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Muslim and Christian Women in Dialogue: Case of Northern Nigeria

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Muslim and Christian Women in Dialogue: Case of Northern Nigeria Contents Abbreviations 9 Introduction 15 Section One Islamic and Christian Feminism 1 Muslim Women’s Movement 21 Rise and Development of Muslim Feminism until the 1970s 23 Islamist Popularity and Islamic Feminism from the 1980/90s 32 The Contributions of Contemporary Islamic Feminist Scholars 38 The Muslim Women’s Debate 46 2 Christian Feminist Theology in Comparison with Islamic Feminism 57 Secular Christian Feminism 57 Christian Feminist Theology 63 Comparison of Christian and Islamic Feminism 67 Tension between Feminist theology and Secular feminism 80 Tension between Feminist theology and the Church 81 Conclusion 86 Section Two The Context: Northern Nigeria Section Three Women in Interreligious Dialogue 3 Development of Islam and Christianity in Northern Nigeria 89 7 Interreligious Dialogue in Northern Nigeria 247 Development of Islam in Northern Nigeria until 1960 89 Dialogue in community/Dialogue of life 248 Development of Christianity in Northern Nigeria until Spiritual dialogue 249 1960 105 Parliamentary dialogue 250 Political Developments from Independence to date Initiatives of Faith-based bodies 253 (1960–2005) 111 Dialogue of action/Dialogue in praxis 261 Religious Revivalism since Independence in 1960 127 Conclusion 269 Muslim-Christian Conflict in Nigeria 132 Conclusion 142 8 Towards a Women’s Liberative Interreligious Dialogue 271 The relevance of Theology to Interreligious Dialogue 271 4 Development of a Secular Women’s Movement in Nigeria Theological responses to Religious Pluralism and their with an Overview of Women’s Primary Concerns 143 relevance 273 Development of the Women’s Movement 143 Insights of Feminist Theologies for Theologies of Religions 290 Areas of Concern to women 151 A Feminist–Ethical Response to Religious Pluralism 305 Conclusion 162 Application of a feminist–ethical approach to religious pluralism in Nigeria 307 5 Muslim Women’s Discourse in Northern Nigeria 163 Beyond the Nigerian case-study – Some added reflections 336 Muslim Sisters Organization (MSO) 163 Conclusion 342 Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN) 166 Bibliography 345 TheShari`a Debate 199 Conclusion 214 Appendices 379 6 Christian Women’s Discourse in Northern Nigeria 215 Glossary of Arabic and Hausa Terms 443 Women’s Fellowships in the Christian Churches 215 Christian-Based Women’s NGOs 226 Index 445 Areas of Concern for Christian women 227 Women Theologians 241 Christian Women and the Inculturation of the Gospel 243 Conclusion 244 Abbreviations To my parents AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis Joe and Annie ABU Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria ACMMRN Association of Christian and Muslim Mutual Relations in Nigeria, initiated by the LCCN in 1993 AG Ad Gentes Divinitus AIC African Instituted (Independent) Churches BAOBAB A women’s human rights NGO founded in Nigeria in 1996 having evolved from a WLUML research project on Women and Law carried out in Nigeria BFA Beijing Platform for Action, introduced after the 4th World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 BLP Better Life Programme for Rural Women, a first- lady programme introduced in Nigeria by Maryam Babangida in 1987 to further the self-development of rural women BUK Bayero University Kano, Nigeria CAN Christian Association of Nigeria, an ecumenical body formed in 1976 CBCN Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Nigeria CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women. An international human rights treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979 and entered into force in September 1981. Ratified by Nigeria in 1985 CILS Centre for Islamic Legal Studies, ABU, Zaria CMS Church Missionary Society 10 Abbreviations Abbreviations 11 COCIN Church of Christ in Nigeria – the largest of the churches JNI/AID/WW Women’s wing of the Aid department of the JNI (the originating from the SUM mission in Nigeria only women’s wing in the JNI) CSID Centre for the Study of Islam and Democracy LCCN Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria CSN Catholic Secretariat of Nigeria MBPP Middle Belt People’s Party, a Christian political party CWO Catholic Women’s Organization, founded in the east- formed in the mid-1950s ern and western provinces of Nigeria between 1962 and MCDF Muslim Christian Dialogue Forum, Kaduna, Nigeria 1964 (also known as the IFMC) CWSI Centre for Women’s Studies and Intervention, NGO MD Mulieris Dignitatem founded in 1999 by the Handmaids of the Holy Child MSO Muslim Sister’s Organization, Nigeria, founded in Jesus to empower and uplift the status of women in Kano in 1976/77 society MSS Muslim Students’ Society, founded in southern Nigeria DFID Department for International Development, British in 1954 Council, Nigeria MU Mothers’ Union, Anglican Communion, founded in DP Dialogue and Proclamation England in 1876 EA Ecclesia in Africa MULAC Muslim League for Accountability, founded in Kaduna, EATWOT Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians Nigeria in 1999 to fight corruption and promote ECWA Evangelical Church of West Africa – born from the transparency, accountability and good governance in SIM mission. The name ECWA was formulated in member Islamic organizations. 1954 MZL Middle Zone League, a political party led by Christians EFU Egyptian Feminist Union, founded in 1923 in the Middle Belt of Nigeria, formed in 1951 EN Evangelii Nuntiandi NA Nostra Aetate ES Ecclesiam Suam NCA Northern Christian Association, formed in 1964 FGM Female Genital Mutilation NCCWO National Council of Catholic Women’s Organization, FOMWAN Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria, founded in Nigeria in 1975 (commonly called founded in 1985 CWO) FSP Family Support Programme, a first-lady programme NCWR National Council of Women Religious, Nigeria introduced in Nigeria by Maryam Abacha in 1994 to NCWS National Council of Women’s Societies, Nigeria, empower women in society founded in 1958, evolved from the FNWS IAW International Alliance of Women NDHS Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey IFMC Inter-faith Mediation Centre, Kaduna, Nigeria (also NEPU Northern Element Progressive Union, formed in 1950, known as the MCDF) led by Aminu Kano JMA Jam’iyyar Matan Arewa (Association of Northern NGO Non-Governmental Organization Women), formed in 1963 NIREC Nigerian Interreligious Council established with the JNI Jama’atu Nasril Islam (Society for the Victory of Islam), support of the Federal Government in 1999 founded by Ahmadu Bello in 1962 12 Abbreviations Abbreviations 13 NPC Northern People’s Congress (Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa) beginning of the Catholic Church in Northern Nigeria. formed in 1949, led by Ahmadu Bello Founded in France in 1856 NPN National Party of Nigeria, political party which evolved SUM Sudan United Mission, formed in England in 1904 from the NPC in preparation for the 1979 general elec- by Dr. Karl Kumm, present in Northern Nigeria since tions. Led by Shehu Shagari 1904 NPW National Policy on Women, adopted in Nigeria in TEKAN Tarayyar Ekklesiyoyyin Kristi a Nigeria (Fellowship 2000 of the Churches of Christ in Nigeria) – fellowship of NSCIA Nigerian Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs (also twelve churches which claim their origins to the SUM referred to as SCIA) mission in Northern Nigeria OIC Organization of Islamic Conference UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 OLA Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Apostles – partners UMBC United Middle Belt Congress, a Northern Christian’s with the SMA Fathers; first female Catholic Religious political party formed in 1955, uniting the MZL and in Northern Nigeria. Founded in France in 1876 the MBPP PROCMURA Project of Christian Muslim Relations in Africa, evolved UN United Nations from the Islam in Africa Project of the Anglican UNDP United Nations Development Programme Communion UNDS United Nations Development System PRP People’s Redemption Party, political party which UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund evolved in Nigeria from the NEPU in preparation for UPE Universal Primary Education scheme launched by the the 1979 general elections. Nigerian Government in 1976 PT Pacem in Terris USAID United States Agency for International RMi Redemptoris Missio Development SAA Situation Assessment and Analysis, a UN programme VVF Vesico-vaginal fistula of research on development WACOL Women’s Aid Collective, an NGO founded in Nigeria SAP Structural Adjustment Programme – the International in 1997 to protect women’s rights Monetary Fund and World Bank inspired economic WARDC Women Advocates Research and Documentation programme introduced in Nigeria in 1986. It was intro- Centre, Lagos duced in approx. thirty African countries around this WF Women’s Fellowship – found in most Christian churches same period. in Nigeria SCIA Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs, founded in Nigeria WG Women’s Guild, Anglican Communion, founded in in 1977 (also known as NSCIA) Nigeria in 1921 SCSN Supreme Council on Shari`a in Nigeria WIN Women in Nigeria, a feminist NGO founded in 1983 SIM Sudan Interior Mission – first came to Northern Nigeria WLUML Women Living Under Muslim Laws, an international in 1902 NGO founded in 1984 to protect the rights of Muslim SMA Society of African Missions – the opening of their first women under the shari`a mission in Shendam, Plateau State in 1907, marks the 14 Abbreviations WMU Women’s Missionary Union, Baptist Church, Nigeria, Introduction founded in 1919 WOCON Women’s Consortium of Nigeria, a group of research NGOs in Nigeria concerned with the promotion and protection of women’s rights WOLF Women Opinion Leaders Forum, founded in Kaduna While
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