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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Hilf dir selbst, dann hilft dir Gott!“ – Politische Präsenz und Partizipation muslimischer Frauen in Nordnigeria Verfasserin Julia Harringer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 390 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Afrikawissenschaften Betreuerin: Dr. Ingeborg Grau Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Wien, Oktober 2012 Julia Harringer 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Fragestellung, Gliederung und Quellenlage .................................................. 7 1.2. Diskurse zu Politikverständnis und politischem Handeln .......................... 11 1.3. Feministisches Bewusstsein / (Gegen-) Konzepte und Alternativen zu Feminismen - eine Annäherung .................................................................. 13 2. Entstehen und Wandel politischer Strukturen in den Hausastaaten ........ 21 2.1. Gesellschaftliche und politische Voraussetzungen für das Funktionieren eines Staates ......................................................................... 21 2.1.1. „Staat“ ................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2. Drei Dimensionen von Politik: Policy, Politics, Polity ...................... 23 2.1.3. Das Verhältnis von Politik und Gesellschaft ...................................... 25 2.2. Entstehen und Etablierung politischer Strukturen im Gebiet des heutigen Nordnigeria .................................................................................. 26 2.2.1. Die „vor-staatlichen“ Perioden ........................................................... 28 2.2.2. Mythen und Realität ........................................................................... 31 2.2.3. Charakteristika eines Hausastaates ..................................................... 38 2.3. Politik und Gesellschaft in Kano vor dem 19. Jahrhundert ........................ 40 2.3.1. Ursprungsmythen ............................................................................... 41 2.3.2. Politische und gesellschaftliche Gegebenheiten – einige Eckpfeiler ............................................................................ 42 2.3.2.1. Reformen unter Muhammad Rumfa (reg. 1463-1499) ................ 44 2.3.2.2. Maidaki Auwa .............................................................................. 46 2.3.2.3. Das Konkubinat - „politics of fertility“ und wirtschaftspolitische Schnittstelle am königlichen Hof ................................................ 49 2.4. Der Jihad unter Usman ɗan Fodio (1754-1817) und seine gesellschaftspolitischen Folgen und Auswirkungen.................................. 54 2.4.1. Das Lehren und Wirken von Nana Asma`u (1793-1864), Tochter von Usman ɗan Fodio ............................................................................... 62 3 2.4.2. Islam und Politik in Nordnigeria ........................................................ 64 2.5. Indirect Rule im Norden Nigerias .............................................................. 66 2.5.1. Die Auswirkungen von Indirect Rule auf die Emirate-Struktur ......... 67 2.5.2. Abschaffung von Sklaverei und Verbreitung der Seklusion .............. 69 2.5.3. Der Beitrag von Indirect Rule zur religionspolitischen und rechtlichen Positionierung Nigerias ................................................... 72 3. Regierungspolitik Nigerias bis zur Vierten Republik (1999) ..................... 74 3.1. Bildung von politischen Parteien vor der Unabhängigkeit ......................... 74 3.1.1. Northern People`s Congress (NPC; gegr. 1951) ................................. 75 3.1.2. Northern Elements Progressive Group (NEPU; gegr. 1950) .............. 77 3.1.3. Die Bundeswahlen (1954, 1959) ......................................................... 79 3. 2. Politische Entwicklungen seit der Unabhängigkeit 1960 .......................... 80 3.2.1. Die Unabhängigkeit Nigerias (1960) und die Gründung der Ersten Republik (1963-66) ............................................................................. 80 3.2.2. Die Wahlen von 1964 ......................................................................... 82 3.2.3. Das Scheitern der Ersten Republik...................................................... 83 3.2.4. Der Putsch von 1966 und die Machtübernahme durch das Militär ... 84 3.2.5. Vorbereitungen für die Zweite Republik ........................................... 87 3.2.5.1. National Party of Nigeria (NPN; gegr. 1978) .............................. 89 3.2.5.2. People`s Redemption Party (PRP; gegr. 1978) ............................ 90 3.2.6. Die Zweite Republik (1979-83) ......................................................... 90 3.2.7. Das Scheitern der Zweiten Republik ................................................. 92 3.2.8. Politics of Transition (1984-99) ........................................................ 93 3.2.8.1. General Ibrahim Babangida (1985-93) ........................................ 94 3.2.8.2. General Sani Abacha (1993-98).................................................... 98 3.2.8.3. Der Demokratisierungsprozess ................................................... 99 4. Politische Präsenz und Partizipation muslimischer Frauen in Nordnigeria seit der Unabhängigkeit .............................................................................. 100 4.1. Analyse von Parteiprogrammen im Hinblick auf die „Frauenfrage“ ....... 100 4.1.1. Parteiprogramme von NPC und NEPU............................................ 100 4 4.1.1.1. NPC ............................................................................................ 100 4.1.1.2. NEPU .......................................................................................... 107 4.1.2. Parteiprogramme von NPN und PRP ............................................... 112 4.1.2.1. NPN ............................................................................................ 112 4.1.2.2. PRP ............................................................................................. 116 4. 2. Handlungsräume für politisches Handeln von Frauen ............................ 120 4.2.1. Seklusion .......................................................................................... 122 4.2.2. Ausbruch aus der Seklusion ............................................................. 125 4.2.2.1. Flucht aus dem Alltag ................................................................. 126 4.2.2.2. Provokation ................................................................................. 127 4.2.2.3. Aushandeln vor Gericht .............................................................. 128 4.2.2.4. Selbstbestimmtes Leben ohne Ehe ............................................. 128 4.2.3. Ökonomie ........................................................................................ 130 4.2.3.1. Sozialpolitische Aspekte des Handels ........................................ 130 4.2.3.2. Sozialökonomische Studie in vier Dörfern im Bundesstaat Kano ........................................................................ 133 4.2.4. Religion ........................................................................................... 136 4.2.4.1. Argumentation mit Hilfe des Qur`an und der Hadithe............... 136 4.2.4.2. Genderaspekte im Bori-Kult ...................................................... 138 4.2.5. Zur politischen Rolle der Frauenorganisationen WIN und FOMWAN ....................................................................................... 140 4.2.5.1. WIN (Women in Nigeria) .......................................................... 140 4.2.5.2. FOMWAN (Federation of Muslim Women`s Associations in Nigeria) ....................................................................................... 145 5. Die Sharia-Debatte seit der Zivilregierung Nigerias (1999) ................... 153 5.1. Die Sharia-Debatte seit der Unabhängigkeit .......................................... 154 5.2. Das islamische Gericht und die Sharia im Strafrecht ............................. 157 5.3. Das Shariatsrecht – Strategiemöglichkeit für Frauen? ........................... 159 5.4. BAOBAB for Women`s Human Rights ................................................. 161 5.5. Kritik an gegenwärtigen Genderverhältnissen ....................................... 162 5 6. Conclusio ...................................................................................................... 164 7. Bibliographie................................................................................................. 168 8. Anhang .......................................................................................................... 186 8.1. Glossar....................................................................................................... 186 8.2. Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................. 188 Abstract (Deutsch) ............................................................................................. 190 Abstract
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