Country Profile the Federal Republic of Nigeria

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Country Profile the Federal Republic of Nigeria Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Country Profile The Federal Republic of Nigeria Using the PMESII Construct TRADOC G-27 Operational Environment Center Modeling & Simulation Directorate Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 March 14, 2019 Prepared By: 2019 Update: Dr. Robert Arp, DoD Contractor, TRISA OE Lab Ms. Nicole Jobe, DoD Contractor, TRADOC G-27 OEC MSD Dr. Jumanne Donahue, DoD Contractor, TRISA OE Lab Mr. Luke Roth, DoD Contractor, TRADOC G-27 OEC MSD The overall classification of this document is UNCLASSIFIED Distribution Restriction: Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited (U) Map of Nigeria UNCLASSIFIED | 2 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited (U) Snapshot Facts about Nigeria from CIA World Factbook (U) Population: 203 million (Africa’s most populous country, 7th most populous country in the world) (U) Population Growth Rate: 2.54% (Nigeria’s population is projected to grow from more than 186 million people in 2016 to 392 million in 2050, becoming the world’s fourth most populous country. (U) Total Land Area: 356,669 sq miles (923,768 sq km), twice the size of California (U) Capital: Abuja (city population 2.9 million) (U) Type of Government: Federal Republic (U) Independence from UK: October 1, 1960 (U) Constitution Enforced: October 1, 1963 (U) Current President: President Maj. Gen. (ret.) Muhammadu BUHARI (since 29 May 2015) (U) Primary Ethnic Groups: Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Tiv (U) Primary Languages: English (official), Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo, over 500 other languages (U) Religions: Muslim 51%, Catholic 11.2%, Other Christian 35.7%, traditionist .9%, unspecified .5% (2013 est.) (U) Literacy: 59.6% (2015 est.) (U) Urban Dwellers 50% of population (U) Percentage of Poor: 70% below poverty line (2010 est.) (U) Revenues in 2012: $22 billion (U) Expenditures in 2012: $28 billion (U) GDP (PPP / OER): $444 billion / $267 billion (U) Debt in 2013: $13.4 billion (U) Economic Growth Rate: 7.4% (U) Inflation / Unemployment: 12.2% (rate) / 24% (rate) (U) Exports: $96 billion in 2012: Petroleum and petroleum products (95%), cocoa, rubber (U) Imports: $53 billion in 2012: machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods and live animals (U) Industry: 43% of GDP: crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, rubber products, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel (U) Agriculture: 31% of GDP: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, fish, cocoa, peanuts, cotton, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, rubber, timber (U) Natural Resources: Hydropower, fertile land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver UNCLASSIFIED | 3 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited (U) Climate and Terrain: Equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north; southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north (U) PMESII Snapshots for the Federal Republic of Nigeria (U) Political Snapshot (U) Nigeria has a population of 203 million people and is Africa’s most populous country (CIA World Factbook). Since its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960, Nigeria has claimed itself to be a federal republic, but has shifted between military juntas and Westminster-style democratic governance throughout this timeframe. Present-day Nigeria can be divided roughly in half with Muslims who are concentrated mostly in the northern part in the 12 states and subject to Islamic shari’a law, and Christians and people with indigenous beliefs who mostly live in the south and central parts of the country—thus, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Kin-selective ethnocentrism, tribalism, and religious affiliation not only have bred violence and persecution, but also prevented the establishment of a universal, unified, federal power in Nigeria. Nigeria has ranked among the world’s most corrupt nations for decades, and Nigerians too have long been aware of extensive patronage systems. Since the end of military rule in 1999, however, rising public expectations for better governance under democracy and an expanding awareness of large-scale corruption has fueled demands for accountability and tangible benefits from the nation’s resources (“Nigeria: A Chronology of Key Events;” “Nigeria Profile”). (U) Oil accounts for 95% of Nigeria’s export revenues, and Nigeria’s government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, the spoils of which have been utilized institutionalizing democracy as well as being squandered through corruption and mismanagement. Political liberalization may have ushered in a return to civilian rule and more democratic processes in 1999, but in the absence of a military junta exercising its powers it also has allowed militants from religious and ethnic groups to pursue their demands through violence. Tens of thousands of people have died over the past few years in communal attacks led by the al-Qaeda ally, Boko Haram. Separatist aspirations have also been growing, prompting reminders of the bitter civil war over the breakaway Biafran republic in the late 1960s (Nwokpoku; Polgreen). (U) The current President of Nigeria is President Maj. Gen. (ret.) Muhammadu BUHARI (since 29 May 2015) is a member of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Nigeria’s previous ruling party, the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) had a decently broad political base made up of Christians from the south and Muslims from the north. From an economic standpoint, the PDP supports free trade, open markets, privatization, deregulation, and overall enhancement of the role of the private sector in modernizing Nigeria. Concerning social issues, the PDP is fairly conservative, basing its positions on natural law kinds of arguments as well as religious grounds (Mazen). In 2006, for example, the PDP-dominated National Assembly sponsored a bill called the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2006 to outlaw same sex marriages, homosexual relationships, and UNCLASSIFIED | 4 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited other homosexual-related activities, making violations punishable up to 14 years in prison for “carnal knowledge against the order of nature.” The bill was passed into law on January 18, 2007. An updated version was signed into law on January 7, 2014 by President Jonathan (CIA World Factbook; Amnesty International; Bowcott). (U) Even though Nigeria has some 25 registered political parties, as of April 2017 two political parties seem to have the most power and influence: the PDP and the APC. In the Senate, APC holds 66 seats, and PDP holds 43 seats. In the House of Representatives, the APC holds 225 and the PDP holds 125, while other parties hold 10 seats. Previously, while anticipating the 2015 elections so as to challenge the power and perceived corruption of the previous President Jonathan and the PDP, in February of 2013 the All Nigeria Peoples Party, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, and the All Progressives Grand Alliance merged to form the APC. The APC’s Manifesto notes that they want to bring the following to Nigerians: affordable health care; economic growth; better transportation; free education; and, most importantly, an end to the rampant and systemic corruption present at all levels of the Nigerian government (CIA World Factbook; All Progressives Congress). (U) Military Snapshot (U) Nigeria’s defense budget is 0.43% of Nigeria’s total GDP. The Nigerian Armed Forces (NAF) has around 200,000 active and 300,000 reserve personnel in three armed services: Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Nigerian Army is the largest branch of the Nigerian Armed Forces with some 100,000 professional personnel. Besides numerous standard departments that are found in any army, the Nigerian Army’s primary structures include 1st Division (headquartered in Kaduna), 2nd Division (Ibadan), 3rd Division (Jos), 81st Division (Lagos), 82nd Division (Enugu), and the Training and Doctrine Command. The Nigerian Navy is among the largest navies on the African continent, consisting of some 90,000 personnel, including those of the Coast Guard. The Nigerian Navy has its naval headquarters in Abuja, along with operational commands in Lagos, Calabar, and Brass Island in the state of Bayelsa. There are also five operational bases, five forward operational bases, two dockyards located in Lagos and Port Harcourt, two fleets based in Lagos and Calabar, a training facility headquarters in Lagos, and naval training facilities spread all over Nigeria. The Nigerian Air Force is one of the largest air forces on the African continent, possessing approximately 84 helicopters and 84 aircraft on 53 serviceable airports around the country. It consists of some 10,000 personnel and has major bases in the cities of Benin, Enugu, Jos, Kaduna, Kainji, Kano, Makurdi, Minna, and Shasha (CIA World Factbook; Military Periscope; Global Firepower). (U) Since 1999, a recurring problem for the NAF (the Army in particular) has to do with overly aggressive responses to local violence. NAF personnel—most of whom lack not only appropriate training and professionalism, but also an ethical concern for the duties associated with their profession and
Recommended publications
  • Economic Effects of Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Clashes in Nigeria
    Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Politics and Law Available online at www.sciarena.com 2017, Vol, 2 (1): 1-11 Economic Effects of Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Clashes in Nigeria Eme Okechukwu Innocent1, Ugwu Christian1, Richard A. Onuigbo2 1Department of Public Administration & Local Government, Division of General Studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Political Science Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu Email: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine the economic cost of Fulani-Farmers Clashes on the populace in general and the nation’s economy in particular. This is because insecurity and its various multifaceted manifestations like bombings, cattle rustling, farmland destruction, kidnapping/hostage taking, destruction of life and property, creation of fear among others has become a hydra headed monster which security agents in Nigeria appear incapable of addressing. Bloody clashes between Fulani herdsmen and farmers over grazing lands have led to the killing or maiming of people and razing down of houses as well as food storage facilities. The herdsmen claimed that they are the original owners of the land in the agrarian areas. According to them, the natives had sold it to them for their cows to graze. This is an allegation the farmers have consistently debunked, saying that the land was never at any instance sold to the herdsmen and that the cows damage their crops while grazing. Cattle-rustling has also been a major cause of unrest as cows are stolen by criminal-minded youths. This scenario has played out many times in Guma, Makurdi, Gwer West, Agatu, Logo, Kwande, Buruku and parts of Kastina-Ala local government areas of Benue State.
    [Show full text]
  • Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
    Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Kanembu-Kaniri Relationship
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, Band 8, Frankfurt a.M. 1996: 37-47 KANEMBU-KANURI RELATIONSHIP: A PROPOSAL1 Shettima Umara Bulakarima Abstract The paper takes recourse to oral tradition and linguistics to ascertain the assertion that the present-day Kanuri and Kanembu speech forms emerged from the same parent language. In determining the parent language, the descriptions of the various components (i.e. clans and ethnic groups) of Kanuri and Kanembu are given as a first basis and the relation of each dialect of Kanuri and Kanembu to the other (i.e. dialect contiguity) is demonstrated as a second basis. Taking into consideration the sociolinguistic background of both Kanuri and Kanembu, the brief history of their divergence, the strong contention of the Borno Ulama and the dialect contiguity of the data presented, the paper concludes that Kanuri and Kanembu are initially one and the same language with ancient classical Kanembu being the parent language. Kanembu-Kanuri relationship: a proposal Introduction The close genetic relationship of a group of languages referred to as Saharan, was recognised about one and a half centuries ago. This was evident in BARTH (1965), NACHTIGAL (1987), LUKAS (1951), TUCKER and BRYAN (1956), GREENBERG (1966) and CYFFER (1981, 1990, 1991). Based on the genetic classification model of LUKAS (1951), GREENBERG (1966), PETRACEK (1966, 1978 and 1979) and CYFFER (1981 and 1990), the Saharan languages can be modelled as fig. 1 below. 1 I am grateful to the following colleagues for their academic criticisms/contributions which brought the paper to its present stage: A.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Determinants of New Idioms of Power – Visual Case Stories from Urban Adamaoua, Cameroon
    Africa Development, Vol. XXXV, Nos 1 & 2, 2010, pp. 117 – 175 © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2010 (ISSN 0850-3907) ‘Up as a Rabbit, Down as a Lion’: Socio-economic Determinants of New Idioms of Power – Visual Case Stories from Urban Adamaoua, Cameroon Lisbet Holtedahl* Abstract In the 1990s, I felt empathy with the Sultan of Adamaoua. I do feel empa- thy with one of the richest and most influential industrialists in Cameroon today - emotions which are difficult to convey in today’s Norway. Ideas about Africa, about poverty, corruption, etc. make such feelings politi- cally incorrect. My anthropological research is supposed to lead to posi- tive consequences for the people with whom I work. They be ‘small’ or ‘big’ people. This is called applied research. My research experience has made me conclude the following: Research should contribute to giving people new voices in new arenas; make them visible in new social spheres. I wish for instance, that my research may promote authorities’ listening more to and seeing people who are poor or who are uneducated, and, that their decisions may reach them, empower them. Often, also, one thinks that empowerment only concerns people without power. Since I have for long worked with people with big power, my research should enable their voices to become strengthened and make them visible on the new social arenas that are under pressure from their own behaviour and entrepre- neurship, but that they themselves do not see. What criteria do we use when we decide whether our research should empower people in power? It is important that we include the ‘small’ as well as the ‘big’ in our applied research.
    [Show full text]
  • Boko Haram: a New Islamic State in Nigeria
    JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY BOKO HARAM: A NEW ISLAMIC STATE IN NIGERIA BY DAVID COOK, PH.D. BAKER INSTITUTE RICE FACULTY SCHOLAR JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION RICE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 11, 2014 Boko Haram: A New Islamic State in Nigeria THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN A BAKER INSTITUTE RESEARCH PROJECT. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, PAPERS ARE REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE EXPERTS BEFORE THEY ARE RELEASED. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH AND VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY. © 2014 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY 2 Boko Haram: A New Islamic State in Nigeria Executive Summary1 Currently the Nigerian state is undergoing a civil war, with the protagonist being the Salafi-jihadi group popularly called Boko Haram. During the years since 2011, Boko Haram has morphed from being a local Salafi-jihadi group into a major player in West African radicalism. Its tactics have ranged from standard guerilla pin-prick attacks against governmental, military, and Christian targets, to sophisticated suicide attacks and mass slayings of target populations. During the period since July 2014, Boko Haram has clearly set the establishment of a physical Islamic state in Nigeria as its goal and has fought the Nigerian military to a draw.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Risk Assessment 2014 INSCT MIDDLE EAST and NORTH AFRICA INITIATIVE
    INSCT MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA INITIATIVE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AND COUNTERTERRORISM Nigeria Risk Assessment 2014 INSCT MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA INITIATIVE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report—which uses open-source materials such as congressional reports, academic articles, news media accounts, and NGO papers—focuses on three important issues affecting Nigeria’s present and near- term stability: ! Security—key endogenous and exogenous challenges, including Boko Haram and electricity and food shortages. ! The Energy Sector—specifically who owns Nigeria’s mineral resources and how these resources are exploited. ! Defense—an overview of Nigeria’s impressive military capabilities, FIGURE 1: Administrative Map of Nigeria (Nations Online Project). rooted in its colonial past. As Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria is central to the continent’s development, which is why the current security and risk situation is of mounting concern. Nigeria faces many challenges in the 21st century as it tries to accommodate its rising, and very young, population. Its principal security concerns in 2014 and the immediate future are two-fold—threats from Islamist groups, specifically Boko Haram, and from criminal organizations that engage in oil smuggling in the Niger Delta (costing the Nigerian exchequer vast sums of potential oil revenue) and in drug smuggling and human trafficking in the North.1 The presence of these actors has an impact across Nigeria, with the bloody, violent, and frenzied terror campaign of Boko Haram, which is claiming thousands of lives annually, causing a refugee and internal displacement crises. Nigerians increasingly have to seek refuge to avoid Boko Haram and military campaigns against these insurgents.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan-Feb 2013 GPD Insides.Indd
    WILLIAM CAREY LIBRARY FEATURED BOOK Peoples on the Move Introducing the Nomads of the World Nomads — they inhabit every continent yet have “no abiding city.” Always on the move, they are often “invisible,” unreached, despised, and easily forgotten by settled citizens. Th is is the most comprehensive source of information on all the nomadic peoples of the world and includes maps, black and white photographs, people profi les, and bibliographic data. ISBN: 978-0-87808-352-7 List Price: $19.95 David J. Phillips Our Price: $15.96 WCL | Pages 490 | Paperback 2001 3 or more: $10.97 www.missionbooks.org 1-800-MISSION Become a Daily World Christian What is the Global Prayer Digest? Loose Change Adds Up! Th e Global Prayer Digest is a unique devotion- In adapting the Burma Plan to our culture, al booklet. Each day it gives a glimpse we have simply substituted loose change of what God is doing around the world for rice and have added this educational and what still remains to be done. Daily and inspirational Global Prayer Digest. One prayer for that still-unfi nished task is at person’s loose change will average about the heart of the Adopt-A-People move- $100 per year exclusively for frontier ment. Condensed missionary stories, missions! When the national goal of one biblical challenges, urgent reports, and million Adopt-A-People Prayer Partners is exciting descriptions of unreached peo- reached, that will mean $100 million more ples provide a digest of rich fuel for your per year for the frontiers! own times of prayer for the world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development And
    UNIDIR/98/2 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva A Peace of Timbuktu Democratic Governance, Development and African Peacemaking by Robin-Edward Poulton and Ibrahim ag Youssouf UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1998 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/98/2 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.98.0.3 ISBN 92-9045-125-4 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNIDIR is an autonomous institution within the framework of the United Nations. It was established in 1980 by the General Assembly for the purpose of undertaking independent research on disarmament and related problems, particularly international security issues. The work of the Institute aims at: 1. Providing the international community with more diversified and complete data on problems relating to international security, the armaments race, and disarmament in all fields, particularly in the nuclear field, so as to facilitate progress, through negotiations, towards greater security for all States and towards the economic and social development of all peoples; 2. Promoting informed participation by all States in disarmament efforts; 3. Assisting ongoing negotiations in disarmament and continuing efforts to ensure greater international security at a progressively lower level of armaments, particularly nuclear armaments, by means of objective and factual studies and analyses; 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Herdsmen Terror in Nigeria: the Identity Question and Classification Dilemma
    American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS)R) 2020 American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) E-ISSN: 2378-702X Volume-03, Issue-03, pp 10-25 March-2020 www.arjhss.com Research Paper Open Access Herdsmen Terror In Nigeria: The Identity Question And Classification Dilemma PROF. CYRIL ANAELE Department Of History & Diplomatic Studies Salem University, Lokoja – Nigeria Phone: +23408068683303 *Corresponding Author: PROF. CYRIL ANAELE ABSTRACT:- Nigeria in recent years is a home to diversities of terror restricted to specific geo-political zones. Of all these terrors, non cuts across the country as that of the herdsmen. The herdsmen like invading Mongols leave deaths and destructions in their wake. Certainly and troubling too, is the government’s unwillingness to classify them as terrorist gang, but instead is dangling on classification dilemma. This too, has created identity question, on who actually are these herdsmen and their exact identity. Government has chosen to identify them as herdsmen and sees their killings as precipitated by conflict over land, between herders and farmers. The paper rejects government’s position that the herdsmen are not terrorists; and their activities as conflict over grazing land. To the contrary, the paper argues that the herdsmen are Fulani (in and outside Nigeria) hundred percent Muslim, and their terror fundamentally linked to causes beyond competition over land. It adopts the Samuel Huntington (1996) and Healy “Multiple Factor” theory for its theoretical framework. In methodology, it relies on primary and secondary data, using historical unit analysis for the presentation. The major findings of the study are, (i) the herdsmen are Fulani, (ii) their orchestrated violence across Nigeria is naked terrorism anxiously waiting to be listed as domestic terrorism before it morphoses into international terror (iii)the overall objective is Islamisation and Fulanisation of Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria's Great Speeches in History
    Nigeria’s Great Speeches in History The Speech Declaring Nigeria’s Independence by Nigeria’s First Prime Minister Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – October 1, 1960 Today is Independence Day. The first of October 1960 is a date to which for two years, Nigeria has been eagerly looking forward. At last, our great day has arrived, and Nigeria is now indeed an independent Sovereign nation. Words cannot adequately express my joy and pride at being the Nigerian citizen privileged to accept from Her Royal Highness these Constitutional Instruments which are the symbols of Nigeria’s Independence. It is a unique privilege which I shall remember forever, and it gives me strength and courage as I dedicate my life to the service of our country. This is a wonderful day, and it is all the more wonderful because we have awaited it with increasing impatience, compelled to watch one country after another overtaking us on the road when we had so nearly reached our goal. But now, we have acquired our rightful status, and I feel sure that history will show that the building of our nation proceeded at the wisest pace: it has been thorough, and Nigeria now stands well-built upon firm foundations. Today’s ceremony marks the culmination of a process which began fifteen years ago and has now reached a happy and successful conclusion. It is with justifiable pride that we claim the achievement of our Independence to be unparalleled in the annals of history. Each step of our constitutional advance has been purposefully and peacefully planned with full and open consultation, not only between representatives of all the various interests in Nigeria but in harmonious cooperation with the administering power which has today relinquished its authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Works of Russell G. Schuh
    UCLA Works of Russell G. Schuh Title Schuhschrift: Papers in Honor of Russell Schuh Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c42d7th ISBN 978-1-7338701-1-5 Publication Date 2019-09-05 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c42d7th#supplemental Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Schuhschrift Margit Bowler, Philip T. Duncan, Travis Major, & Harold Torrence Schuhschrift Papers in Honor of Russell Schuh eScholarship Publishing, University of California Margit Bowler, Philip T. Duncan, Travis Major, & Harold Torrence (eds.). 2019. Schuhschrift: Papers in Honor of Russell Schuh. eScholarship Publishing. Copyright ©2019 the authors This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Interna- tional License. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. ISBN: 978-1-7338701-1-5 (Digital) 978-1-7338701-0-8 (Paperback) Cover design: Allegra Baxter Typesetting: Andrew McKenzie, Zhongshi Xu, Meng Yang, Z. L. Zhou, & the editors Fonts: Gill Sans, Cardo Typesetting software: LATEX Published in the United States by eScholarship Publishing, University of California Contents Preface ix Harold Torrence 1 Reason questions in Ewe 1 Leston Chandler Buell 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 A morphological asymmetry . 2 1.3 Direct insertion of núkàtà in the left periphery . 6 1.3.1 Negation . 8 1.3.2 VP nominalization fronting . 10 1.4 Higher than focus . 12 1.5 Conclusion . 13 2 A case for “slow linguistics” 15 Bernard Caron 2.1 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and His Economic Ideas
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and his economic ideas Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 2008 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40916/ MPRA Paper No. 40916, posted 29 Aug 2012 04:28 UTC Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and His Economic Ideas Abdul Azim Islahi1 In an attempt to investigate Muslim economic thinking in the 12th century Hijrah, corresponding 18th century C E, the present paper explores economic ideas of one of the greatest Muslim personalities of the period, Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio (1167- 1233/1754-1817), who is commonly known as revivalist and renovator of religious beliefs and practices and founder of the Sokoto Khilafat. At the outset, to provide background knowledge of the personality of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio, the paper sheds light on time and environment in which he lived, his life and work, and his impact. Time and Environment Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio1 (1167-1233/1754-1817) belonged to the Fulani tribe2. The Fulani people are found all over West Africa from the Futa Jalon region to the Cameroons (Balogun, 1981, p. 15). Some of Fulani had settled and had become actually integrated with the Hausas. The ancestors of Uthman Dan Fodio moved into Hausaland3 in the fifteenth century under the leadership of Musa Jokollo and settled in the Hausa State of Gobir (Sulaiman, 1986, p. ix). According to Sulaiman, in early eighteenth century, ‘Hausaland was at a critical stage in its history, needing a profound challenge to stir its conscience’ (ibid, p. xviii),. Unbelief, iniquity and open defiance of Allah’s laws became the order of the day.
    [Show full text]