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Manuel Portugal Almeida De Bívar Abrantes Kaabu, História De Um Império Do Início Ao Fim Campinas 2018

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Manuel Portugal Almeida De Bívar Abrantes Kaabu, História De Um Império Do Início Ao Fim Campinas 2018 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS MANUEL PORTUGAL ALMEIDA DE BÍVAR ABRANTES KAABU, HISTÓRIA DE UM IMPÉRIO DO INÍCIO AO FIM CAMPINAS 2018 MANUEL PORTUGAL ALMEIDA DE BÍVAR ABRANTES KAABU, HISTÓRIA DE UM IMPÉRIO DO INÍCIO AO FIM Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas com o parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de Doutor em História, na área de História Social. ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINA L DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO MANUEL PORTUGAL ALMEIDA DE BÍVAR ABRANTES E ORIENTADO PELO PROF. DR. OMAR RIBEIRO THOMAZ. CAMPINAS 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): FCT, SFRH/BD/85636/2012 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau - CRB 8/3387 Abrantes, Manuel Portugal Almeida de Bívar, 1985- Ab84k AbrKaabu, história de um império do início ao fim / Manuel Portugal Almeida de Bívar Abrantes. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. AbrOrientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz. AbrTese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Abr1. Historiografia. 2. África, Oeste - História. 3. Kaabu - Império - História. I. Thomaz, Omar Ribeiro, 1965-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Kaabu, history of an empire from the beginning until the end Palavras-chave em inglês: Historiography Africa, West - History Kaabu - Empire - History Área de concentração: História Social Titulação: Doutor em História Banca examinadora: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz [Orientador] Wilson Trajano Filho Lucilene Reginaldo Antonio Roberto Guerreiro Junior Frederico Martins dos Reis Ágoas Data de defesa: 27-06-2018 Programa de Pós-Graduação: História Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 27 de junho de 2018, considerou o candidato Manuel Portugal Almeida de Bívar Abrantes aprovado. Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Prof. Dr. Wilson Trajano Filho Profa. Dra. Lucilene Reginaldo Prof. Dr. Antonio Roberto Guerreiro Junior Prof. Dr. Frederico Martins dos Reis Ágoas A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Agradecimentos Ana Figueiredo, Antonio Guerreiro Júnior, Bakary Sidibé, Bruno Simões, Cristiano Dantas, Frederico Ágoas, Joana Sousa, Lucilene Reginaldo, Mariama Sanneh, Marina Temudo, Miguel Carmo, Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, Pedro Queirós, Sadjo Turé, Sara Portugal, Wilson Trajano Filho. Resumo Revisão de vários temas da história do império do Kaabu, na costa ocidental de África. A historiografia sobre a Senegâmbia tem dividido esta região entre interior e costa, Estado e não Estado. Tentamos mostrar que não foi assim e que várias características descritas para os povos da costa senegambiana estavam presentes no interior. Palavras Chave: África Ocidental, Kaabu, Mandingas, Padjadincas, Biafadas, Tendas, Banhuns, Guiné-Bissau, Casamansa, Império, Senegâmbia. Abstract A review of Kaabu Empire historiography. Upper Guinea Coast historiography cut this region between interior and coast and State and non-State. We have tried to demonstrate that it was not that way. Keywords: West Africa, Kaabu, Mandinka, Badiarankes, Biafada, Tenda, Banyuk, Guinea- Bissau, Casamance, Empire, Upper Guinea Coast. Lista de Figuras Figura 1 - Mapa político do norte da Senegâmbia e da região da Guiné-Bissau no século XVII....................................................................................................................................................12 Figura 2 - Distribuição de grupos étnicos por volta de 1800...........................................................12 Sumário Introdução: O interior e a costa..........................................................................................................10 Capítulo 1: O início, Tenembá e suas filhas.......................................................................................39 Capítulo 2: O fim, ateando fogo ao paiol de pólvora.........................................................................56 Capítulo 3: Um império mandinga?...................................................................................................71 Capítulo 4: Riqueza, poder, guerra.....................................................................................................85 Capítulo 5: Tenembá no século XX..................................................................................................102 Considerações Finais........................................................................................................................122 Glossário...........................................................................................................................................123 Bibliografia e Fontes........................................................................................................................125 Anexos..............................................................................................................................................143 10 Introdução. O interior e a costa Dicotomia trouxe ordem ao pandemónio que foi sempre para o observador branco a região das rias de água salgada entre o delta do Sine Salum e a Serra Leoa, entre o mar e as montanhas do Futa Jalon, entre o manguezal e a savana. Dizem os historiadores que a Senegâmbia foi marcada por dois encontros. Um primeiro, no século XII ou XIII, quando povos falantes de línguas mandé migram do Alto Níger para a costa e aí introduzem novos sistemas políticos e estados tributários do império do Mali. No século XIII, com a famosa expedição de Tiramakan Traoré, o poder do Mali é consolidado na Senegâmbia do Sul. O Kaabu, a província mais ocidental do império, controla a área entre os rios Gâmbia e Geba. No século XV, o Mali fragmenta-se e o Kaabu independente torna-se a principal potência política da região. As populações indígenas do interior da Senegâmbia do Sul – tendas, biafadas, nalus, banhuns, landumãs, e cocolins, são expulsos ou absorvidos pelo novo reino. O sistema social tripartido do Mandé é instituído e a sociedade dividida em castas: homens livres (horon1), ferreiros, sapateiros, e griôs (os nhamalá), e servos (jon). Nas savanas do interior da Senegâmbia do Sul, onde os cavalos não morrem com a mosca, nasce o estado. A lama, o manguezal e a floresta da costa seguem ocupados por gente acéfala, com ausência de grandes estruturas políticas, organizada em territórios de linhagens e que ali vivem acossados dos estados do interior. Apesar de não haver centralização política, extensas redes comerciais ligam os povos costeiros e trazem a cola, o ferro, a malagueta e o índigo das florestas da Serra Leoa até ao norte, aos rios Geba, Cacheu, Casamansa e Gâmbia. Ali, estes produtos, e o sal e o peixe seco, são vendidos a mercadores mandé que os fazem seguir para o Sael e o Saara. Um segundo encontro se dá quando portugueses, e depois outros europeus, chegam à costa em meados do século XV. Novos portos no Atlântico, novas rotas comerciais, multidões vendidas como escravos, e novas sociedades mestiças. O Kaabu, 1 Concordando em absoluto com a utilização da transcrição fonética da língua mandinga (e que corresponde à ortografia oficial da língua mandinga na Gâmbia e no Senegal), não a utilizamos no presente trabalho por pura incapacidade. As palavras mandingas surgem no texto com a grafia do português, em itálico quando não são categorias étnicas ou nomes próprios. Para os nomes respeitámos a forma escrita que está nas fontes que citamos. As palavras em kriol (crioulo da Guiné-Bissau) surgem também em itálico. 11 o estado que controla o interior da Senegâmbia do Sul, é durante os séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, o principal vendedor de gente escravizada. No Futa Jalon, as montanhas onde nascem os rios, pastores fulas e muçulmanos iniciam pequenas jiades contra seus vizinhos mandingas a partir de 1700. Nas décadas seguintes a população fula aumenta com gente vinda do norte, das teocracias do Bundu e do Futa Toro. Em 1750 os fulas muçulmanos triunfam e por volta de 1850 os fulas que viviam no Kaabu e pagavam tributo aos mandingas organizam-se e revoltam-se contra seus senhores. Aliados aos fulas do Futa Jalon derrotam os mandingas do Kaabu numa famosa batalha que se deu em Cansala, a capital do império, por volta de 1865. O interior torna-se progressivamente muçulmano. Feitas as divisões de Berlim, os brancos atacam, e no final do século XIX controlam o território. Interior e costa, estado e acefalia, manguezal e savana, animismo e Islão. Dicotomias que são mantra em tudo quanto é publicação sobre a região (p.e. Barry 1988, Brooks 1993, Havik 2004, Hawthorne 2010, Trajano e Knörr 2010). O mantra é contudo recente e faz poucas décadas que a faca foi afiada e a Senegâmbia cortada. Walter Rodney fez a primeira tentativa de quebrar as fronteiras coloniais e escrever uma história regional da Senegâmbia (da Upper Guinea Coast) em 1966. O mapa político apresentado por Rodney é bem diferente do que apresentámos atrás. Diz Rodney que como resultado da expansão da influência mandé a região foi dividida em províncias e cada uma tinha seu farim (governador).
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