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Teak Log Coffin Head Styles in Northern Thailand: Time Sequencing with Dendrochronology

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Teak Log Coffin Head Styles in Northern Thailand: Time Sequencing with Dendrochronology ScienceAsia 33 (2007): 47-56 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2007.33.047 Teak Log Coffin Head Styles in Northern Thailand: Time Sequencing with Dendrochronology Sineenart Wannasria, Nathsuda Pumijumnonga* and Rasmi Shoocongdejb a Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol university, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand. b Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand. * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Received 27 Feb 2006 Accepted 4 Aug 2006 ABSTRACT: This paper reports the chronology of the styles of the log coffin heads from Bo Krai Cave and Ban Rai Rockshelter in northern Thailand using tree-ring data. This is the first attempt to apply dendrochronology in archaeology fields for age determination, which otherwise only C-14 has been used. The study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the styles of the coffin heads became increasingly complex over time. At Bo Krai Cave, 71 wood samples were taken from 36 log coffins and 3 supporting posts. At Ban Rai Rockshelter, 116 wood samples were taken from 27 log coffins and 26 supporting posts. Analysis of the wood samples showed that Bo Krai Cave was used as a burial site continuously with log coffins of the same styles over a relatively long period. This means that the people of the Log Coffin Culture probably used multiple log coffin styles continuously and simultaneously. At Ban Rai Rockshelter, the crossdating of the wood samples showed that this area was used as a burial site episodically over several periods. The chronology of the log coffin head styles again indicated that different styles were used simultaneously. Therefore, the chronology of log coffins in this area does not support the concept of a development from simple to complex styles. The simultaneous use of different coffin styles suggests that the style may be related to the status of the buried individuals or their ethnic affiliation rather than indicating cultural changes over time. KEYWORDS: Dendrochronology, teak (Tectona grandis L.), log coffins, Thailand. INTRODUCTION on their approximate age, but did not report the wood species. His primary focus was on the early agricultural Mae Hong Son Province is located in northern practice in Southeast Asia. Thailand. Many of the caves and rockshelters in this In 1987, research on the log coffin culture in Pang area have been continuously settled since prehistoric Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province (primarily examining times. One of the main archaeological features of these their sizes) was carried out by the Fine Arts Department2. caves is their log coffins. A local culture used elaborated In 2000, Dilokwanich et al. 3 compiled a cave database log coffins in its burial ceremonies. These log coffins in Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province. An were typically made of teak logs split into halves and interdisciplinary highland archaeological project was both halves were dug-out inside. One half was the conducted by Shoocongdej et al.4,5 to examine the lower portion and the other was a cover. Both the lower relationship between humans and environmental portion and the cover had two ends, called heads, while change. More germane to our research, Treerayapiwat6 were decorated with carvings of different styles. A carried out an analysis of the styles of the log coffins in striking feature of these carvings is the head-like shapes many caves in Pang Mapha. He examined the size and which can be categorized into two basic types. One shape of the head of the log coffins and divided the type was simple — it has no facial features, merely a styles into 12 types (Table 1). Krajaechan7 studied other head-like shape. In contrast, the complex type has archaeological artifacts associated with the log coffins animal-like features. at Ban Rai Rockshelter. Previous archaeological research has been Log coffins made from teak—a tropical tree species conducted in Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province by that forms clear annual growth rings—can be studied Chester Gorman1. He excavated Spirit Cave, on the by means of dendrochronology8-14. This method Kong River approximately 40 and 30 km from Ban Rai provides solid, detailed information on the relative Rockshelter and Bo Krai Cave, respectively. Gorman ages of various samples, allowing an analysis of the found some “large boat - shaped coffins” and commented relationship between coffin head styles and their ages. 48 ScienceAsia 33 (2007) Therefore we decided to use tree-ring analysis to test least one coffin that could be dated from 8,806-7,622 whether or not the log coffin head styles developed years B.P. (corrected date). sequentially. Grave et al. 17 and Grave 18 worked in Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province. He took at least eight samples from log coffins from various caves. His radiocarbon- dated (AMS) samples ranged between 2,080 ±60 to 1,240±90 B.P. Therefore other researchers have generally inferred that these dates apply to log coffins at other sites in Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province. Recently, Treerayapiwat 19 reported the pattern of habitation and burial activity at Ban Rai Rockshelter, using precise excavation techniques. He divided its culture into the Pre-Log Coffin Culture and Log Coffin Culture. The Pre-Log Coffin Culture was dated between 12,500 to 8,000 B.P. by C-14 and the artifacts consisted of variety of lithic material and faunal remains. The Log Coffin Culture was between 2,100 to 1,200 B.P. using the Grave’s radiocarbon dating method, and the artifacts in this culture were potsherds and iron tools. Of further interest is the excavation of Ongbah Cave, by SØrensen 20. Ongbah Cave is located at long. 98º 57’ E, lat. 14º 41’ N in the hills of Kanchanaburi Province, about 150 km west of Bangkok. SØrensen, a Danish archaeologist, aimed to make a compilation of all prehistoric iron implements from Thailand by giving a brief description and evaluation of two small collections which were excavated by Thai-Danish prehistoric Expeditions in 1960-62 and 1965-66. The collections were from Kanchanaburi Province; one Fig 1. Study areas. from Ongbah Cave on the Khwae Yai River and the other from Bang Site, Ban Kao, on the Khwae Noi River. Prior Studies of Log coffin Culture in Southeast SØrensen’s report noted some 90 “wooded coffins” Asia from the Ongbah’s collections. The coffins were boat Gorman 1,15,16 was the first American archeologist shaped, being in fact simple and ordinary dug outs. At to excavate Spirit Cave in Pang Mapha district, Mae both ends they had stylized animal heads, the horns of Hong Son Province. The cave is located about 60 km which may have acted as handles. Usually the coffin from the city center of Mae Hong Son Province, near consisted of only half a trunk with a cover of plaat Ban Rai Rockshelter and Bo Krai Cave. His objective Boards. None of the coffins discovered was completely was to reconstruct and examine human agricultural intact — all had been damaged by looters. In some of patterns during the late Pleistocene and early recent the coffins a few human bones were left. Wood samples period of Southeast Asia prehistory. His results provide were recognized as Dalbergia sp., and C-14 dating the most detailed chronology yet available from Spirit yielded a result of 2,180±100 years B.P. Cave of flora macrofossils dating from 11,000 years A boat-shaped log coffin has also been found in B.P. Semporna, Sabah 21. The ancient log coffin was found Using radiocarbon dating, Gorman divided the to be disturbed and no human skeletal remains or contents of Spirit Cave into two culture levels. Cultural burial items were found inside the coffin. The coffin Level I is best described from its lithic component as was in good condition and was probably made from a “Hoabinhian”. The second culture level is “Hoabinhian single hardwood log cut into halves. The crescent- plus new technological introduction (adze, pottery, shaped lid was carved in the shape of a buffalo head. slate knives)” which consisted of the above layer. Te-Kun 22 reported that in Iron Age burials at Niah, he In Spirit Cave, Gorman also found log coffins but he found cliff caves that accommodated small wooden- gave them very little analysis. As he described, “large lidded dug-out boats, placed on posts, to receive human boat-shaped coffins were erected on scaffolds in the remains. In the Philippines, Tenazas23 described a boat- lower, middle, and upper cave”. He did not identify the coffin made of two parts carved out of certain species wood species. However in the soil layer he found at of hard wood. The lower portion was semi-circular in ScienceAsia 33 (2007) 49 cross-section. The lid or cover was carved like a saddle has used dendrochronology knowledge to examine with ends curving upwards. Lizard heads and a their development. crocodile motif decorated the projecting ends of the lids seen in several Bohol, Cebu and Rombron sites. In Study Sites China, Chang 24, and Wei I and Natchamnong 25 reported This study focused on two sites: Bo Krai Cave and that a boat coffin was found during the excavation of Ban Rai Rockshelter. Both are in Pang Mapha district, a Bronze Age site at Pao-lun-yuan, Chao-hua, and Mae Hong Son Province (Fig. 1). Because environmental Szechwan. conditions are an important influence on tree growth The log coffins in other areas appear to have served and tree-ring width, trees that grow under the same or as ceremonial burial vessels. The meaning behind the similar environmental conditions at the same time will various shapes of the log coffin heads remains unknown; have similar ring patterns.
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