoro-Habe Kobou Sougui Manaco Deguéré Guiré ! ! Kadial ! Diondori
    [Show full text]
  • Mali Enhanced Market Analysis 2019
    FEWS NET Mali Enhanced Market Analysis 2019 MALI ENHANCED MARKET ANALYSIS JUNE 2019 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. for the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), contract number AID-OAA-I-12-00006. The authors’Famine views Early expressed Warning inSystem this publications Network do not necessarily reflect the views of the 1 United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. FEWS NET Mali Enhanced Market Analysis 2019 About FEWS NET Created in response to the 1984 famines in East and West Africa, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) provides early warning and integrated, forward-looking analysis of the many factors that contribute to food insecurity. FEWS NET aims to inform decision makers and contribute to their emergency response planning; support partners in conducting early warning analysis and forecasting; and provide technical assistance to partner-led initiatives. To learn more about the FEWS NET project, please visit www.fews.net. Disclaimer This publication was prepared under the United States Agency for International Development Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Indefinite Quantity Contract, AID-OAA-I-12-00006. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. Acknowledgments FEWS NET gratefully acknowledges the network of partners in Mali who contributed their time, analysis, and data to make this report possible. Recommended Citation FEWS NET. 2019. Mali Enhanced Market Analysis. Washington, DC: FEWS NET.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Country Review
    Mali 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 5 Mali 6 Africa 7 Chapter 2 9 Political Overview 9 History 10 Political Conditions 12 Political Risk Index 66 Political Stability 81 Freedom Rankings 96 Human Rights 108 Government Functions 110 Government Structure 111 Principal Government Officials 121 Leader Biography 122 Leader Biography 122 Foreign Relations 131 National Security 143 Defense Forces 154 Chapter 3 156 Economic Overview 156 Economic Overview 157 Nominal GDP and Components 159 Population and GDP Per Capita 160 Real GDP and Inflation 161 Government Spending and Taxation 162 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 163 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 164 Data in US Dollars 165 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 166 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 167 World Energy Price Summary 168 CO2 Emissions 169 Agriculture Consumption and Production 170 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 172 Metals Consumption and Production 173 World Metals Pricing Summary 175 Economic Performance Index 176 Chapter 4 188 Investment Overview 188 Foreign Investment Climate 189 Foreign Investment Index 193 Corruption Perceptions Index 206 Competitiveness Ranking 217 Taxation 226 Stock Market 227 Partner Links 227 Chapter 5 229 Social Overview 229 People 230 Human Development Index 232 Life Satisfaction Index 236 Happy Planet Index 247 Status of Women 256 Global Gender Gap Index 259 Culture and Arts 268 Etiquette 268 Travel Information 269 Diseases/Health Data 280 Chapter 6 287 Environmental Overview 287 Environmental Issues 288 Environmental Policy 288 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 290 Global Environmental Snapshot 301 Global Environmental Concepts 312 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 326 Appendices 350 Bibliography 351 Mali Chapter 1 Country Overview Mali Review 2016 Page 1 of 363 pages Mali Country Overview MALI Located in western Africa, the landlocked Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world.
    [Show full text]