INDEX

aba kuuri 102 Atrmad b. 'Ali, ruler of Borno 259 Abbakr Ismã'il, ruler of Dãr Masãlît 114, Abmad Bãbã 3,77 (fn. 86) l16 Ahmad b. Fürtú 135 Abbas, ruler of Kano 186 (ft¡. 154) Ahmad al-Maqúr 100, 102 Abbasid Caliphate 2zl-25 Abmad b. Mutrammad ibn Sa'id 76 abbo daadinga 106 Ahmad b. 'Umar (Ahmadu Sheku), rule¡ of the Umarian state 142-145 'Abd Allãh ibn lbãd 50 (fn. 195) (Amadi 'Abd al-Karim. ruler of Wadai 100, 108, 260 Ahmadi Gaye Gai) 9È91 'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Futa Toro ll9 (fn. Ahmadu Ahmadu, ruler of Masina 132 13l), l2l-123 Ahmadu Lobbo, see Seku Ahmadu L¡bbo 'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Baghirmi 236 Alexander, Boyd 259 Abdulkarim, ruler oîZx:n 176 'AlI b. Dänama, ruler of Borno 261 Abdullahi ('Abd Allãh b. Muþammad al- 'Al¡ b. Hamdän, ruler of Borno 259 TaSshi), ruler of the MahdiYa 36.20Ç 'Ali Drnãr, ruler of Dar Für ll2,221 (f¡t. 207, 217 -2r9, 221J29, 233 59) Abdullahi, ruler of Kano 174, ll7 (fn. 109) 'Ali (G¿ji) b. Dûn¿ma" ruler of Bomo 134 Abdullahi Burja, ruler of Kano 261 Aliyu, ruler of Kano 179 Abdullahi dan Fodio ('Abd Allãh ibn Füdi) Aliyu Babba, ruler of Sokoto 175,262 2. 159-162,189, 281 Almamate, see imamate Abéché 109 almamy, almaami, almanY (= al-imãm): Abù .Abd Allãh Modibbo Muhammad al- Bundu - 90-91'93-94; Futa Jallon - Kaún/74 ll8-119, l4l; Futa Toro - 122,142: Abu'Abd Allãh Mubammad b. Muha¡rmad used by Samori Ture - 148 b. .Ali b. Mäsã 267 Almohads 69 Abú Bakr, ñrst caliph 12, 22-23 Almoravids 7, 9, 46, 58-59, 6l-69, E5 Abü Bakr b. al-flãji Alrmad b. 'Umar b. amir al-mu'minin 125, 144,168,262 Mubammad Aqtr267 ançã¡ 216,217 (fn.40) Abi¡ Bakr ibo 'Umar. ruler of the Almora- Aqirfamily 74 vids 60 (fn. l4),64,6ó,68 a¡d al-slba 237 Abä'l-Fa$l ,lyãd b. Mäsã al-Sabri 63 Asantehene Osei Tutu Kwame 257 Abù'Imrãn al-Fasi 62 As'ila wörida min al-Takrur fî Shaww,õl E9E abu l-jabbãyin 106 78 Abu Shouk, Ahmad lbrahim 218,23GZ31 AskiyaDãwùd 7Ç77,260 Abû Yúsuf26 Askiya al-tfãä Muþammad 9,69-71 , 134 Abubakæ, ruler of Katsina 177 (fn.191't,236 Abubakar Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262 Askiya Isþãq 175,260 Abubakar Kado, ruler of Kano 261 assaka (zakãt) 270,n2 afurma 198 assakal (zakãl in Futa Toro) 122 ada 136 Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262 Adamawa 199 Atlahiru II, ruler of Sokoto 200 Aghnides, Nicolas 28, 3E Awbek b. Achfaghu, see Nã$ir al-Dîn Al-aþhãn al - sharÍy a lA4 Awdaghust 6l-52

A I - ahladm al - s ult õ nly a 48, 282 Azrya, Victor 125-126, 130-131, 148 3t2 Onuc¡rony AtuscrvtNc: AN INeutRy TNT7ZAK.ÃT

Azawãd 124,266 Bourdieu, Piene 284-285 Brãkna l2l Bã, Ahmadu Hampãté 288 Bremner, Robert 40 Bãdi Abü Diqin 2ól Brenner, Louis 138-139, 268 Baghirmi 107,254 Brown, William Allen 13l-132 Bakhi¡, ruler of Dtu Sitã I I l-l 12 Bukar Aji (Aaji), ruter of ManDãra 95-96 bakonchi l8l Bukaran Arbaana, ruler of ManDãra 96-97 al-Bak¡i 57-58,il-65 al-Bukhãn- 11,42 Bakura Disrict (Sokoro Province) lBl-1E2, bulama l3È140 t92, t96 Bundu, see Futa Bundu (Bamana) Bamba¡a 124, 145 Burdon, Alder 155, 172 (fn. 77,79), 173, banibani 176 r82, 198-200 Banä Daymãn 80 Banu Hassãn (gassaniya) 8G84, 269-272 Calder, Norman 19 Baqqara (tnbf-) 222-223, 225, 228 Cayor 81,122 bara 265 charity, charitable acts: zakãt as charity baraka - 56, 267168 16-17 , 20,23, 239;' and phitanrhropy Barkindo, - Bawuro 9G99 3942; anð public responsibility - 42; barguma 97 and public poor relief - 4243, 185: Barry, Boubakar 81-82, ll8, 120 given to Muslim scholars - 91, lB5, Barh, Heinrich 154, 193,201 25ç266,n3,285 Bashear, Suliman 13,23 chima chidibe 138 b{in-goods 28, 162 chima gana 138, 140 batu mawdo 125 chima jilibe (fn. ,añ 138 213) Boyõn wujrib al-hijra ,l-,iMd 77 (fn. chimakura 138,140 86), t62,28t Clark. Andrew F. 89-90,94 bayt al-jibãya lO2 (fn. 57) Colvin, Lucy (Behrman) 8l (public bayt al-mãl treasury): general - 23, Cruise O'Brien, Donal 268 35-3ó, 5ll Atmoravids 68; Songhay - Cunin, Philip 83 77; Masina (beital) - 127; Soko¡o Caliphate - 162; Mahdiya -216,230- Dãjü r00, ilo 232 Dãti 102 ba¡ mãl al-khums al-khalifa wal-fay 218- Dalilin Samuwar Allah 240 (fn. l7) 221 DãrFongoro 107 bâyt mãl al-jihãdiya 218 Ðãr Für 6, 26, 33, 100-107, ltg, 22l-222, ba¡ mãl al-mulãzimiya 2l8,Z2U2Zl 275J76 bayt mãl al-.umäm 218, 221, 22ç225 Dãr Masãlit 109, I t2-l 16 bayt mãl warshat al-harbiya wal-hrsãna 218 Dãr Runga 107 bayt mãl zabirîyat al-suq 218 DerSilã 110-t12 beggars: deserving and undeserving - DãrTama 107 3740,45:, doles to- l8Gl88 4artba2l4 Beledugu 247 Daura 17ó Benisheikh, A- K. 139-140 De lVaal, Alex 106 bid'a 136, l@ Denyanke 121 Bi,llahi arùnu 182 (tu. 134) dhimmi 29,36 bilãd al-makhzan 237 Dia126 bilãd al-siba 237 Diaguku l4l Bjørkelo, Anders 214, 218, 23G¿3l diakha (zakãt) 120 Bladi, ruler of ManDãra 97 Diina of Masina (Caliphate of Hamdallahi) Bobboi, Hamidu 137-l3E 6,33,88, 123-132 Bokar Saada, ruler of Bundu 93 diamgal 128 (fn. l7l) Bomo 26, 88, 95, 97, 103, 107, 133-141, dime (tirhe) 269 237, 258-259, 2@-266, 275: see atso dimliji 105 Kanem-Bomo Dinguiray 14 INDEx 3t3

diaka (zakãt) 143-146 Futa Jallon 6, 88-89, 91, I 18-121, l4l diwan (payroll) 217 (fn.40) Futa Toro 6, 81,88-89.91, l2l-123,141- drwãn (tax in Dar Fur & Wadai) 105, 109 142

Diyõ al- huk'l<õn 160-1 6 1, 28 1 djangel, see tax on livestock gaisuwa 165, 170 Djata, Sundiara A. 143 Galajio (revolt of G. in Masina) 13l Doi, Abdur Rahman 37, 38 (fn. 155) gandu tudu 173 Doulo 97 Gangar wa'azu 182 dubu da dame 198 Gao72 Dänama (Dibalãmi) b.'Abd Allãh, ruler of Garba, Tijani 158, 16l (fn. 34), 175.179- Kanem 134 180, 182-183.201¿03 dyaka (zakãt) 128 Garbai, ruler of Borno 259 dyakha (zakãt) 149 Gazargamo 135 Gellner, Emst 52-53 Egypt 25 (fn. 70),4516, 49,æ,213 Çtezin22O,225 England 43-45 Ghana (Ghana) 9, 58{0, 62 Ethiopia 221 ghamma (booty); see also khums 93, 217, Evers Rosander, Eva 250 ?30 exemption from taxation 167, 179-l8l gha¡ema (toll; market fee, protection mon€y, üibute); see also maghram 76,82,269 fama 148 Al-ghayt al-wahl fi sîrat al-imõm al-.adl famine relief: Almoravids - 66; Mandara - ló1,280 98; Dar Fur - 106l Da¡ Silã - 1l l: Dã¡ al-Ghazãli 25. 38-39. 49, 69 Masãlit - ll4; Futa Jallon - l2l; ghinâ (sufñciency in material necessities) 40 Sokoto Calipbate - 185, 188-l9l; Gidan Rumfa 166 Mahdiya - 206-207, 222-226, 229, gifts to Muslim scholars 99, 130, 241,243, æ3; Timbuktu - 275 263-266,273,285 fard 17, 19, 120 Gll, J. lVithers lEO (fn. 122), 198,20O fard'ayn 11 , 22 Girouard, Sir Percy 184 faúkiFaya 17,22 Godabawa District (Sokoto hovince) 192 fari-mondio 75 Gomez, Michael 4. 75-76, 89-94 faqih (pl. fuqahã', Muslim scholar) 61, 65, Goni Mukhur 136 68, 79, 103, ll3-114, t16,259-26, Gonja 260 274,n6 Gowers, W. F. 199,201 faqir (pl. fuqariP, poor person) 37-3E Goz Beida I l0 farilla (zåkãt) 120 grain loans I 19 fãshir 102, 105, 107 gurda, see grain loans al-Fãshir (El-Fasher) l0ó Gwandu 172 fatwã 83 fay revenue 35, 51, 52 (fn. 199), 64, 93, Hadejia 169 t62-t63,282 hadiya (pl. hadãy-a') 269-27 0, n 2-27 3 fergo Nioro 142 hai57-58,60,69, lal fergo Umar 142 hakimi (sg. hakimai) 156, 166, 177, 183, firsha 1 13-l 14 195 fiF, fitra (tax) 33, 66, 103, 105-106, 108, hakki binimran (binumram) 139 I I I, I l3-l 15, 2tt-212,2t9-220,225 Hamdallahi ln,42 fitra abdãn 230 (fn.95) al-$ãjj tfamdùn b. Dänama, ruler of Borno Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn 25 I 259,261 Forkl, Hermann 95-99 Hamman Yaji, ruler of Madagali236 Fugumba l19 Hanafi (lslamic school of law) 21 (fn. 82), FufBe 89, 91,93-95. 11&-127, 136, l4l, 29,30(fn. lO2),51,216 165. 199 Hanson, John H. 146 Funj 26, 205, 208-210, 212, zffi barbr 29 Futa Bundu 6,88-95 Hassan A,/Aziz Ahmad 228 3t4 OEUGATùRY AI"II{SGIVING : AN INQUIRY INTa ZAKÃT

Hassãni,ûIassãnIya, see Banu Hassãn al-insan al-kãmil 80 Hausa24l-243,263-2& iqtã' (pl. iq!ã'ãt) 24 (fn. 69), 25 (fn. 70), 60, Hausaland 32-33,88 (fn. l), 164-168, 183, 103 (fn.64) 186-188, 199-201, 253-254, 256, Islamic economics 50-53 261266 Islamic order: of lbn Yãsin - 64-46: of al- hâwl (timing) 19 Maghili -7O-71: of Nãsir al-Din - 82; þãqüra 103-104, 107, 1 13, 275 of Ahmadi Gaye - 9l; of Sulaymãn Hewby (Major) 19Ç197 (Dãr Für) - 102; of 'Abd al-Kanm hijra l4l-142,215-216 (Wadai) - 108; of Ibrãhim Sori - 119; hisba 126(fn.162) ofSeku Ahmadu Lobbo - 125-lTl: n Hisketr, Mervyn 77,80, 124, 134 the Sokoto Caliphate - 159-163; of Hødnebø, Kjell 238 the Mahdrya - 205, 216: and alms- Hogcndom, Jan S. 179,256 (fn- 92) giving - 240-243; and the Suwarian llol¡, P. M.226-227 tradition - 246: and zakãt - 286 Hull, Richard Vr'.203 Islamic social welfare system 153,287 Hummay (Umme Jilrni), ruler of Kanem 133 Islamic state: ideal model - 4849,8E; and humushi 165; see also khums zakãt - 53-55 Hunwick, John 8 (fn. l2), 55, 72J3,76, 7&-79,236,239,274 Jabal Marr¿ 100, 107 þurma (tax exemption: immunity, sancriry; jabbayin 106 protection) 26, 76, 82, 180-181, 2l I, Jalb al-ni'ma wa-dS al-naqma bi-mujãna- 269,275 bat al-wulat al-Talama 3 hurumi, se l.rurma jãhn5 jaka (zakãù 248 ibàdã¡t275 jakadu (sg.jakada) 167, 175, 183, 189, 195 Ibn Abä Zar 6O (fn. l4), ó4,67 Jakhanke 73 (fn. ó3), ll8, 245, 267-268, Ibn al-Athrr 63, 6ó-6? 273 Ibn Battùta 6l jakka (zakãt) 143 Ibn'Idhãri 65 jakko (zakat) 255 Ibn Khaldän 4749,52,59, 60 (fn. l4\,67, jalúd al-nal¡ãs l0l 280 jangali; see tax on livestock and zakãt Ibn Khalil 27 (fn.82),29-30,39 (variations)

Ibn Taymiya4S-49 I enne 7 3-7 4, 126, 25 l, 267 Ibn Tumarr 69 jibãyat'aysh wa-qutun 105 (fn. 75); see also Ibn Yãsin CAM Allãh b. Yãsin al-Jazüli) 60 umm thalãthin (fn. l4),62-ó8,85 Jibnl ibn'Uma¡ 48 Ibrahim Adlan224-225 jihãd: Almoravid 62,67: by Askiya al-tlãjj Ibrahim Dabo, rulerof Kano 174-175 Mutrammad - 77; by Usman dan Ibr-ahim Sori, ruler of Futa Jallon I 19 Fodio - 88 (fn. l), 160: and Bundu - Idn-s Alauma, ruler of Bomo 135,258 89; in Futa Jallon - ll8; in Futa Toro al-Id¡isi 58 - l2l; in Masina - 124: by ldris igzazayewa9T Alauma - 135; and Bomo - 136; by Iliffe, John 238 al-flãjj 'Umar Tal - l4l-142: by imãm l-2, 5,9,92-94,103, l19, 122-123, Samori - 148; by Mahdi Muhammad 125, 130, t34-t36, 235, 238, 244, Ahmad - 215, 217: and Suwarian 246-248, 255, 257-258, 264, 267, tradition - 245-246 n4-275,285,287 jizya (poll tax): general - 2, 11,23-24,29 Imam Umoru (Imoru, Umaru) 132 (fn. 189), (fn. 94), 35 (fn. 139), 5l-52, 7l; in 176 (fn. 99), 249, 252-2s3, 263-26s Muslim Ghãna - 59; in Mãli - 60; and al-Imãm al-Tâkä¡i 69, 75 Almoravids - 68; in Bundu - 90, Imamate: of Nãçir al-Din - 84; of Bundu - 91-94; in Mandara - 99: in the Sokoto 89-90; of Timbo - ll8-l19; of Futa Caliphate - 162; in Kano - 164, 168; Toro (almamagal) - 122 in Baghirmi - 236 Infaq al-maisúr 136 Johnson, Manon 12Ç127, 129 INDEx 315

Jolof 8l rian state - 143; Sokoto CaliPahre - Jomboxo 146 170; Mahdíya - 2lÇ217, 220, 230 Juddãla 6l (fn.2l),624 khurj (kharãj) 210 Juula (Dyula) I 18, 14?-149, 244-245, 24&- Kirk-Greene, A. H. M' 252 249,267-268 kinh al-fil 115 Kitãb Dalí ltz Kaba L¿nsine 74 (fn.67) Kit'ãb al-farq 160, 162 Kabara 76 Kitãb Ghanjã2@ kabara-farma 76 Kitãb al-lstib¡ar 59 (fn. 8) kaffala" sec tax on livestock Koelle, W. S.249 k¿felo(kabelo) 139 Koko 249 kaleram (kassasseram) 139 Konyakary 1zló kaliari (slave village) 139 Kordofân 223 Kanøn-Bomo 7; scc also Borno kourgi (slave settlement) 93 Kankan 148 kgakpa 256 Kano 56, 70, 164-168, l7l, 174. ln-178, kudin aun¿ 169 184, lE6-190, 194, 197,200-201, kudin busa 169 261-262 kudin galma 17Ç177,180 (fn. 122), 187' Kanuri 241,243,264 200 Kapteijns, Lidwien 100, 104 (fn. 70), 109, kudin gida l?4 lll-l16 kudin gona 174 karãm (generosity) 251 kudinhatsi 167, 184 karãma (sanctity) 275 kudinkaroñ 169 karamoko (Muslim scholar) 120, 149; see kudin kasa 161,169, l7l-172,175 (fn. 96)' also mãlam, faqih 177, 180-182, 184, 199-200: see also Karamoko Alfa (Alfa Ba) t l8-l 19 kharãj karo 165 kudin kira 169 Karø (Kaarta) l4l-l 42, 14+146 kudin mada ló9 Al-køshf wa'l-baydn li-asnõf majlûb al' kudin mahauta 169 súàõn77 (fn.86) kudin rafi: see zakãt (variations) Kassala 223 kudin saha 169 Katagum 177, l8Èl8l kudin sanâ'â 169 Katsina ?0, 169, 17Ç177,189-190, 192, kudin sa¡auta 165, 168, l7O,176 195, 198 kudin shuka, see zakãt (variations) Kayra (Keira) 100-102, I 15 kudin tamma 170 (fn. 65) Kazaure 176 kudin yam mata 169 khadamãt (customary dues) 108, I l5 Kumbari, ruler of Kano 167 (fn. 53) khalifa 3, 36, 69, 70 (fn. 56), 104, l3¿l-135 Kunta 124, 131,267-268 khalifat al-mahdi 36, 206 Kuran. Timur 23,24 (fn.69) kharãj (land tax): Seoeral - 24,26,31,35 kurga 181-182 (fn. 56), 104, 134-135: in Muslim Kwassau, ruler of 7¡ria 179 Ghâna - 591 in SonghaY -76,78-79; in Dãr Sîlã - I I l; in Masina (kharady) Laamu Diina L2Ç125; see also Diina of - 128; in Bomo - 139; in the Umarian Masina s¡a¡e - 143: in Kano - 165 (fn. 46), Lamtüna 6l (fn.2l), 62, ó5 167, 174: in the Sokoto CaliPhate - al-Lamtäni, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. .Ali 169. 173, 181, 184, l9-200; inZaria 7H0,85 - 177; in the Funj Sulønate - 210; in Lange, Dierk 133-134 Wadai - 261 Lapidus, Ira 280 kharãj-land 24, 31, 128 (ftr. 170r,172 Last, Munay 56, l?8 khidma (custom tolls; service) 106,269,n3 Launay, Robert 5, 24ç249 khums (fifih of the booty): general - 2,51, Lavers, John 134,137 7l; Almoravids - Ø,66, ó8: Bundu - læo Africanus 274 93; Masina - 127; Bomo - 139; Uma- 316 OBUGAToRY ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INT! ZAKÃT

Levtz¡on, Nehemiah 58 (fn. 3), 65, 6?-69, mawãli (convert) 24 81, 91, 134 (fn. 197), 24t246.256. al-Mãwardi t, ll, 25 (fn.74),35 (fn. 139). 266 36 (fn. 144),40 (fn. 165),48-49, 280, Lovejoy, Paul E. 179,256 (fn.92) 282-283 Lubeck, Paul 156 McDougall, E. ñn272 McHugh, Neil 2l l, 275 ma,aji (ma,aji babba) 166 measures of grain: wasq 3l-32; flã, 32, magajin rogo l7l - - 35 (fn. 38), 98, 193; rart - 32; mudd al-Maghili 70-72, 7 4, 77, 85, lÍg-t&, 246 (midd) - 32-33, 105. 108-1t0, l14, Mahadi, Abdullahi 167-16g I 16, 193,253 Mahdî 206 (fn. l),207-2OE Mæca 15,22-23 al-Mahdi, Abbasid caliph 26 Medina 15,22-23.48.88 Mahdíya 7, 36, Chapter VI Medine 146 Mahmoud, Muhammad 213 Meier, Fritz 25, 64 (fn. 8l),8l (fn. 9?) Mahmúd b. .Umar b. Muþammad Aqit 267 milk (freehold) 103 (fn. ó6) Alhaji Mahmudu Kok lB9 miskín (pl. masãkin, des¡irute) 37-3g maÌlram (charter of tax exemplion) 26, 133, Mitchison, Rosalind 47-4E 137-138.275 Moma Haji, rulerof Katagum l7Z mai bashera 187 mondio 7¿l--?5 mai gida 16ó Mori Ule Sisi 147 makajiha 97 Morocco 21, 25, 4647, 65-{f., 237 makkãsin 106 mu.ãmalãt 236 malam 166, 174, 18Ç187, 199, Z4l,243. mudd, see measures ofgrain 263_265 mudd (zakãt al-fi¡r in rhe Samori& state) Malam Hamza 174 149 malaman fada 166, 168, 265 muddu (zakãt al-fitr in Masina and in the malaman kirgi 168, 2ó5 Umarian srare) 128. 143 mala¡nan shinfida 265 mudu (grain measure in Sokoto) 193 (Mãli) Mali 9, 57, 59-41, 73, 244 mudu horma l2l mãlik al-qawwãrin, mãlik al-makkãsin, see Muþammad Ahmad 48, 205-206, 2ll2l7, abbo daadinga 232J33 Mãlik ibn Anas U-28,32 Muþammad al-Amîn al-Kanemi 134 Malik Sy E9-91 Muþammad Bello (Muhammad Balù) 2, (Islamic Mãliki school of law) 27-29. 3O 136, 159-161,262,280 (fn. 102), (fn. 3t lO4), 37,5t,6243, Muhammad Bello, ruler of Kano 174, lg9, 68,93 262 mallamari (mallemri) l3Gl4O Mutrammad Rumfa, ruler of Kano 70, 164, Mamlüks 25 (fn.7O), 4547 , 49 26t Mammadu Njaari Mben ll7 Muþammad al-Shan-f. ruler of Wadai lO7 Mamman Sani, ruler Za¡i of a 174, 176 Muþammad Shæhere, ruler of Kano 261 Mamman Yero, ruler of Zaria 179 Muþammad Nazaki, ruler of Kano 261 Mandara 1,95-99 Mubammad Zaki, ruler of Kano 261 Mansã Mäsã 6O Muhammadu Na Bimin Gwari 182 (fn. 134) Mansã Sulaymãn óO-ól Muhamman Sharefa, ruler of Kano ló5 Maraka (sg. Ma¡ka) 244, 247 Mukhrar, M. I. 158 Marty, Paul 120,251 Sîdi al-Mukhrar al-Kunrî 268 Masina 123-132, 142. 251 Mukhtasar 27 (fn. 82) maslâha 153.2E4 mukùs (sg. maks, extra,/non-Quranic taxes; Massûfa (fn. 6l 2l), 73 (fn.63l market dues) 51, ó7, 70, l0ó masu ketare 165 mulk (full properry righrs) 275 masu saraura 155, 166-167, lZ9-l8l muqãsama (tax system) 26 masu unguwa 166 Muqaddima 49 Mauretania 80, 82, 237, 269-27 3 al-Murãbitùn, see Almoravids Mauss, Marcel 14,42 murgu 128, l3l (fn. t83) INDEx 317

musbghraqú aldhiman 27 0-27 2 rayka 105 (fn. 75); see also umm úalãth¡û al-Mustamsik, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53) responsibilities: comparison between Eng- al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53) lish Poor Law and Islamic Law - 44- mutumin kirkii 25l-252 45 al-Muwatta' 27 , 35 , 37 ribã! (pl. rubu!; border/frontier fortress) 62 (fn.25), ó5 Nachtigal, Gustav l0l (fn.5ó), 102, 105 (fn. ridda I, 12, ó6 72), r08-r09, 2sr2s4, 2s9 rimaybe (slave village) 127, 128 (fn. 128), Nakæh, Yitzhak 218 r30 Nana Asma,u l, 159,240 (fn. l7), 252 (fn. rinderpest 177,228 72),262,287 Risalat al-rawl270 (fn. 16l) nagab (quantity) 19 Robers, Michael J. D.47 Nãçir al-Dîn 9, 80-85, 89, l2l Roberts, Richard 144-145 nãgir (superintendent of Muslims) 63 Robinson, Ddvid 122-123, l4l Nazjrate of lbn Y-asin 6154 rogomi l8l ngimsa 139 Rohlfs, Gerhard 265 Nicholas, Guy 264 roko 265 Nioro 144. 14ó Rosignoli 226,229 nisãb (st. nisba; minimum of goods uxable Ruf*i, Ruyyatu Ahmed 190 under zakãt) 2U29, 3l-32, 39; of ushr runji (slave village) l9l (fn. l8l) -31,105, t28,191-192 runde (slave village) 120 niya (intention) 19 Nonis, H. T.82.84 sã', see mcasures of grain Northem Nigeria Chapter V Saad, Elias 3, 7 5, 27 4-27 5 Sabra, Adam 25 (fn. 70),45 O'Fahey, R. S. 100, 103-106, ll0, 212 al-l.Iâjj Salim Stwan 244-245; see also Ohrwalder, Josef223 Suwârian ¡radition Omdurman (Umm Durman\ 36,217, 219- sadâ'a (zâkãl in Bomo) 139-140

220, 222-225, 22'1, 23V23 L sãdãga249 Osswald, Rainer 271 sadaka domin Allah 249 Ottoman Empire 25, 135 eadaqa 1,5, ll, 13-15, 17, 19-20,26,31, 35, 4t42, 57, 120, 136, 154, t86, pabe 128, 13l 202, 2tt, 239, 24t-242, 246-248, "pacific clericalism" 244 250-255, 257-261, 263-266, 272, Palmer. H. R. 172. 184. l9l 27+276,279,2E3 Park, Mungo 91 ,92 (în. 17) gadaqat al-nafl 13 peasant charity 239 gadaqat al-tagwwu' 13 Perimbam, B. Marie 247 Sãþib al-kharôj 75 philanthropy {$-{1, I Saifawa 133-134, 138, 237 Pir 121 salam (tax in Wadai) 108 Poor [aw(s) 43-45 Salma (Salama b. 'Abd Allãh), ruler of por relief 39-40,4441 Kanem 133 poverty (Hausaland) l8Gl88 Samori Ture 147-150 prayer economy 56 Sanhãja 6l (fn. 2l), ó2{3,73 (fn. 63) Prietze, Rudolf 265-266 Sanneh, Lamin 243, 250, 255 sua254 al-Qall:^b:^¡.223-224 saraka (çadaqa) 248-249, 254 alQardawi, Yusuf 15, 22, 39 sa¡kin hatsi 190 Qayrawãn ó2 sa¡kin muslimin 168 al-Qazwînî 58 sa¡kin (pl. sarakunan) noma 256 Qudama ibn la'far 39 sukin rafi l7l qudwa 245 sathka 249 Schacht, Joseph 14, 235 Rauray, R. S.254,263 Segu 142, 145 318 OBUGATORT ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INToZAKÃT

Seku Ahmadu l-obbp 123-127.n4 gul[ (treaty) 60 Senegal 8 l-83, 9È9 l, 2?5-226, 269, 273 Sunni'Ali 73-74 al-shãfi,i 19 Sunni Baru 74 Shãfi.i (Islamic school of law) 28-29, 30 Suwarian tradition 24 4 2,16, 257, 268, 286 (fn- 102), 3l (fn. 104), 35 (tu. 138), 38 al-Suyuli 69-10,75,134 (fn. 197) (fn. 153),5l shan-'a 49, 65,'10, 72, 77 , 82, 91, ll9, 125, Ta'usha222-223,225 13ó, 140, t46, 167,2t2, 2r6-2t7, Tahir, Ahmad 88 (tu. l) 235-237, 240, 247, 250, 266, 27t, tä'ibùn (toube¿n) 8l n5,283,287-2ß8 T'ãj al-ûn fi nã yajib'alõ'l-muluk 70, 159 Sha¡r/Shun Bubba 80-82 økkr-ya/tukkiya 105, 109 shartay 105 Taknlr 9, 57-58 Shaykh Sidîya 272 talâkawa (sg. talaka, commoner) 155, 166- heede hudo (grass money = kasasairam) l4O 168, 179, lE3 Shemesh, Ben 26 þlib (pl. ¡alaba, student) 68 Shendi 214 fãlibän (talibe) 141, 144, 269 shúrã (council) 48 Tanhîh al-gh$lin240 (fn. l7) Shurb al-zulöl (Shurba Ziladù 162 (fn. 38) Tanbîh al-ikhwãn 77 (fn. 8ó) Sidi Abdulkadiri, n:l.q of 7-ana 262 Tarîkh al-Fauàsh 70, 260 (fn. ll5), 27 4 SIdî Al¡mad al-Bakka,i 13l-132 Ta,rlkh al-Sûdãn 7 5 (fn. 1 1), 2æ, 267, 27 4 Sîdi Muhammad al-I(halifa 132 (fn. 184) tatawwu< (voluntary) 19 çidq (sincerity of belief) 13 lausa (land tax) ló9 (fn. 60) Sijilmasa 62.66-ó7 tawba (repentance) 82 sinMãlik 108 tåt( on livestock: djangel - 108; kafFala - Sinnar 208-209,2ll,n5 108; khidmat al-mãl - ll5; ushur - Sirãj al-ikhwan 160 (fn.30) ll5; jangali - lOE, 154, 1ó0 (fn. 29), Sissibe 91. 95 165, l7O-171,177,199; 'ushr - 2l0l slizha (tlija) 9ó wusuru - 143; zakãh - lll; zakkan Smith, M. G. lóO-(fn. 29).1&-167, l7l, shanu - 165; zakãt al-bahãyim - 115; 174 (fn.90: 92),175,179, 188-lE9 zakãt al-mãl - 212,219 (fn.5l\,225 Soares, Beniamin 5,56 Ternple. Charles L. 170 (fn. 6'6), l7l, 185 social welfare policy 45-47, 54; see also Timbuktu 3, 72J 6, 121126, 2@, 267-268, peasan¡ charity; suft charity n3-275 sofa 149 Timbuktu-koi 75 (fn. 7l) Sokoto (resion) l7l-173, l8l-182, 183 (fn. tlikse 95-9 l 38), 184-185, t98, 2ú, 265 toloram 139 Sokoto Caliphate 7-8, 54, C-trapter V Torodbe (Turudiya) 8+-91, I l7-l lE, l2l Sokoto gaisuwa 176 TratzaS2 Sokoto gandu 173 Tremeame, A. l. N. 242-U3 Songhay 3, 7, 9, 26, 69-78, 80, 85, 236, 2æ tsaka (zakãt) 98-99 Soninke 73 (1n. 63). 89, 244 Tsakkar Gida District (Kano hovince) 194, Sow Fall, Amiata 288 196 Spaulding, Jay 100-101, l0}l04, 107 tulba 214 Stewart, Charles C. 81, 236-237, 269-270. Tunjúr 100, ll0 272 Tureta District (Sokoto Province) 194 Suakin222-223,227 Turkîya 205,213-215 al-subul al-'ãdiya lO4 tusur-mondio 76 Sudan (Nilotic) Chapter VI Tymowski, Michal 75 (fn. 74), 148-149, çùñ 2, 5, 9, 45, 47,80,2l?-213,215,226, 2æ 266, 268-269, 272, 281, 2M, 287: charity - 267 Ubah, C. N. 157 Sulaymãn, ruler of Dãr Fùr 102 'ulam* (sg..ãlim, Muslim scholar) 8,27,40, Sulaymãn Baal l2l 62,73, ttg, t25. t3t-132, 135-13ó, Suleimanu, ruler of Kano 174 140, 172, 182, 215,260 (fn. I l5), 261, INDEr 319

266,274,280-2El; see also malam; trlVatts, Michael 54-55, 153, 155-157, 159, faqih 178 (fn. ll5), l8l, 185,238-239,252, 'Umar ibn ldn-s, ruler of Bomo 134 256 (fn. (fn. 'Umar ibn KhaçÍãb, second Caliph 2,22J4, Vy'estermarck, Edvard 14 16), 242 27,32, t6t,283 28) 'Umar b. Muþammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, \[¡ilks. Ivor 245,257 rulerof Bomo 134.259 Wolof 273 'Umar Il, Umayyad caliph 24 wusuru 143, 149 al-tfãjj 'Umar Tal48, 124,l4l-147 al¡Umari 60 Xoolimbine 144 Umarian (Tukoloor) Emire/State l4l-147 Usuman, ruler of Kano 174 Yaþyã ibn Ãdåm 3È31 Umaru, ruler of Sokoto 173 Yabyã ibn'Umar 60 (fn. l4), ó4, ó7 Umayyad Caliphate 24 Yaþyã ibn lbrãhim ó1,64 umm thalãthin 33, 105 Yarse244 umma48, 49 (fn. 194), 50, 285 Yemen 30 (frr. l0l) .uqi¡bã¡ 235 Yero, ruler of Zaria l7 I, 177 Usman dan Fodio ('Uthmãn ibn Fúdî) 2,48, Yola 185, 190 77 (fn.86),124, 159-160, 162-163, Yi¡suf ibn T:ashfin 60 (fn. 14), 68 240,2E1 'ushr (tithe): general - 2,24.26,30-32, 51, 7ãhir-goods 28,71,162 154; Almoravids - 64,66l' Bundu - zakã (zakãr) 105, 2l l, 229 93_95; Dãr Fûr _ 105; Wadai _ zaka¡ ci253 108-109; Futa Jallon - 120; Masina - zakar nono 253 128, 132 (fn. 189); Borno - 139; zakãr: âs charity - lÇ17,20,22; rules - collected by al-$ãjj'Uma¡ Tal - 142; 2V22. 27-36; as identification of ãs wusuru - 143,149: Sokoto Caliph- member of the umma - 23: as tax - 7, ate - 16l-162, 184-185; as ushira - 23-27; as part of the public sphere - 5; 164, 185; Kano - 165; Funj - 210; within a moral economy of salvation - Mahdiya - 216-217, 219, 230:' as 8, 55,239:. æhir and bãtin goods - 28: commodity tax - 230: Mo¡occo - 23? recipients - 3640; as Sarnpo - 39, 55, (fn. E); Eastem Beledugu - 247; to 159: financial doctrines - 5l; abolish- sûfi shaykhs 269 ment of z. - 155-159; and moral 'ushr-lând 24,31,128 (fn. l?0) economy - 5,1-55, 153; refusal of pay- ushira (death duty) 164, 185 ment-67,83,237 USûl al-siy,ãsa 161 zåkãt (variations): kudin rafi - 154, 170- 'Uthmãn ibn'AfFan. third Caliph 50 l7l, 177, lEO, 197, 199, 203; kudin shuka - 154, l7O-171, 174 (fn.92), Vicillard,G. l18 177, 180, 182, 197, 199, 203: jangali - Volta region 2214, 254-255, 263 ß4, fif172; see also zakkai zakaa tsaka; zaragh; assaka; sådaa; jakka; Wadai 7. 26. 100, l0?-l10, 260 jakko; dyaka; dyakha; diaka; farilla Wakar Bagaudal4Ù zakãt al-'aysh 212,219 (f¡..47) 'Wandala, se¿ Mandara zakãt al-'aysh al-bãb 219 (fn. 5l) lilangarawa 244 zåkãt al-badan 35 wzqaf 269 zakãt al-bahãyim 1 15 waqf (pl. awqãf, pious foundation, endow- zakãt al-fitr 33,35,61,71, 98 (fn. 47'),128, menÐ 24 (fn. 69), 30 (fn. 102),4546, t43. 149, 16l, 184, 212,216,230, l 03-l 04, t37, 238, 268, 27 +27 5 252-253 warata 139 zakãt al-bubäb 219 (fr¡.47) Wãrjãbî ibn Rãbrs, ruler of Tak¡úr 57 zakãt al-mãl 35,212,219 (fn. 5l) wasq (pl. awsãq, camel-load of grain) 3l zakãt al-nuqud 212,219 (fn.49) zakãtable we¿lth 22, 29:3 I 320 Onueeronr Autscwwc: Au lugwnr nwoT./.r.tr

z¡ldta (zaket) 14,33, 120, 154, 158, 160 (ftr. zaragh (z¡kãt) 255 291, 165-t72, 174-t75, t79-t82, Zarix t?l, l'14, 17Ç177, l8Gl8?, l9E, 184--204,238"254 2æ-20t,262 zaklca-gr*in: collection and storagc - 165- Zawãyã (sg. ZãwÐ 80 (ûr 92),82{r'.,N1, 166, 168, l?9, 182, lE5, lE9-197; 2ffi-272 embezzlemcnt and misuse - l8l-182, ãwiyaþI. uwãy-a)2 195-19& as faminc relicf - 188-191, de Zayas, Farisha 15, 36 (ûr. 146), 3840 2ol-202: as sü¡tc incomê - 2lû&.nl ? añ269 zakk¡n ¡hanu 160 (ft.29) ãaga80 7Ân1ta62,ffi1