glossary 1 Early Arabic Orators This chronological list offers dates and brief biographies for all Arabic orators from the early, oral period mentioned in the present volume.1 ʿAbdallāh ibn al-ʿAbbās (d. 68/686), Muḥammad’s cousin, and ʿAlī’s cousin, governor and strong supporter, prolific hadith narrator and scholar cited in both Sunni and Shiʿi sources. ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Ahtam (d. after 99/717), ascetic preacher, admonished the Umayyad caliph ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿAbdallāh ibn ʿĀmir (or ʿAmr) al-Ḥaḍramī (d. 38/658), supporter of Muʿāwiyah, tried to wrest Basra from ʿAlī’s governor. ʿAbdallāh ibn Badīl (d. after 37/657), chieftain of the Khuzāʿah tribe, among ʿAlī’s sup- porters at Ṣiffīn. ʿAbdallāh ibn Jaʿfar (d. after 80/699), ʿAlī’s nephew, son-in-law, and supporter. ʿAbdallāhibnMuṭīʿal-ʿAdawī (d. 73/692), Ibn al-Zubayr’s tax collector in Kufa, key player in Medinan revolt against Umayyads. ʿAbdallāh ibnWahb al-Rāsibī (d. 38/658), Khārijite leader from Bajīlah tribe, killed fight- ing against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. ʿAbdallāh ibn Yaḥyā al-Ibāḍī al-Kindī (d. after 129/747), Khārijite commander, con- quered parts of Yemen. ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Zubayr (d. 73/692), son of Companion Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, claimant to the caliphate, controlled the Ḥijāz and Iraq for a decade, often referred to as Ibn al-Zubayr. ʿAbd al-Malik (d. 86/705), Umayyad caliph. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (d. ca. 579AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of Quraysh, Muḥammad’s paternal grandfather. ʿAbd Rabbih al-Ṣaghīr (d. after 75/694), Azraqī Khārijite leader. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (d. 172/788), Umayyad prince who set up the dynasty’s rule in Spain. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (d. ca. 31/652), early Muslim convert from Quraysh, supporter of Abū Bakr, one of the Shūrā Council. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Shurayḥ (d. after 66/686), supporter of Mukhtār’s pro-ʿAlid Kufan revolt. 1 Information on these orators has been culled from multiple sources, including EI2, EI3, EIr, medieval biographical dictionaries, and a variety of online searches. Tahera Qutbuddin - 9789004395800 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:38:21AM via free access early arabic orators 553 Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī (d. 52/672), Companion of the Prophet and supporter of ʿAlī, took part in the conquest of Egypt and later in Muʿāwiyah’s expedition against Con- stantinople. Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh (or ibn Muḥammad) (d. after 100/719), Umayyad governor of Medina. Abū Bakr ibn Abī Quḥāfah (13/23), Muḥammad’s father in-law (father of ʿĀʾishah), first of the four Sunni caliphs. Abū l-Dardāʾ al-Anṣārī (32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, “brother” to Salmān al- Fārisī, Qurʾan reciter and judge of Damascus. Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, Jundub ibn Junādah (d. ca. 32/652), Muḥammad’s Companion, ʿAlī’s strong supporter, ascetic preacher, exiled by ʿUthmān to Rabadhah. Abū Ḥamzah al-Shārī (d. 130/748), Khārijite commander of the Azd tribe, native of Basra, occupied Mecca and Medina. Abū l-Haytham Mālik ibn al-Tīhān (d. 37/657), early Companion of Muḥammad from the Allies, supporter of ʿAlī who fought with him, killed at Ṣiffīn. AbūLahab (d. 2/624), Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and enemy, consigned by the Qurʾan with his wife to hellfire. Abū Mūsā l-Ashʿarī (d. after 40/660), appointed governor of Basra by ʿUmar, took part in the conquest of Iraq, arbiter from ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, moved to depose his master ʿAlī. Abū l-Sarāyā l-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī (200/815), Zaydī revolt leader in Kufa in 199/815, under the command of Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Ṭabāṭabā. Abū Sufyān ibn al-Ḥarb (d. 32/653), of the Umayyad clan, leader of the Quraysh against Muḥammad, converted to Islam when the Muslims conquered Mecca, participated in Syrian conquests, Muʿāwiyah’s father. AbūṬālibibnʿAbdal-Muṭṭalib (d. 620AD), patriarch of the Hāshim clan of Quraysh, ʿAlī’s father, Muḥammad’s paternal uncle and foster-father, protected him in Mecca. Abū ʿUbaydah ibn al-Jarrāḥ (d. 17/638), Muḥammad’s Companion, played an important part in the election of Abū Bakr, commander in the conquest of Syria. Abū Zaynab ibn ʿAwf (d. 36/657), of the Azd tribe, killed fighting for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. ʿAdī ibn Ḥātim (d. 68/687), son of the celebrated poet Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī, supporter of ʿAlī. Aḥnaf ibn Qays (d. 72/691), chieftain of the tribe of Tamīm and resident of Basra, born before Islam, lived to an old age and garnered a reputation for sagacity; fought on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, later allied with the Umayyads to fight against the Khārijites and Shiʿites. ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr (d. 58/678), wife of Muḥammad and daughter of Abū Bakr, led forces against ʿAlī at the Battle of the Camel. ʿĀʾishah bint ʿUthmān (d. after 41/662), daughter of the third Sunni caliph, also com- posed poetry. Aktham ibn Ṣayfī (d. 9/630), Tamīmī judge known for wise testaments, preached in the pre-Islamic period and lived to embrace Islam. Tahera Qutbuddin - 9789004395800 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:38:21AM via free access 554 glossary 1 ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661), Muḥammad’s cousin and son-in-law, first male to accept Islam, first Shiʿa Imam and fourth Sunni caliph. ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn (d. 95/713), known by the epithets Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (ornament of wor- shippers) and Sajjād (one who constantly bows down in prayer), Shiʿa Imam follow- ing his father, Ḥusayn, present at Karbala, ill, did not take part in the fighting. ʿĀmir ibn Wāthilah al-Kinānī, Abū Ṭufayl (d. 100/718), Kufan poet and orator, of the Kinānah tribe, standard-bearer for ʿAlī, supporter of Mukhtār, reputedly the last of the Prophet’s Companions to die. ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir (d. 37/657), Companion of the Prophet and strong supporter of ʿAlī, killed at Ṣiffīn. ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ (d. ca. 42/663), Muʿāwiyah’s main advisor at Ṣiffīn, earlier commander of the Islamic conquest of Egypt for ʿUmar, and later governor there for the Umayyads. ʿAmr ibn Kulthūm (d. 584AD), pre-Islamic orator of pious counsel, muʿallaqah poet and chieftain of Taghlib. ʿAmr ibn Saʿīd ibn al-ʿĀṣ al-Ashdaq (d. 70/689), Umayyad governor and general. ʿAqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib (d. ca. 50/670), ʿAlī’s brother, who was vocal in his support for him but accepted sponsorship from Muʿāwiyah. Ashʿath ibn Qays (d. 40/661), Kufan noble of the Kindah tribe among those who revolted at the death of the Prophet, later repented and fought at Yarmūk; among those who fought on ʿAlī’s side at Ṣiffīn, he was instrumental in forcing ʿAlī to accept the Arbi- tration and Abū Mūsā as Arbiter. Ashtar, see Mālik ibn al-Ḥārith al-Ashtar ʿĀṣim ibn ʿAmr (d. after 14/635), Tamīmī chieftain who played an active role during the Muslim conquest of Persia. ʿAttāb ibn Warqāʾ al-Riyāḥī (d. 77/696), Umayyad commander in Iraq under Ḥajjāj. ʿAwf ibn Rabīʿah (fl. late 6th c. AD), pre-Islamic soothsayer of the Asad tribe. Ayyūb ibn al-Qirriyyah (d. 84/703), a Bedouin whose eloquence became proverbial, sup- ported Ibn al-Ashʿath against Ḥajjāj, executed. Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays al-Fihrī (d. 64/684), Muʿāwiyah’s commander, active at Ṣiffīn and in its aftermath. Dāʾūd ibn ʿAlī (d. 133/751), uncle of the first Abbasid caliph, Saffāḥ, governor of Mecca and Medina. Dhū l-Kalāʿ al-Ḥimyarī (d. 37/656), Muʿāwiyah’s general, who was killed at Ṣiffīn. Faḍl ibn ʿĪsā (fl. before 132/750), late Umayyad orator. Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ bint Muḥammad (d. 11/632), Muḥammad’s daughter, ʿAlī’s wife, and mother of the Shiʿa Imams Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. Ḥafṣah bint ʿUmar (d. ca. 45/665), daughter of the second Sunni caliph ʿUmar, and wife of the Prophet Muḥammad. Ḥājib ibn Zurārah (d. ca. 620AD), pre-Islamic chieftain of the Dārim clan of Tamīm. Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf al-Thaqafī (d. 95/714), Umayyad governor of Iraq. Tahera Qutbuddin - 9789004395800 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 06:38:21AM via free access early arabic orators 555 Ḥamzah ibn Sinān al-Asadī (d. 39/659), Khārijite leader killed fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān. Hāniʾ ibn Qubayṣah al-Shaybānī (d. early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic chieftain of Bakr ibn Wāʾil, fought at Dhū Qār. Ḥanẓalah ibn al-Rabīʿ al-Tamīmī (d. after 38/658), fought for ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. Harim ibn Quṭbah ibn Sinān al-Fazārī (fl. early 7th c. AD), pre-Islamic chieftain. Ḥārith ibn Kaʿb (fl. 6th c. AD), Christian martyr from the Ḥārithid clan of Najrān. Ḥasan al-Baṣrī (d. 110/728), pro-Umayyad Qadarī ascetic and preacher. Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī (d. 50/670), grandson of the Prophet, Shiʿa Imam following his father, ʿAlī, caliph succeeding his father in Kufa for a few months, abdicated. Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf (d. ca. 497AD), Muḥammad’s paternal great-grandfather, cus- todian of the sanctuary in Mecca, who travelled to Syria to trade, died in Gaza. Hāshim ibn ʿUtbah al-Mirqāl (d. 37/656), tribal chieftain of Kufa, nephew of the Prophet’s Companion Saʿd ibn AbīWaqqāṣ, one of ʿAlī’s prominent supporters, killed at Ṣiffīn Ḥayyān ibn Ẓabyān al-Sulamī (d. 58/678), Khārijite leader wounded fighting against ʿAlī at Nahrawān and pardoned, killed by Umayyad forces while leading a revolt in Kufa. Ḥubāb ibn al-Mundhir al-Anṣārī (d. bet. 13/634 and 23/644), of the Medinan Khazraj tribe, after the Prophet’s death he proposed there be a leader from the Allies and from the Emigrants. Ḥudhayfah ibn al-Yamān al-ʿAbsī al-Ghaṭafānī al-Qaysī (d.