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Home , Battle of the Camel, Kindah, Qays, Taghlib

glossary 1 Early Orators

This chronological list offers dates and brief biographies for all Arabic orators from the early, oral period mentioned in the present volume.1

ʿAbdallāh ibn al-ʿAbbās (d. 68/686), Muḥammad’s cousin, and ʿAlī’s cousin, governor and strong supporter, prolific hadith narrator and scholar cited in both Sunni and Shiʿi sources. ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Ahtam (d. after 99/717), ascetic preacher, admonished the Umayyad caliph ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿĀmir (or ʿAmr) al-Ḥaḍramī (d. 38/658), supporter of Muʿāwiyah, tried to wrest from ʿAlī’s governor. ʿAbdallāh ibn Badīl (d. after 37/657), chieftain of the Khuzāʿah tribe, among ʿAlī’s sup- porters at Ṣiffīn. ʿAbdallāh ibn Jaʿfar (d. after 80/699), ʿAlī’s nephew, son-in-law, and supporter. ʿAbdallāhibnMuṭīʿal-ʿAdawī (d. 73/692), Ibn al-Zubayr’s tax collector in , key player in Medinan revolt against Umayyads. ʿAbdallāh ibnWahb al-Rāsibī (d. 38/658), Khārijite leader from Bajīlah tribe, killed fight- ing against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. ʿAbdallāh ibn Yaḥyā al-Ibāḍī al-Kindī (d. after 129/747), Khārijite commander, con- quered parts of . ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Zubayr (d. 73/692), son of Companion Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, claimant to the , controlled the Ḥijāz and for a decade, often referred to as Ibn al-Zubayr. ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 86/705), Umayyad caliph. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (d. ca. 579AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of , Muḥammad’s paternal grandfather. ʿAbd Rabbih al-Ṣaghīr (d. after 75/694), Azraqī Khārijite leader. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (d. 172/788), Umayyad prince who set up the dynasty’s rule in Spain. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (d. ca. 31/652), early Muslim convert from Quraysh, supporter of Abū Bakr, one of the Shūrā Council. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Shurayḥ (d. after 66/686), supporter of Mukhtār’s pro-ʿAlid Kufan revolt.

1 Information on these orators has been culled from multiple sources, including EI2, EI3, EIr, medieval biographical dictionaries, and a variety of online searches.

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Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī (d. 52/672), Companion of the Prophet and supporter of ʿAlī, took part in the conquest of Egypt and later in Muʿāwiyah’s expedition against Con- stantinople. Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh (or ibn Muḥammad) (d. after 100/719), Umayyad governor of . Abū Bakr ibn Abī Quḥāfah (13/23), Muḥammad’s father in-law (father of ʿĀʾishah), first of the four Sunni caliphs. Abū l-Dardāʾ al-Anṣārī (32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, “brother” to Salmān al- Fārisī, Qurʾan reciter and judge of . Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, Jundub ibn Junādah (d. ca. 32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, ʿAlī’s strong supporter, ascetic preacher, exiled by ʿUthmān to Rabadhah. Abū Ḥamzah al-Shārī (d. 130/748), Khārijite commander of the tribe, native of Basra, occupied and Medina. Abū l-Haytham Mālik ibn al-Tīhān (d. 37/657), early Companion of Muḥammad from the Allies, supporter of ʿAlī who fought with him, killed at Ṣiffīn. AbūLahab (d. 2/624), Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and enemy, consigned by the Qurʾan with his wife to hellfire. Abū Mūsā l-Ashʿarī (d. after 40/660), appointed governor of Basra by ʿUmar, took part in the conquest of Iraq, arbiter from ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, moved to depose his master ʿAlī. Abū l-Sarāyā l-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī (200/815), Zaydī revolt leader in Kufa in 199/815, under the command of Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Ṭabāṭabā. Abū Sufyān ibn al-Ḥarb (d. 32/653), of the Umayyad clan, leader of the Quraysh against Muḥammad, converted to when the Muslims conquered Mecca, participated in Syrian conquests, Muʿāwiyah’s father. AbūṬālibibnʿAbdal-Muṭṭalib (d. 620AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of Quraysh, ʿAlī’s father, Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and foster-father, protected him in Mecca. Abū ʿUbaydah ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 17/638), Muḥammad’s Companion, played an important part in the election of Abū Bakr, commander in the conquest of . Abū Zaynab ibn ʿAwf (d. 36/657), of the Azd tribe, killed fighting for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. ʿAdī ibn Ḥātim (d. 68/687), son of the celebrated poet Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī, supporter of ʿAlī. Aḥnaf ibn (d. 72/691), chieftain of the tribe of Tamīm and resident of Basra, born before Islam, lived to an old age and garnered a reputation for sagacity; fought on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, later allied with the Umayyads to fight against the Khārijites and Shiʿites. ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr (d. 58/678), wife of Muḥammad and daughter of Abū Bakr, led forces against ʿAlī at the . ʿĀʾishah bint ʿUthmān (d. after 41/662), daughter of the third Sunni caliph, also com- posed poetry. Aktham ibn Ṣayfī (d. 9/630), Tamīmī judge known for wise testaments, preached in the pre-Islamic period and lived to embrace Islam.

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ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661), Muḥammad’s cousin and son-in-law, first male to accept Islam, first Shiʿa Imam and fourth Sunni caliph. ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn (d. 95/713), known by the epithets Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (ornament of wor- shippers) and Sajjād (one who constantly bows down in prayer), Shiʿa Imam follow- ing his father, Ḥusayn, present at Karbala, ill, did not take part in the fighting. ʿĀmir ibn Wāthilah al-Kinānī, Abū Ṭufayl (d. 100/718), Kufan poet and orator, of the Kinānah tribe, standard-bearer for ʿAlī, supporter of Mukhtār, reputedly the last of the Prophet’s Companions to die. ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir (d. 37/657), Companion of the Prophet and strong supporter of ʿAlī, killed at Ṣiffīn. ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ (d. ca. 42/663), Muʿāwiyah’s main advisor at Ṣiffīn, earlier commander of the Islamic conquest of Egypt for ʿUmar, and later governor there for the Umayyads. ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm (d. 584AD), pre-Islamic orator of pious counsel, muʿallaqah poet and chieftain of . ʿAmr ibn Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ al-Ashdaq (d. 70/689), Umayyad governor and general. ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. ca. 50/670), ʿAlī’s brother, who was vocal in his support for him but accepted sponsorship from Muʿāwiyah. Ashʿath ibn Qays (d. 40/661), Kufan noble of the tribe among those who revolted at the death of the Prophet, later repented and fought at Yarmūk; among those who fought on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, he was instrumental in forcing ʿAlī to accept the Arbi- tration and Abū Mūsā as Arbiter. Ashtar, see Mālik ibn al-Ḥārith al-Ashtar ʿĀṣim ibn ʿAmr (d. after 14/635), Tamīmī chieftain who played an active role during the Muslim conquest of Persia. ʿAttāb ibn Warqāʾ al-Riyāḥī (d. 77/696), Umayyad commander in Iraq under Ḥajjāj. ʿAwf ibn Rabīʿah (fl. late 6th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer of the Asad tribe. Ayyūb ibn al-Qirriyyah (d. 84/703), a whose eloquence became proverbial, sup- ported Ibn al-Ashʿath against Ḥajjāj, executed. Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays al-Fihrī (d. 64/684), Muʿāwiyah’s commander, active at Ṣiffīn and in its aftermath. Dāʾūd ibn ʿAlī (d. 133/751), uncle of the first Abbasid caliph, Saffāḥ, governor of Mecca and Medina. Dhū l-Kalāʿ al-Ḥimyarī (d. 37/656), Muʿāwiyah’s general, who was killed at Ṣiffīn. Faḍl ibn ʿĪsā (fl. before 132/750), late Umayyad orator. Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ bint Muḥammad (d. 11/632), Muḥammad’s daughter, ʿAlī’s wife, and mother of the Shiʿa Imams Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. Ḥafṣah bint ʿUmar (d. ca. 45/665), daughter of the second Sunni caliph ʿUmar, and wife of the Prophet Muḥammad. Ḥājib ibn Zurārah (d. ca. 620AD), pre-Islamic chieftain of the Dārim clan of Tamīm. Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf al-Thaqafī (d. 95/714), Umayyad governor of Iraq.

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Ḥamzah ibn Sinān al-Asadī (d. 39/659), Khārijite leader killed fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. Hāniʾ ibn Qubayṣah al-Shaybānī (d. early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic chieftain of Bakr ibn Wāʾil, fought at Dhū Qār. Ḥanẓalah ibn al-Rabīʿ al-Tamīmī (d. after 38/658), fought for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. Harim ibn Quṭbah ibn Sinān al-Fazārī (fl. early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic chieftain. Ḥārith ibn Kaʿb (fl. 6th c. AD), Christian martyr from the Ḥārithid clan of Najrān. Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 110/728), pro-Umayyad Qadarī ascetic and preacher. Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī (d. 50/670), grandson of the Prophet, Shiʿa Imam following his father, ʿAlī, caliph succeeding his father in Kufa for a few months, abdicated. Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf (d. ca. 497AD), Muḥammad’s paternal great-grandfather, cus- todian of the sanctuary in Mecca, who travelled to Syria to trade, died in Gaza. Hāshim ibn ʿUtbah al-Mirqāl (d. 37/656), tribal chieftain of Kufa, nephew of the Prophet’s Companion Saʿd ibn AbīWaqqāṣ, one of ʿAlī’s prominent supporters, killed at Ṣiffīn Ḥayyān ibn Ẓabyān al-Sulamī (d. 58/678), Khārijite leader wounded fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān and pardoned, killed by Umayyad forces while leading a revolt in Kufa. Ḥubāb ibn al-Mundhir al-Anṣārī (d. bet. 13/634 and 23/644), of the Medinan Khazraj tribe, after the Prophet’s death he proposed there be a leader from the Allies and from the Emigrants. Ḥudhayfah ibn al-Yamān al-ʿAbsī al-Ghaṭafānī al-Qaysī (d. 36/656), Companion of the Prophet and staunch supporter of ʿAlī, took part in the conquest of Iraq, and ʿUmar appointed him governor of Madāʾin. Ḥujr ibn ʿAdī (d. 40/660), Kufan noble of the Kindah tribe, staunch supporter of ʿAlī, fought with him at the Battle of the Camel and at Ṣiffīn, challenged Umayyad curs- ing of ʿAlī, tortured by Ziyād and executed by Muʿāwiyah. Ḥurqūṣ ibn Zuhayr al-Saʿdī (d. 36/657), Khārijite leader of the Bajīlah tribe, killed fight- ing against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. Ḥurr ibnYazīd (d. 61/680), Kufan noble from the Tamīm tribe, killed fighting for Ḥusayn at Karbala, earlier commander in the Kufan army against Ḥusayn. Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (d. 61/680), Muḥammad’s grandson, Shiʿa Imam following his brother Ḥasan, killed by the Umayyads at Karbala, famous in Shiʿa lore as “Prince of Martyrs” (sayyid al-shuhadāʾ). Ibn al-Ashʿath al-Kindī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad (d. 85/704), grandson of Ashʿath ibn Qays, erstwhile Umayyad commander who revolted against Ḥajjāj at Dayr al-Jamājim. Ibn Masʿūd, ʿAbdallāh (d. ca. 32/652), early Companion of the Prophet, of Bedouin ori- gin, Qurʾan reciter and hadith transmitter. Ibn al-Zubayr, see ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Zubayr. Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ashtar (d. 72/691), fought with his father on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, one of

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Mukhtār’s commanders in his insurgency against the Umayyads to exact vengeance for Ḥusayn, killed ʿUbaydallāh ibn Ziyād. ʿIkrishah bint al-Aṭash (d. after 40/661), among ʿAlī’s supporters, gave speech urging her tribesmen to fight at Ṣiffīn. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (d. 148/765), Shiʿa Imām, great-grandson of Ḥusayn, lived in Medina, revered also by Sunni Muslims for his learning and piety. Jarīr ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Bajalī (d. after 55/675), converted to Islam shortly before Muḥam- mad’s death, settled in Kufa, ʿAlī’s emissary to Muʿāwiyah in the lead-up to Ṣiffīn, later his governor in Hamadhan. KaʿbibnLuwayy (b. ca. 305AD), Meccan noble of Quraysh, Muḥammad’s 7th-generation forebear. Kathīr ibn Shihāb al-Ḥārithī (d. after 61/680), pro-Umayyad Kufan noble, served Ziyād against ʿAlī’s supporter Ḥujr, and served ʿUbaydallāh against Ḥusayn’s emissary Mus- lim ibn ʿAqīl. Khālid ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Qaṣrī (d. 126/744), Umayyad governor in Mecca and Iraq. Khālid ibn Muʿammar al-Shaybānī (d. after 37/657), chieftain of the Rabīʿah tribe, among ʿAlī’s supporters at Ṣiffīn. Khālid ibn Saʿd ibn Nufayl (d. 65/684), a leader of the Kufan Penitents, killed fighting the Umayyads, seeking vengeance for the killing of Ḥusayn. Khālid ibn Ṣafwān (d. 135/752), homiletic orator of Basra, of the Minqarī clan of Tamīm, companion of the Umayyad caliphs ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and Hishām. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (d. 21/642), Meccan of Makhzūm clan of Quraysh, lauded by Sunnis for his prominent role in the conquests of Iraq and Syria, condemned by the Shiʿa for his antagonism toward ʿAlī. Khanthar ibn ʿUbaydah (d. after 36/657), from the Muḥārib tribe, wounded fighting for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn, later withdrew support. Mālik ibn al-Ḥārith al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī (d. ca. 37/658), tribal chieftain of the Madhḥij tribe of Kufa, one of ʿAlī’s strongest supporters, sent as governor to Egypt, where he was said to have been poisoned at Muʿāwiyah’s behest; earlier, among the group who called for ʿUthmān’s resignation. Mālik ibn Namaṭ (d. after 9/631), poet and orator who came with the tribal delegation of Hamdān in 9/631 from Yemen to Medina and accepted Islam. Maʾmūn (d. 218/833), Abbasid caliph. Maʾmūn al-Ḥārithī (fl. early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic orator of pious counsel. Manṣūr, Abū l-Dawānīq (d. 158/775), Abbasid caliph. Muʿādhibnal-Jabal (d. 18/639), Medinan from the clan of Salamah ibn Saʿd who pledged allegiance at ʿAqabah, learned man, sent by Muḥammad toYemen,later participated in the Syrian conquest and died of the plague. Muʿādh ibn Juwayn al-Ṭāʾī al-Sinbisī (d. 58/678), Khārijite leader, wounded fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān and pardoned, killed by Umayyad forces while participat- ing in Ḥayyān ibn Ẓabyān’s revolt in Kufa.

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Muʿāwiyah (d. 60/680), first Umayyad caliph, led the Syrian forces against ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah (d. bet. 48/668 and 51/671), of the Thaqīf tribe of Ṭāʾif, known as a “man of cunning” (dāhiyah), governor of Basra for ʿUmar, and for Muʿāwiyah in Kufa. Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdallāh (d. 11/632), Prophet of Islam. Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (d. ca. 38/658), Abū Bakr’s son and ʿAlī’s ward, served briefly as his governor in Egypt before he was captured and killed by Muʿāwiyah’s governor, ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyyah (d. 81/700), son of ʿAlī and half-brother of Ḥasan and Ḥusayn; Mukhtār called his rebellion in Iraq in Ibn al-Ḥanafiyyah’s name. Mukhtār al-Thaqafī (d. 67/687), leader of revolt seeking vengeance for Ḥusayn’s killing, claimed to be representative of Ibn al-Ḥanafiyyah. Muṣʿab ibn al-Zubayr (d. 72/691), son of the Companion Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, brother of the claimant to the caliphate ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Zubayr and his commander in Iraq. Musayyab ibn Najabah al-Fazārī (d. 65/684), a leader of the Kufan Penitents, killed fighting the Umayyads, seeking vengeance for the killing of Ḥusayn. Muslim ibn ʿUbays (d. after 65/685), commander for Ibn al-Zubayr who fought against the Azraqī Khārijites in Iraq and . Muslim ibn ʿUqbah (d. 63/683), of the Murrah tribe, Umayyad commander at the Battle of Ḥarrah in Medina. Mustawrid ibn ʿUllifah al-Taymī (d. 43/664), Kufan noble and Khārijite leader wounded while fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān and pardoned, killed in Iraq while fighting the Umayyads. Muṭarrif ibn Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah (d. 77/ 697), Umayyad governor of Madāʾin, allied with the Khārijites and fought against the Umayyads, defeated and killed by Ḥajjāj. Nāʾilah bint al-Farāfiṣah (d. after 35/655), wife of the third Sunni caliph, ʿUthmān, who, after her husband’s assassination, sent his bloodied shirt to Muʿāwiyah urging vengeance. Nuʿmān ibn Bashīr (d. 65/684), son of Bashīr ibn Saʿd al-Anṣārī, supporter of Muʿāwiyah at Ṣiffīn, Umayyad governor in Kufa. Nuʿmān ibn Mundhir (d. 602AD), last Lakhmid king of Ḥīrah, vassal of the Persian emperor, panegyrized by the famous muʿallaqah poet Nābighah al-Dhubyānī. Qaḥṭabah ibn Shabīb al-Ṭāʾī (d. 132/749), Abbasid revolt commander in Khurasan. Qaṭarī ibn al-Fujāʾah (d. ca. 79/698), of the Tamīm tribe, last Azraqī Khārijite leader. Qays ibn Mushir (d. 60/680), Kufan noble of the Ṣaydāʾ clan of Asad, Ḥusayn’s emissary to Kufa, executed by ʿUbaydallāh ibn Ziyād. Qays ibn Saʿd (d. ca. 59/678), son of the Prophet’s Companion Saʿd ibn ʿUbādah al- Anṣārī, ʿAlī’s governor in Egypt and supporter at Ṣiffīn. Quss ibn Sāʿidah al-Iyādī (d. ca. 600AD), of Najrān, pre-Islamic preacher, Christian

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bishop or Abrahamic monotheist, model of eloquence and wisdom, whose famous ʿUkāẓ sermon was witnessed and praised by Muḥammad. Qutaybah ibn Muslim al-Bāhilī (d. 96/715), Umayyad commander who fought the Sogh- dians for the Umayyads in Khurasan, then revolted against the Umayyads. Rashīd, Hārūn al- (d. 193/809), Abbasid caliph. Rawḥ ibn Zinbāʿ al-Judhāmī (d. 84/703), Umayyad commander prominent in the fight against Ibn al-Zubayr. Rifāʿah ibn Shaddād al-Bajalī (d. 66/685), Kufan chieftain, ʿAlī’s judge in Ahwaz, fought with him at the Battle of the Camel and Ṣiffīn, where he was his tribe’s standard bearer, killed fighting in Mukhtār’s revolt to avenge Ḥusayn. Riyāḥ ibn ʿUthmān al-Murrī (d. after 145/763), Abbasid governor of Medina under Manṣūr, his father ʿUthmān ibn Ḥayyān was governor of Medina under the Umayyad caliph Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik. Ruḥaymah bint ʿAẓamah (fl. 6th c. AD), Christian martyr from the Ḥārithid clan of Najrān. Ṣabrah ibn Shaymān al-Azdī (d. after 40/661), leader of the Azd against ʿAlī in the Battle of the Camel, later urged his Azdī tribesmen in Basra to support Muʿāwiyah. Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ (d. bet. 50/670 and 58/677), Companion of the Prophet, com- mander of the Arab armies during the conquest of Iraq, one of the Shūrā council, remained “neutral” in the conflict between ʿAlī and Muʿāwiyah. Saʿd ibn Ḥudhayfah (65/685), son of the Prophet’s Companion Ḥudhayfah ibn al- Yamān, a leader of the Kufan Penitents killed fighting the Umayyads seeking ven- geance for the killing of Ḥusayn. Saffāḥ (d. 136/754), first Abbasid caliph. Ṣafiyyah bint Hishām al-Minqariyyah (d. after 72/691), paternal cousin of the Tamīmī chieftain Aḥnaf ibn al-Qays. Saḥbān ibn Zufar (fl. early 7th c. AD), of the tribe of Wāʾil, proverbial pre-Islamic orator who lived to embrace Islam. Sahl ibn Ḥunayf al-Anṣārī (d. 38/658), of the Medinan Aws tribe, ʿAlī’s governor in Med- ina. Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ (d. 59/678), from the Umayyad clan, ʿUthmān’s governor of Kufa and Muʿāwiyah’s governor of Medina. Saʿīd ibn Qays (d. after 39/660), of the Hamdān tribe, ʿAlī’s supporter, fought for him at Ṣiffīn. Ṣāliḥ ibn Musarriḥ (d. 76/695), Iraqi of the Tamīm tribe, commander of the Ṣufriyyah Khārijites. Ṣaʿṣaʿah ibn Ṣūḥān (d ca. 56/676), from the ʿAbd al-Qays tribe of , devoted sup- porter of ʿAlī who fought in all his battles, exiled by Muʿāwiyah to Bahrain. Sawād ibn Qārib al-Dawsī (fl. 6th or 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer. Shabīb ibn Shaybah (d. ca. 162/778), Basran of the Minqarī clan of Tamīm, homiletic orator.

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Shabīb ibn Yazīd al-Shaybānī (d. ca. 77/697), from , commander of the Ṣufriyyah Khārijites after Ṣāliḥ ibn Musarriḥ. Shaddād ibn Aws al-Ṭāʾī (d. 58/677), son of the Companion Aws ibn Thābit al-Anṣārī, nephew of the Prophet’s poet Ḥassān ibn Thābit, governor of for ʿUmar, migrated to Jerusalem, refused Muʿāwiyah’s command to curse ʿAlī. Shaymān ibn ʿUkayf al-Azdī (d. after 38/659), Basran of the Azd tribe, absent from the Battle of the Camel (where his son Ṣabrah led the Azd against ʿAlī), urged his tribes- men to support ʿAlī and reject Muʿāwiyah’s emissary. Shurayḥ ibn Awfā al-ʿAbsī (d. 37/657), Khārijite commander killed fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. Suhayl ibn ʿAmr al-ʿĀmirī (d. after 15/636), a Quraysh leader, fought against Muḥam- mad, captured at Badr and pardoned, converted to Islam after the Muslim , participated in the Battle of Yarmūk, migrated to Jerusalem. Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 99/715), Umayyad caliph. Sulaymān ibn Ṣurad (d. 65/685), leader of the Penitents, who sought vengeance for the killing of Ḥusayn and were killed en masse by the Umayyad army at ʿAyn al-Wardah. Ṭahfah ibn Abī Zuhayr (d. after 9/631), orator who came with the tribal delegation of Nahd in 9/631 to Medina and accepted Islam. Ṭalḥah ibn ʿUbaydallāh (d. 35/656), of the Taym clan of Quraysh, Companion of the Prophet, took part in the conquest of Syria and Egypt, one of the Shūrā Council, killed leading the fight against ʿAlī in the Battle of the Camel. Ṭarīfat al-Khayr (fl. late 6th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer from Yemen, predicted the destruction of Maʾrib. Ṭarīf ibn al-ʿĀṣī al-Dawsī (fl. late 6th c. AD), pre-Islamic chieftain, grandfather of the Prophet’s Companion, Ṭufayl ibn ʿAmr. Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (d. after 95/714), Umayyad Berber commander, conquered Spain in 92/711. Thābit ibn Qays ibn al-Shammās al-Anṣārī (d. 11/632), of the Ḥārith clan of Khazraj, killed at the Battle of Yamāmah fighting for the Muslims in the so-called Wars of . ṬulayḥahibnKhuwaylidal-Asadī (d. 21/642), soothsayer and chieftain of the Faqʿas tribe of Asad in pre-Islamic times, claimed to be a prophet, defeated in the so-called Wars of Apostasy, repented during the caliphate of ʿUmar, fought on the Muslim side at in Iraq and Iran, killed in the Battle of Nahāwand. ʿUbādah ibn al-Ṣāmit al-Anṣārī (d. 34/655), of the Khazraj tribe of Medina, Muḥam- mad’s Companion who pledged allegiance at ʿAqabah, one of the main commanders in the conquest of Egypt, migrated to Jerusalem. ʿUbaydallāh ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Murrī (d. 65/684), one of the leaders of the Kufan Peni- tents, killed fighting the Umayyads seeking vengeance for the killing of Ḥusayn. ʿUbaydallāh ibn Ziyād (d. 67/686), son of Ziyād ibn Abīhī, Umayyad governor of Kufa

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and Basra, organized the killing of Ḥusayn at Karbala, himself killed in Mukhtār’s rebellion. ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (d. 101/720), Umayyad caliph. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (d. 23/644), of the ʿAdī clan of Quraysh, second of the four Sunni caliphs, major Muslim conquests took place during his reign. Umm al-Khayr (d. after 40/661), daughter of Ḥuraysh ibn Surāqah ibn Mirdās al-Bāriqī, among ʿAlī’s supporters, gave speech urging her tribesmen to fight at Ṣiffīn. Umm Kulthūm (d. after 61/681), granddaughter of the Prophet, daughter of ʿAlī and Fāṭimah, accompanied her brother Ḥusayn to Karbala. ʿUṭarid ibn Ḥājib ibn Zurārah (d. after 9/631), son of the chieftain of the Dārim clan of Tamīm, came with the tribal delegation of Tamīm in 9/631 to Medina and accepted Islam. ʿUtbahibnAbīSufyān (d. ca. 44/665), Muʿāwiyah’s brother, Umayyad governor in Mecca, then Egypt. ʿUtbah ibn Ghazwān (d. 17/638), of the Māzin tribe, Companion of the Prophet, ʿUmar’s commander in the conquest of Iraq, built the mosque and governor’s house in Basra. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (d. 35/655), of the Umayyad clan of Quraysh, third of the four Sunni caliphs, major Muslim conquests took place during his reign, later accused of nepo- tism and killed by a group of Muslims. ʿUthmān ibn Ḥayyān al-Murrī (d. after 104/723), Umayyad governor of Medina, com- mander in the raid on Caesaria. ʿUzzā Salimah (or Salamah) ibn Abī Ḥayyah (fl. 6th or 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer. Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 96/715), Walīd I, Umayyad caliph. Walīd ibn ʿUqbah (d. 61/680), of the Umayyad clan, son of the pagan ʿUqbah killed at Badr, half-brother of ʿUthmān, who appointed him governor of Kufa, removed from office because of his licentious behavior and wine-drinking, supported Muʿāwiyah against ʿAlī. Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ (d. 131/748), theologian, student of Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, reportedly left his cir- cle and became the founder of the Muʿtazilites. Yazīd ibn Anas al-Asadī (d. 66/685), a commander in Mukhtār’s uprising to avenge Ḥusayn. Yazīd ibn Asad al-Bajalī (d. after 37/657), chief of the Bajīlah tribe in Syria, fought on Muʿāwiyah’s side at Ṣiffīn. Yazīd ibn ʿĀṣim al-Muḥāribī (d. 37/657), Khārijite who challenged ʿAlī in Kufa and was presumably killed at Nahrawān. Yazīdibn Muʿāwiyah (d. 64/683),Yazīd I, Umayyad caliph, ordered the killing of Ḥusayn. Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab ibn Abī Ṣufrah (d. 102/720), Umayyad governor of Khurasan, rebelled against the Umayyads. Yazīd ibn Qays al-Arḥabī (d. after 37/657), fought for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn and Nahrawān, appointed governor of Rayy, Hamadhan, and Isfahan.

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Yazīd ibn al-Walīd (d. 126/744), Yazīd III, Umayyad caliph. Yūsuf ibn ʿUmar al-Thaqafī (d. 127/745), Umayyad governor in Yemen then Iraq, sup- pressed the uprising of Zayd ibn ʿAlī and killed him. Zabrāʾ (fl. late 6th c. or early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer of the Banū Riʾām tribe. Ẓabyān ibn Ḥaddād (d. after 9/631), orator who came with the tribal delegation of Mad- hḥij in 9/631 to Medina and accepted Islam. Zāʾidah ibn Qudāmah (d. 76/696), of Thaqīf, Umayyad commander sent by Ḥajjāj to fight the Khārijite Shabīb ibn Yazīd, killed. Zarqāʾ bint ʿAdī (d. after 40/661), of the Hamdān tribe, among ʿAlī’s supporters, gave speech urging her tribesmen to fight at Ṣiffīn. Zayd ibn ʿAlī (d. 122/740), grandson of the Prophet’s grandson Ḥusayn, Imam of the Zaydī Shiʿa, killed leading revolt against Umayyads in Kufa. ZaydibnḤuṣaynal-Ṭāʾī (d. 37/658), Khārijite who had supported ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn, died fight- ing against him at Nahrawān. Zaynab (d. after 61/681), granddaughter of the Prophet, daughter of ʿAlī and Fāṭimah; accompanied her brother Ḥusayn to Karbala. Ziyād ibn Abīhi or Ziyād ibn Abī Sufyān (d. 53/673), claimed by Muʿāwiyah as his illegit- imate half-brother and governor of Iraq, earlier ʿAlī’s supporter. ZiyādibnKaʿb (d. after 35/655), Prophet’s Companion, ʿAlī’s emissary to Azerbaijan, sent to inform ʿUthmān’s governor Ashʿath ibn Qays and the people of Azerbaijan of ʿAlī’s incumbency to the caliphate. Ziyād ibn al-Naḍr al-Ḥārithī (d. after 37/658) of Madhḥij, fought for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn and Nahrawān, subcommander under his tribesman Mālik al-Ashtar. Zubayr ibn ʿAlī al-Salīṭī (d. 68/688), of the Tamīm tribe, Azraqī Khārijite commander who fought against the Umayyads in Iraq and Persia. Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām (d. 35/656), cousin and Companion of the Prophet, one mem- ber of the Shūrā Council, led the fight against ʿAlī at the Battle of the Camel, left the battlefield but was killed shortly thereafter. Zufar ibn Qays (d. after 35/655), ʿAlī’s emissary to Hamadhan, sent to inform ʿUthmān’s governor Jarīr ibn ʿAbdallāh and the people of Hamadhan of ʿAlī’s incumbency to the caliphate. Zuhayr ibn Qayn (d. 61/680), of the Bajīlah tribe, one of Ḥusayn’s chief supporters who fought and died with him in Karbala.

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