Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins Edited by Robin Dennell and Martin Porrk Index More Information

Home , Burnet Cave, Chopping tool, Fa Hien Cave, Harpoon, Nelson Bay Cave, Pinnacle Point

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01785-6 - Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins Edited by Robin Dennell and Martin Porrk Index More information

Index

abalone, 158 anatomically modern humans, 2 , 25 , 30 , 80 , 89 , 118 , Abbie, Andrew Arthur, 27 126 , 133 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 146 , 148 , 166 , 189 , ABOX, 96 , 99 , 104 228 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , abstract thought, 6 , 203 , 204 , 247 , 255 239 , 240 , 242 , 262 Acheulean, 8 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 19 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 137 , Andaman Islands, 23 , 57 249 , 250 Andra Pradesh, 82 adaptation, 20 , 55 , 65 , 69–70 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 83 , 88 , 118 , Anir Islands, 218 121 , 126 , 146 , 147 , 149 , 152 , 164 , 167 , 173–174, anthropoid apes, 25 177 , 180 , 188 , 190 , 192 , 196 , 198 , 202 , 206 , Anyathian culture, 13 211 , 212 , 213 , 217 , 222–224 , 226 , 253 , 257 , Arabian Peninsula, 2 , 33 , 49 , 51 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 76 , 238 262–264 colonisation, 4 , 51 , 56–63 , 65 , 76 , 80 , 237 , 239 Admiralty Islands, 217 environment, 51 , 61 , 62 admixture, 45 , 70 , 73 , 76 , 85 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , fossil record, 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 63 , 238 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 242 lithic technology, 54 , 57–61 , 62 , 80–81 , 87 , 240 adornment. See personal ornamentation Middle Palaeolithic, 59 , 60 Aduma, 78 subsistence strategies, 61 , 62 Africa, 63 , 115 , 193 , 203 , 209, 210 , 211 , 246 , 260 Upper Palaeolithic, 57 , 58 , 59 clothing, 197 Arabian Sea, 69 environment, 62 , 65 archaic hominins, 6 , 10, 46 , 51 , 70 , 112–113 , 136 , 140 , fossil record, 2 , 10 , 26 , 54 , 106 , 236 231 , 235 , 244 , 246 Late Stone Age, 166 , 197 Arcy-sur-Cure, 161 lithic technology, 5 , 8 , 10 , 54 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 65 , aridifi cation, 61 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 158 73 , 77–78 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 87 , 88 , 166 , 249 , Arnhem Land, 46 , 86 , 87 , 152 , 153 , 155 , 159 , 170 261 , 262 art, 106 , 149 , 152 , 153 , 159 , 160 , 163 , 175 , 177 , 184 , Middle Stone Age, 5 , 6 , 54 , 65 , 73 , 77 , 78 , 87 , 161 , 192–193 , 197 , 200 , 201 , 261 163 , 186 , 197 , 201 , 202 , 209 , 210 , 240 , 261 , 262 mobiliary, 160 , 193 , 197 , 209 , 210 , 211 modern human origins, 2 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 30 , 48 , 51 , Aru Islands, 173 55 , 56 , 70 , 77 , 85 , 257 , 261 Arubo, 137 , 138 out of, 4 , 5 , 31 , 39 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , Arudy, 211 59 , 62 , 63 , 64, 65 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , ASTT. See Australian Small Tool Tradition 119 , 174 , 213 , 228 , 229 , 236 , 238 , 239 , 242 , 248 , Aterian industry, 59 , 60 , 77 , 78 , 81 260 , 261 Aurignacian, 80 , 146 , 240 subsistence strategies, 229 Australia, 3 , 6 , 33 , 42 , 43 , 150 , 243 Ailuripoda melanoleuca , 40 art, 154–155 , 157 , 159–160 , 184 , 205–206 , 251 Airport Mound, 217 clothing, 193–194 Aitape, 29 colonisation, 3 , 6 , 31 , 46 , 55 , 56 , 76 , 82 , 83 , 87 , 108 , Allen, Harry, 29 115 , 140 , 146 , 174 , 186 , 189 , 229 , 233 , 241 , 242 , Allen’s Cave, 158 , 169 244 , 245–247 Altamira, 211 environment, 150 , 151–152 , 158 , 162 , 167 , AMH. See anatomically modern humans 177–179 , 180 , 194 Amud Cave, 34 fauna, 112 , 114 , 116 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170

319

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01785-6 - Southern Asia, Australia and the Search for Human Origins Edited by Robin Dennell and Martin Porrk Index More information

Index

Australia (cont.) behavioural modernity, 6 , 51 , 65 , 77 , 106 , 142 , 144 , fossil record, 26 , 28 164 , 193 , 198 , 200 , 202 , 209 , 210 , 243 , 244 , 255 , lithic technology, 16 , 26 , 28 , 73 , 85–87 , 88 , 257 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 164–171 , 177 , 180 , 185 , 194 , 206 , 240 , 248–250 , markers of, 6 , 77 , 87 , 106 , 146 , 175 , 177 , 185 , 255 , 263 186–187 , 188 , 189–190 , 192 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , skeletal evidence, 28–31 , 46–47 , 55 , 67 , 179–180 , 234 198 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 248 , skeletal record, 248 249 , 260 , 264 skull collecting, 22 origins of, 260–262 subsistence strategies, 150 , 152 , 167–168 , 169 , package of traits, 3 , 65 , 73 , 106 , 118 , 134 , 137 , 143 , 170–171 , 177 , 182–184 , 229 , 252–253 146 , 148–150 , 189 , 190 , 197 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 202 , Western perceptions, 3 , 165–167 204 , 209 , 211 , 244 , 247 , 260–261 Australian Aborigines, 150 , 151 , 152 , 154 , 155 , Belilena Kitugala, 39 190 , 193 Bennett’s wallaby, 152 , 183 , 194 , 208 as relics, 27–28 Berry, Richard J. A., 24 , 25 genetics, 54 , 70 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 241 Bhan-Kao, 14 morphology, 29–31 , 46–47 , 55 biface, 8 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 87 , 137 , 138 , 161 , Western perceptions, 3 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27–28 , 164 , 162 , 166 , 170 , 250 166 , 263 biogeography, 51, 62 , 108–116 , 135 , 151 , 161 Australian Core Tool and Scraper Tradition, 164 , Bir Tirfarwi, 78 166 , 169 Birdsell, Joseph, 26 , 27 , 214 Australian Small Tool Tradition, 166 Bismarck Archipelago, 114 , 115 , 154 , 213 , 214 , 218 , Australoid, 30 , 93 219 , 225 , 226 Australopithecines, 26 Black Current, 140 Australopithecus afarensis , 247 blade, 2 , 3 , 8 , 13 , 15 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 72 , 73 , 74 , Australopithecus africanus , 10 75 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 85 , 87 , 142 , 143 , 166 , Australopithecus tranvaalensis , 10 167 , 171 , 174 , 177 , 182 , 188 , 192 , 196 , 197 , 209 , Austronesians, 114–115 , 116 , 143 249 , 260 awl, 168 , 191 , 196 , 197 Blombos Cave, 2 , 82 , 162 Aybut Al Auwal, 60 , 80 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 22 Bobongara, 85 , 86 , 170 , 214 , 216 , 221 , 223 Bab el Mandeb, 56 , 57 , 61 , 69 , 78 body painting, 193 , 194 baboons, 62 , 63 Boker Tachtit, 80 Badger Island, 180 Bolomor Cave, 188 Bailiangdong Cave, 45 bonding behaviour, 152 , 153–155 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 Baki, 220 Bone Cave, 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 195 Baler shell, 154 bone tools, 65 , 73 , 77 , 82 , 106 , 146 , 162 , 164 , 168 , Bali, 229 , 241 , 248 173 , 182 , 188 , 192 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 198 , 200 , 201 , Ballawinne, 159 204 , 206 , 208 Ballawinne Cave, 184 boomerangs, 210 Balof 2, 206 Borneo, 3 , 5 , 33 , 43 , 48 , 55 , 67 , 85 , 109 , 112 , 120 , 121 , bamboo tool hypothesis, 8 , 142 , 147 , 171 , 174 122 , 129 , 135 , 138 , 140 , 146 Bamburi, 72 bounding behaviour, 152 , 153 , 155–160 , 161 , Bandung, 119 , 120 162 , 163 Bangladesh, 48 Bowler, Jim, 29 Banks, Joseph, 22 Braholo Cave, 126 Bass Strait islands, 27 , 180 Breuil, Henri, 11 , 12 Batadomba Lena, 39 , 65 , 67 , 72 British Museum, 93 , 99 Batari, 206 Broca, Paul, 22 , 24 Bau Caves, 90 , 92 Broken Hill, 10 beads, 39 , 73 , 82 , 106 , 144 , 154 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 161 , 162 , Broom, Robert, 10 192 , 193 , 197 , 200 , 204, 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 220 Broome, 116 Beaton Shelter, 180 Brothwell, Don, 93 , 99 behavioural fl exibility, 6 , 126 , 129 , 132–134 , 139 , 146 , Brown, Peter, 30 , 31 147 , 149 , 173 , 174 , 185 , 188 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 222 , Buang Merabak, 158 , 206 , 207 , 214 , 216 , 218 , 219 , 224 , 226 , 244 , 262 220 , 225

320

Index

Buka Island, 217 , 218 cold tolerance, 190 , 191 Bukit Jawa, 15 complex behaviour, 119 . See also behavioural mo- burial, 29 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 46 , 55 , 67 , 76 , 78 , 92 , 95 , 105 , dernity 106 , 139 , 149 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 169 , composite tool technology, 146 , 147 175 , 177 , 179 , 180 , 192 , 200 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , Congo River, 161 209 , 260 , 261 Coobool Creek, 31 , 160 , 206 , 210 , 234 Burma, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 19 , 48 , 49 Cook, James, 22 , 190 Busk, George, 90 Coon, Carleton, 28 , 30 butchery, 96 , 104 , 172 , 182 , 183 , 185 , 187 core, 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 58 , 60 , 72 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 137 , 139 , 143 , 166 , 169 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 180 , C99, 169 220 , 250 Cabalwanian industry, 137 discoidal, 61 , 72 , 77 , 78 , 87 , 171 Cagayan Valley, 137 , 142 horsehoof, 137 , 166 , 249 Callao Cave, 5 , 44 , 55 , 118 , 119 , 126 , 132 , 136 , 137 , multiplatform, 59 , 80 , 83 , 85 , 86 139–142 , 143 , 146 , 171 , 173 prepared, 13 , 72 , 73 , 83 , 137 Cape Range, 169 radial, 78 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 87 Cape York Peninsula, 155 reduction, 60 , 77 , 80 , 85 , 137 , 166 , 171 Carnarvon Gorge, 154 Cosquer, 184 Carpenter’s Gap, 85, 151 , 154 , 158 , 170 , 173 , 205 cranial deformation, 205 , 206 , 209 , 210 Caucasoid, 30 craniometry, 22–25, 27 , 28 cave art. See rock art cremation, 29 , 46 , 169 , 205 Cave Bay Cave, 180 , 206 Crocuta crocuta ultima , 40 Cave Period, 26 Cro-Magnon, 25 cave taphonomy, 40 , 98 CTST. See Australian Core Tool and Scraper Tradi- Cebu Island, 141 tion Celebes Sea, 135 Cuddie Springs, 154 , 170 cemeteries, 149 , 152 , 153 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 163 , 206 cultural complexity, 201 , 202 Central Asia, 10 , 17 , 34 , 69 , 232 , 233 cultural modernity. See behavioural modernity Chao Phraya River, 48 culture contact, 152 , 159 , 161 Chardin, Teilhard de, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 18 curation, 144 Ch â telperronian, 160 , 161 Curnoe, Darren, 31 Cheetup, 206 cuscus, 110 , 206 , 225 , 246 Chillagoe, 154 , 159 China, 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 30 , 33 , 48 , 49 , 119 , 232 , Darling River lakes, 169 235–236 Dart, Raymond, 10 , 26 colonisation, 5 , 19 , 77 , 239 Darwin, 116 fossil record, 6 , 9 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 44–46 , 235 , 236 , 238 , Darwin, Charles, 6 , 9 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 90 , 92 , 190 , 240 , 242 , 248 258 , 259 lithic technology, 8, 138 Darwin Glass, 154 , 182 , 207 chopper-chopping tool industries, 14 Davis, Joseph Barnard, 24 Choukoutien. See Zhoukoudian Denisova Cave, 49 , 133 , 232 , 233 , 248 cicatrices. See scarifi cation Denisovans, 48 , 49 , 232 , 248 climate change, 54 , 104 , 112 , 132 , 150 , 151 , 160 , 162 , distribution, 133 168 , 180 , 183 , 196 , 197 , 213 , 221 , 253 interbreeding, 49 , 70 , 114 , 186 , 232–236 , 242 , 248 clo unit, 191 descent of man, The , 258 , 259 Cloggs Cave, 194 Devil’s Lair, 85 , 106 , 158 , 167 , 168 , 173 , 194 , 206 clothing, 4 , 106 , 168 , 182 , 189–198 , 206 , 210 , 249 Devon Downs, 26 , 29 , 166 complex, 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 198 Dhofar, 60 , 80 , 238 simple, 191 , 193 , 194 , 197 , 198 di-hybrid theory, 248 Coastal Colonisation Model, 115 dingo, 116 cognition, 2 , 6 , 143 , 166 , 167 , 174 , 175 , 186 , 187 , 196 , Discontinuous Dreaming Network Model, 154 200 , 201 , 208 , 210 , 243 , 244 , 245–247 , 250 , 255 , Dobzhansky, T., 259 , 261 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 263 Doi Ta Ka Cave, 40 Cohuna, 28 , 29 Dreaming tracks, 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 cold exposure, 190 Drift Period, 26

321

Index

Dubois, Eug è ne, 26 , 43 adaptive radiation, 110 , 114 Duke of York Islands, 218 missing link, 90 , 92 Duoi Oi, 41 theory of, 21 , 22 Duruthy, 211 evolutionary superiority, 22 Duyong Cave, 138 , 143 expedient tool technologies, 137 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 167 , 171 , 172 , 220 , 222 Early Man, 155 expression of emotions in man and animals, The , 259 East Asia, 10 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 44–46 , 49 , 116 , 248 extinction, 49 , 54 , 56 , 71 , 108 , 112 , 187 , 232 biogeography, 10 colonialism, 16–17 Fa Hien Cave, 39 , 67 colonisation, 48 , 238 , 240 Fasad technology, 60 Early Palaeolithic, 8 , 11 faunal dispersal, 109–110 , 112 fossil record, 48 , 55 , 235 faunal translocation, 110 , 175 , 206 , 225 , 246 human origins, 9 , 10 , 49 fi bre, 168 , 169 , 172 , 173 , 174 lithic technology, 8 , 10 , 16 Fiji, 114 , 115 , 235 Western perceptions, 18 fi re, 190 , 192 , 197 East Timor, 85 , 114 , 146 , 174 , 219 fi sh hook, 122 , 132 , 167 , 172 , 174 , 219 fauna, 174 fi sher-gatherer-hunter economies, 116 lithic technology, 171–172 fi sher-gatherer-hunter-farmer economies, 116 subsistence strategies, 171–172 , 229 fi shing, 132 , 171 , 172 , 204 , 219 Egypt, 78 , 80 , 87 pelagic, 114 , 132 , 146 , 171 , 175 , 206 , 207 , 219 El Castillo, 211 Flinders, Matthew, 26 Elephas maximus , 41 Florentine River, 179 emblemic behaviour, 155 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 Flores, 15 , 33 , 109 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 136 , 140 , 244 , 245 , Enkapune Ya Muto, 78 247 , 248 , 255 Enl è ne, 211 colonisation, 112 , 113 environmental barriers, 49 , 69 , 83 , 109 , 113 , 151 , 225 , fauna, 174 237 , 247 lithic technology, 112 , 248 environmental change, 51 , 60 , 61–62 , 63 , 66 , 69 , 83 , Flower, William, 24 119–121 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 150 , 151 , 160 , 161 , 162 , foliate points, 78 179 , 180 , 192 , 226 forward planning, 132 , 174 , 183 , 186 , 188 , 203 , 204 , Eoanthropus dawsoni , 259 206 , 221 , 244 estuaries, 115 founder eff ects, 66 , 82 , 87 , 249 Etheridge, R., 26 Fox, Robert, 136 , 137 , 138 Ethiopia, 78 , 106 France, 11 , 17 , 161 , 178 , 184 , 244 ethnography, 106 , 153 , 155 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 190 , 193 , 218 , 250 , 252 Gabarnmang, 170 Europe, 2 , 10 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 26 , 50 , 71 , 149 , 166 , 175 , Gaitou Cave, 44 177 , 196 , 244 , 249 Galapagos Island, 111 art, 160 , 193 Ganges River, 49 clothing, 197 Ganges Valley, 72 colonisation, 3 , 76 , 166 , 228 , 231 , 237 Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, 69 environment, 178 , 196 Ganjian Cave, 44 , 48 fossil record, 27 , 240 Gargas, 184 lithic technology, 10 , 11 , 15 , 82 , 143 , 197 Gebe Island, 172 Middle Palaeolithic, 160 , 163 , 196 , 202 , 208 , 209 , genetics, 5 , 6 , 19 , 31 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 54 , 56–57 , 62 , 63 , 210 , 211 , 244 64 , 67 , 70–72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 82 , 84 , 88 , 114 , 132 , Neolithic, 198 133 , 186 , 187 , 192 , 232 , 233 , 243 , 248 , 257 , 261 , subsistence strategies, 188 , 194 262 , 264 Upper Palaeolithic, 4 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 186 , 196 , 197 , aDNA, 49 198 , 201 , 202 , 210 , 239 , 244 , 260 , 263 dating, 2 , 4 , 54 , 57 , 65 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 87 , 228 , 230 , 231 , Upper Palaeolithic industry, 77 236 , 238 , 239, 240 , 241 , 242 Everett, A. Hart, 90 , 92 divergence, 70 evolution, 27 , 51 , 54 , 108 , 110 , 175 , 185 , 186 , 243 , 255, diversity, 56 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 70 , 229 , 236 256 , 257 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 262 , 263 DNA, 30 , 49 , 67 , 70 , 76 , 228 , 230 , 236 , 248

322

Index

gene fl ow, 30 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 70 , 109 , 231 , 232 , 235 Halmahera, 172 gene trees, 228 , 230 handaxe, 8 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15–16 , 72 , 80 , 83 , 137 , 138 , 166 , genetic drift, 47 173 , 177 , 249 , 250 haplogroup, 65 , 71 , 228 , 236 Hang Boi, 127 , 128 haplogroup L2, 65 Hang Hum Cave, 41 haplogroup L3, 65 , 70 , 71 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 242 Hang Tr oˆ´ ng, 127 haplogroup L4, 57 harpoon, 211 haplogroup M, 65 , 71 , 73 , 229 , 236 , 239 , 240 , Harrisson Excavation Archive, 96 , 97 , 99 , 104 241 , 242 Harrisson, Barbara, 92 , 93 , 95 , 104 , 105 haplogroup N, 65, 71 , 73 , 229 , 236 , 239 , 240 , Harrisson, Tom, 43 , 85 , 92–95 , 96 , 99 , 104 , 105 241 , 242 hatchets, 174 haplogroup P, 225 Hathnora, 34 , 67 haplogroup Q, 225 headbinding, 31 haplogroup R, 71 , 229 , 240 , 241 , 242 Herto, 2 , 106 haplogroup U, 71 Himalayan Mountains, 69 isolation, 225 , 235 Hindu Kush Mountains, 69 L3 lineage, 232 Hoabinhian industry, 15 , 142 , 166 M168 lineage, 232 Holocene, 43 , 48 , 55 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 67 , 69 , 73 , 95 , mitochondrial DNA, 30 , 46 , 54 , 57 , 65 , 70 , 114 , 112 , 114 , 119 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 138 , 139 , 143 , 150 , 225 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 236 , 237 , 238, 151 , 161 , 164 , 166 , 173 , 189 , 190 , 195 , 196 , 201 , 239 , 241 , 242 , 248 , 255 210 , 214 , 220 , 235 , 237 , 246 , 254 mutation rates, 56 , 57 , 62 , 70 hominin fossil record, 9 , 26 , 27 , 54, 88 , 108 , 118 , phylogeography, 230–231 , 236 , 241 , 242 132–133 , 171 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 247–248 , 255 Y chromosome, 70 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 236 , 237 , 241 , 242 lack of, 2 , 5 , 39 , 40 , 48 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 76 , 77 , Gigantopithecus , 40 80 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 242 glabello-cerebral index, 25 morphological variability, 54 Gobi Desert, 49 Homo antecessor , 247 Gogora rock shelter, 78 Homo erectus , 14 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 46 , Golo Cave, 172 , 173 , 174 47, 49 , 88 , 112 , 132 , 140 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 244 , 247 , Gould, Stephen J., 24 248 , 259 grassland, 70 , 120 , 133 , 178 , 221, 222 , 224 extinction, 42 , 43 , 47 grave robbing, 24 interaction with Homo sapiens , 42 , 43 , 48 , 132 GRE8, 170 interbreeding, 19 Green Gully, 29 , 30 Homo ergaster , 30 Green islands, 218 Homo fl oresiensis , 5 , 15 , 33 , 44 , 108 , 112 , 133 , 140 , 247 grindstones. See seed grinding Homo fossilis , 25 Grotte du Renne, 161 Homo georgicus , 247 ground-edge axe, 87 , 166 , 170 , 174 , 209 Homo habilis , 5 , 44 , 247 ground-edge technology, 167 Homo heidelbergensis , 54 , 166 , 232 , 233 ground stone technology, 167 , 170 Homo helmei , 261 Gua Balambagan, 129 Homo neanderthalensis . See Neanderthals Gua Lawa Cave, 126 Homo primigenius , 25 guanaco, 190 Homo rhodesiensis , 54 Gulf of Carpentaria, 154 , 253 Homo rudolfensis , 247 Gulu, 220 Homo sapiens , 4 , 259 , 261 Gunung Sewa, 126 archaic, 6 , 14 , 233 Gunung Subis massif, 105 morphological variability, 2 , 25 , 54 , 55 , 180 , 258 Gunung Tjantelan, 126 morphological variation, 139 , 179 , 192 , 234 Guri Cave, 138 , 143 skeletal evidence, 4 , 5 Gwion Gwion, 159 Homo soloensis , 27 Honshu Island, 87 Had Pu Dai, 14 Hormuz Strait, 114 hafting, 137 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 174 , 175 , Horn of Africa, 77 , 78 , 80 , 87 177 , 186 , 188 , 209 , 221 Howieson’s Poort industry, 5 , 54 , 65 , 73 , 77 , 78 , 161 , Hale, Herbert, 166 162 , 197

323

Index

Huanglong Cave, 45 , 48 Jansz, 169 human revolution, The , 260 Japan, 8 , 87 Hunter, John, 22 Japanese defeats, 115 Hunterian Museum, 24 Java, 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 42 , 43 , 47 , Huon Peninsula, 86 , 170 , 216 109 , 112 , 115 , 119 , 120 , 126 , 132 , 133 , 136 , 137 , Huon Terraces, 85 140 , 233 , 238 , 248 Huxley’s Line, 139 , 234 Java man, 26 hybridisation, 48 , 49 Jebel Faya, 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63, 80 , 237 , 238 , 242 hypothermia, 190 Jebel Qattar, 80 Jebel Qattar 1, 60 ICPMS analysis, 99 Jerimalai Cave, 85 , 87 , 114 , 129 , 171–172 , 173 , Idaltu, 78 174 , 219 Ille Cave, 126 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 146 Jones, Rhys, 28 , 29 Inamgaon, 72 Jordan, 61 India, 2 , 11 , 14 , 34 , 39 , 48, 49 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 74 , Jo’s Creek, 216 76 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 120 , 239 Jubbah, 60 , 61 , 62 colonisation, 4 , 76 , 82 , 174 , 228 , 239–240 , 242 Judds Cavern, 184 lithic technology, 2 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 39 , 87 , 239 , 240 Jurreru Valley, 83 , 239 Indian Ocean, 21 , 55 , 62 , 229 , 242 Jwalapuram, 39 , 65 , 67 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 82 Indo-Malay faunal species, 109 Indonesia, 172 , 213 , 233 , 244 , 247 , 248 Kafi avana, 206 Indonesian Throughfl ow, 110 , 113 Kafuan industry, 10 Indus River, 69 , 83 Kalimantan, 106 innovation, 19 , 66 , 83 , 134 , 162 , 173 , 200 , 204 , 206 , Kalumburu, 116 209 , 210 , 222 , 224 , 225 , 255 , 307 Kampong Ngebung, 14 insolation, 69 Kanam, 10 interglacial, 54 , 55 , 61 , 68 , 69 , 119 , 120 , 178 , 187 , 228 , Kangaroo Island, 26 , 166 229 , 237 , 239 , 243 , 244 Kanjera, 10 Iran, 48 , 49 , 71 , 80 , 85 Kapthurin, 249 lithic technology, 87 Kara Kum Desert, 49 Irian Jaya, 216 Karachi, 83 Irrawaddy Valley, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Karakorum Mountains, 69 ISEA. See Island Southeast Asia Kartan culture, 26 Island Southeast Asia, 106 , 108 , 118 , 119 , 132 , 167 Kebara Cave, 34 , 80 colonisation, 43 , 114 , 115 , 132 , 136 , 137 , 139 , 146 , Keilor, 28 , 29 164 , 171 Keith, Sir Arthur, 10 fauna, 112 , 126 , 135 Keyhole Cavern, 159 , 184 Japanese in, 115 Kilu Cave, 206 , 207 , 217 , 219 , 220 lithic technology, 137 , 171–173 , 174 Kimberley, 116 , 155 , 159 , 170 , 173 skeletal record, 42–44 , 135 King Island, 179 , 180 subsistence strategies, 121 , 126 , 174 Klasies River Mouth, 77 islands Klein Kliphuis, 82 accessibility, 109 Koenigswald, G. H. R. von, 10 , 12 , 13–14 , 15 , 43 , 93 colonisation diffi culty, 109 Korea, 8 endemism, 108 , 109 , 135 , 174 lithic technology, 8 faunal vulnerability to humans, 112 Kosipe, 85 , 87 , 170 impoverished faunal community, 109 , 135 , Kosipe Mission, 217 219 , 225 Kota Tampan, 14 , 15 , 132 insular dwarfi ng, 247 Kow Swamp, 29 , 30 , 31 , 158 , 160 , 179 , 206 , 210 , 234 isolation, 112 Kromdraii, 10 retention of early faunal lineages, 112 Ksar Akil, 34 isolation, 225 , 255 Kuching, 90 , 92 , 93 Israel, 4 , 33 , 34 , 188 Kupona na Dari, 216 , 217 , 220 , 226 Isturitz, 211 Kurnool District, 82 Ivane Valley, 217 , 218 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 240 Kutikina Cave, 180 , 182 , 183 , 195

324

Index

Kybra, 154 lice, 192 Kyzl Kum Desert, 49 Lida Ayer, 41 Limeuil, 210 La Madeleine, 210 Linnaeus, Carolus, 258 La Riera, 211 Lipuun Point, 138 Lachitu rock shelter, 173 , 214 , 216 , 218 , 219 , 226 Liujiang, 48 , 235 , 238 , 242 Lake Eyre, 153 Longlin 1, 235 Lake Mungo, 29 , 30 , 31 , 46 , 55 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 85 , 86 , 106 , Longlindong, 46 154 , 169 , 179 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 249 Lourdes, 211 WLH 50, 42 , 47 lowland forest, 103 , 104 , 120 landscape management, 106 , 170 , 207 , 221 , 223 , Lupemban industry, 161 224 , 226 Luzon, 5 , 44 , 118 , 119 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , Lang Rongrien, 85 , 126 , 133 141 , 142 , 143 , 146 , 171 , 248 , 285 , 290 , 295 , 301, Lang Trang Cave, 40 , 41 302 , 305 , 308 , 310 Langsonia liquidens , 41 Luzon Strait, 135 language, 6 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 244 , 245 , 246 , 251 , 255 , Lydekker Line, 109 258 , 260 , 262 Lyell, Charles, 90 , 259 Lanne, William, 22 Laos, 40 , 55 , 67 Ma U’Oi Cave, 14 , 41 fossil record, 248 Macintosh, Norman, 28 , 29 , 30 skeletal record, 40–41 Madagascar, 111 , 112 , 114 Lapita, 115 Mae Hong Son Province, 127 pottery, 115 Mae Tha, 14 Last Glacial Maximum, 56 , 67 , 83 , 106 , 120 , 127, 150 , Magdalenian, 210 , 211 151 , 152 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 169 , 172 , 180 , Maghreb, 78 192 , 193 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 201 , 206 , 207 , 208 , Maharashtra, 82 210 , 211 , 213 , 216 , 222 , 224 , 235 , 236 Mainland Southeast Asia. See Southeast Asia Late Stone Age industry, 8 , 57 Malakunanja, 46 , 77 , 85 , 170 , 205 , 206 Laugerie-Basse, 210 Malangangerr, 170 Laurente Cave, 143 Malaysia, 15 , 115 , 120 , 133 , 136 , 140 , 166 , 213 Leakey, Louis, 10 , 11 Maludongdong, 46 Leang Burung 2, 172 Mandu Mandu Creek, 150 , 154 , 158 , 169 , 170 , 206 Leang Sarru rock shelter, 132 , 172 , 173 mangrove, 103 , 104 , 120 , 132 Lebanon, 34 Mannalargenna Cave, 180 , 183 Lene Hara, 129 , 171–172 , 174 Manus, 225 Lenggong, 136 , 140 Manus Island, 114 , 217 , 225 Les Harpons, 211 Marine Isotope Stage 1, 69 Lespugue, 211 Marine Isotope Stage 2, 69 , 120 , 178 , 182 , 197 , 222 Lesser Sundas, 248 Marine Isotope Stage 3, 54, 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , Levallois, 59 , 60 , 72 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 120 , 121 , 133 , 140 , 180 , 249 146 , 161 , 178 , 182 , 197 , 213 , 218 , 221 , 222 , Levant, the, 2 , 4 , 6 , 33 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 65 , 224 , 240 67 , 68 , 78 , 85 , 197 , 237 , 239 Marine Isotope Stage 4, 4 , 34 , 46 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , colonisation, 4 , 5 , 34 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 71 , 120 , 132 , 140 , 161 , 182 , 197 , “Egbert”, 34 238 , 240 fossil record, 237 Marine Isotope Stage 4–3 Boundary Model, 65 , 67 , lithic technology, 59 , 80 , 87 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 75 Middle Palaeolithic, 5 , 34 , 79 Marine Isotope Stage 5, 4 , 34 , 46 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , Neanderthals, 2 , 4 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 80 , 119 , 120 , 132 , skeletal evidence, 33–34 , 79 , 237 140 , 182 , 197 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 242 Upper Palaeolithic, 58 , 87 , 239 Marine Isotope Stage 5 Model, 65 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , LGM. See Last Glacial Maximum 73 , 74 , 75 Liang Bua, 247 , 248 Marine Isotope Stage 6, 4 , 34 , 60 , 61 , 69 , 119 , 192 Liang Lemdubu, 173 Marine Isotope Stage 7, 60 , 62 Libya, 78 marine resource exploitation, 129 , 133 , 229 , 249

325

Index

maritime technology, 116 , 214 , 219 , 226 Mopir, 220 Martin, J., 3 mortuary ritual, 106 Mas d’Azil, Bé deilhac, 211 Mossgiel, 29 Matenbek, 219 , 220 , 225 Mount Kinabalu, 105 Matenkupkum, 207 , 214 , 216 , 219 , 220 Mousterian, 2 , 26 , 80 , 160 , 161 , 166 , 188 , 201 , 249 , 250 Mauer, 9 Movius, Hallam L., 3 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12–13 , 14 , 15 , 19 Mayr, Ernst, 257 , 259 , 261 Movius Line, 8 , 9 , 12 , 19 , 20 megafauna, 112 , 119 , 179 , 183 , 184 , 224 Mt Riveaux, 184 Mekong River, 48 Mu O’oi, 40 Melanesia, 86 , 114 , 115 , 207 , 225 , 233 , 234 , 235 , Mudukian culture, 26 241, 248 multiple exits theory, 236–237 colonisation, 229 , 240 multi-regional evolution model, 5 , 6 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 48 , lithic technology, 85–87 49 , 231–236 , 248 , 260 microlith, 2 , 5 , 26 , 39 , 59 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 77 , Mulu Cave, 90 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 166 , 177 , 188 Mulvaney, John, 28 microlithic fi rst hypothesis, 82 Mumba rock shelter, 78 Microlithic Model, 54 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 73 Murray River, 26 , 28 , 160 , 253 Micronesia, 114 Murray Valley, 30 , 31 microwear analysis. See use-wear analysis Murundian culture, 26 Middle Palaeolithic fi rst hypothesis, 82 , 83 Myanmar. See Burma Middle Palaeolithic industry, 2 , 8 , 65 , 80 , 82 , 83 , 85 , 185 , 187 , 202 , 260 Nanwoon Cave, 179 Middle Palaeolithic Model, 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 62 , Narmada Valley, 11 , 34 , 67 63 , 73 Nauwalabila, 46 , 77 , 85 , 170 , 206 Middle Son River Valley, 83 Nawarla Gabarnmung, 85 , 170 Middle Stone Age industry, 8 , 88 , 238 , 242 , 261 Nazlet Khatar 4, 78 Middle Stone Age toolkit, 83 NCP. See Niah Caves Project Minatogawa, 235 N’Dhala Gorge, 154 Mindanao, 135 , 140 Neanderthals, 2 , 4 , 19 , 25 , 27 , 30 , 34 , 49 , 67 , 71 , 79 , Mindoro, 140 106 , 161 , 166 , 177 , 180 , 185 , 209 , 210 , 229 , 232 , Minori Cave, 143 233 , 238 , 242, 244 , 259 modern human dispersal, 51–63 , 88 , 108 , 112–114 , behaviour, 185–188 , 209 119 , 239–242 , 263 distribution, 232 , 237 , 244 coastal route, 54 , 59 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 73 , 82 , 114 , 115 , interaction with Homo sapiens , 48 , 161 , 186 214 , 219 , 229–230 , 242 interbreeding, 48 , 71 , 186 , 231–232 , 233 , 236 , corridors, 62 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 77 , 121 , 151 , 160 , 237 238 , 242 diffi culty, 140 needles, 4 , 182 , 191 , 195 , 196 , 197 failed, 4 , 55 , 67 , 68 Nefud Desert, 80 models, 51 Negrito, 27 , 234 processes, 51–63 , 109 , 213 Negroid, 30 rate, 56 , 114 , 115 , 229 , 242 , 254 Nejd Leptolithic, 59 routes, 61 , 67 , 68–69 , 70 , 76 , 78 , 85 , 140 , 174 , 213 , Nelson Bay Cave, 77 214 , 218 , 228 , 230 , 237–239 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 245 , Neolithic farmers, 109 247 , 248 , 250 , 255 Neolithic farming, 112 , 114 modesty, 192 nets, 167 , 168 , 169 , 171 , 172 , 174 , 206 Moh Khiew Cave, 40 , 126 neural mutation, 54 Mojokerto, 9 , 13 New Britain, 115 , 154 , 213 , 214 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , Moluccas, 115 221 , 225 Money Cowry, 158 New Caledonia, 115 Mongolanthropus , 233 , 235 New Guinea, 2 , 3 , 29 , 44 , 85 , 86 , 115 , 158 , 170 , 173 , Mongolia, 233 174 , 213 , 217 , 218 , 235 , 243 , 251 , 252 fossil record, 248 colonisation, 83 , 164 , 214–226 , 240 Mongoloid, 30 , 46 , 235 environment, 222 Montagu, Ashley, 29 highlands, 3 , 85 , 87 , 217 , 235 montane forest, 120 , 132 , 142 , 222 , 224 lithic technology, 85–87 , 216 , 220–222

326

Index

subsistence strategies, 170 , 218–224 , 225–226 , osseous technologies. See bone tools 252 , 253 ostrich eggshell, 73 , 82 , 162 New Ireland, 158 , 213 , 214 , 216 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , Owen, Richard, 23 , 24 222 , 225 , 226 , 241 , 246 New South Wales, 29 , 46 , 169 , 174 Pacifi c Ocean, 21 New Zealand, 111 Pacitan, 15 Ngandong, 6 , 13 , 19 , 27 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 132 , 233 Pacitan River, 14 Ngandong Fauna, 42 Pajitan, 14 , 15 Ngebung, 15 Pakistan, 19 , 48 , 49 , 81 , 83 Niah Cave, 3 , 6 , 33 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 48 , 55 , 67 , 74 , 85 , 118 , palaeoenvironments, 74 , 75 , 137 , 192 , 213 , 220 120 , 121 , 126 , 133 , 144 , 146 reconstruction of, 61–62 , 69 , 103–104 , 121 , 138 , burials, 92 , 95 , 105 139 , 142 , 151–152 , 177–179 , 183–184 , 221 , 222 dating, 96 palaeolake, 61 , 81 , 152 Deep Skull, 5 , 43 , 92–106 , 118 , 121 palaeontological record, 110 fauna, 121 palaeontology, 51 , 135 geochemistry, 96 , 98 , 99 , 100–101 , 105 Palawan, 43 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 133 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , Hell Trench, 43 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 101 , 104 140 , 143 , 144 , 145, 146 , 269 , 278 , 280 , 290 , 298 , Metal Age, 95 301 , 302 , 311 , 313 , 317 Neolithic, 95 Pallawa Trounta Cave, 180 , 182 , 194 palynology, 96 , 98 , 99 , 101–104 , 105 palynology, 96 , 98 , 99 , 101–104 , 105 , 120 , 142 , 167 , sediment, 96–101 , 105 179 , 223 skeletal evidence, 93 , 105–106 Pamwak Cave, 217 , 218 subsistence strategies, 106 , 121 , 133 Panaramitee tradition, 154 , 155 , 159 West Mouth, 90 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 104 , 105 , 120 , 144 Panxian Dadong, 15 x-ray fl uorescence, 101 Papua New Guinea. See New Guinea Niah Caves Project, 96 , 99 , 104 Paranthropus robustus , 10 Nile Corridor, 78 Pardoe, Colin, 31 Nile Valley, 78 Parmerpar Meethaner rock shelter, 180 , 182 Nissan, 218 Patne, 65 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 82 noble savage, 21 , 22 Patpara, 72 Nombe rock shelter, 217 , 224 , 226 pearl, 154 , 158 non-synbolic behaviour, 204 , 206 , 207 , 209 , 211 Pearl River, 48 Northern Territory, 249 Peche Merle, 184 notational pieces, 205 . See also art Peking Man, 26 Nubian industry, 60 , 63 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 238 Pe ñ ablanca, 136 , 139 , 143 , 144 Nueva Ecija Province, 137 Pengelly, William, 90 Nullarbor Plain, 158 P é rigord, 210 Nunamira Cave, 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 Persian Gulf, 61 , 80 personal ornamentation, 4 , 149 , 152 , 153 , 157–158 , obsidian, 143 , 154 , 207 , 217 , 220 , 225 , 226 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 192–193 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 201 , Oceania, 114 203 , 205 , 206 , 209 , 219 , 251 ochre, 6 , 52 , 82 , 106 , 144, 154 , 161 , 162 , 184 , 185 , 193 , Philippine Sea, 135 194 , 205 , 207 , 271 , 285 , 293 , 299 , 308 Philippines, the, 5 , 33 , 43–44 , 55 , 114 , 118 , 119 , 121 , Okladnikov Cave, 233 126 , 132 , 133 , 135–147 , 171 , 234 , 235 Oldowan industry, 10 , 249 art, 143 Olduvai Gorge, 11 colonisation, 77 , 135 , 137–140 , 171 Oman, 60 , 63 , 80 , 238 , 239 Early Palaeolithic, 137 , 138 Omo Kibish, 2 environment, 138 , 140–142 On the origin of species , 21 , 22 fauna, 126 , 135 , 138–139 , 140–142 , 174 open woodland, 42 , 138 , 139 , 146 , 167 fossil record, 138 , 139 optimal foraging theory, 184 , 220 , 224 , 253 , 263 lithic technology, 137–140 , 142–146 , 147 , 171 , 174 organic technology, 106 , 142 , 164 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , personal ornamentation, 143 171 , 173 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 204 , 206 , 210 , 211 skeletal evidence, 126 , 135–137 , 139 , 143 , 171 origins of species, The , 258 subsistence strategies, 138–139 , 146 ORS 7 rock shelter, 180 , 183 Upper Palaeolithic, 143

327

Index

phytolith, 59 , 151 residue analysis, 144–146 , 170 , 220 , 222 pigment use, 39 , 105 , 106 , 121 , 144 , 146 , 193 , 200 , retouch, 59 , 60 , 78 , 83 , 85 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 205 , 209 , 211 180 , 194 Pilanduk Rockshelter, 143 Rhinoceros cf. sondaicus , 41 Pilgonaman, 169 Rhinoceros cf. unicornis , 41 Piltdown Man, 10 , 12 , 28 , 92 risk minimisation strategies, 152 , 162 , 221 Pinnacle Point, 186 Riwi Cave, 150 , 154 , 158 , 170 , 206 , 207 Pirrian culture, 26 Robertson, A. W. D., 24 , 25 Pithecanthropus erectus , 14 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 259 Rochereil, 210 plant processing, 97 , 106 , 121 , 133 , 206 , 226 rock art, 153 , 154 , 157 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 184 , 188 , 193 , Plesianthropus transvaalensis , 259 200 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 243 , 251 , polished adzes, 167 252 . See also art pollen. See palynology Rose Cottage Cave, 78 polygenism, 24 Royal Society of Victoria, 25 Polynesia, 114 , 115 , 234 , 235 Rub’ al Khali, 81 Pongo pygmaeus , 40 , 41 , 120 Russia, 192 , 248 population growth, 82 , 83 , 149 , 150 , 253–254 population pressure, 66 , 72 , 87 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , Sa’gung, 138 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 175 , 206 , 208 , Sabah, 105 209 , 225 , 251 sagaies, 211 Porc Epic, 78 Sahul, 3 , 4 , 7 , 77 , 85 , 108 , 109, 114 , 115 , 140 , 148 , 149 , possum-fur cloaks, 193 150 , 154 , 158 , 160 , 162 , 163 , 167 , 168 , 171 , 173 , Prime Seal Island, 180 174 , 175 , 177 , 188 , 190 , 195 , 200–212 , 213 , 234 , projectile technology, 54 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 173 , 177 , 206 235 , 241 , 243 , 244 , 251 , 255 , 256 Punung, 42 , 43 , 120 , 132 , 136 , 140 , 240 colonisation, 3 , 46 , 67 , 114 , 115 , 139 , 140 , 148 , 150 , Punung Cave, 238 164 , 169 , 171 , 173 , 174 , 201 , 204, 213–226 , 235 , Punung Fauna, 42 , 43 , 119 , 120 241 , 243 , 245–247 , 250 , 255 Puritjarra rock shelter, 154 , 169 , 249 environment, 150 , 162 pursuit hunting, 126 fauna, 109 , 112 lithic technology, 4 , 86 , 210 , 220–222 Qafzeh Cave, 4 , 34 , 46 , 47 , 65 , 67 , 80 , 106 , 236 , 237 , subsistence strategies, 218–224 , 252–253 , 255 238 , 239, 260 Salkhit, 233 Queensland, 27 , 28 , 153 , 154 , 170 , 249 Salween River, 48 Quinkan, 159 Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, 188 Sambungmacan, 15 , 42 , 233 Rabaul, 115 Sandy Creek, 155 , 170 Rabel Cave, 143 Sangiran, 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 race, 22 , 24 , 28 , 259 Sarawak, 90 , 92 , 105 , 118 Americans, 22 Sarawak Museum, 92 , 96 Caucasians, 22 Saudi Arabia, 59 , 60 , 61 , 81 Ethiopians, 22 savannah, 120 , 132 , 138 , 139 , 146 Malays, 22 savannah corridor, 120 Mongolians, 22 scarifi cation, 193 racial prejudice, 10 Sch ö ningen, 16 racial purity, 25 , 27 Schwaner Mountains, 105 racial superiority, 28 scraper, 4 , 60 , 72 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 166 , 168 , racism, 259 169 , 171 , 177 , 180 , 188 , 191 , 194 , 197, 221 , 222 rainforest, 20 , 42 , 70 , 112, 119 , 120 , 121 , 132 , 138 , 146 , steep-edged, 173 173 , 180 , 217 , 221 thumbnail, 168 , 180 , 182 , 194 , 195 Red River, 48 sea crossings. See seafaring Red Sea, 2 , 33 , 61 , 62 , 78 , 229 , 237 seafaring, 3 , 4 , 5 , 44 , 61 , 87 , 112 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 135 , reduction sequence, 59 , 60 138 , 140 , 146 , 172 , 175 , 203 , 214 , 218 , 219 , 225 , refugia, 47 , 58 , 59 , 63 , 69 , 120 , 151 , 152 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 226 , 230 , 241 , 244 , 245 , 246 160 , 161 , 162 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 253 Second World War, 259 , 261 replacement model, 5 , 19 , 33 , 48 , 49 , 231–236 , 260 sedimentology, 96 , 99

328

Index

seed grinding, 170 , 175 , 206 , 209 environment, 119–121 , 132 Senckenberg Institute, 43 fauna, 40 , 41 , 129 sewing, 4 , 191 , 195 , 196 fossil record, 132–133 , 240 , 242 shell midden, 138 , 219 , 225 , 229 lithic technology, 19, 81–85 , 142 , 240 shell tools, 173 , 174 , 206 skeletal record, 39–42 shellfi shing, 204 , 209 , 219 subsistence strategies, 121 Shi’bat Dihya 1, 7 , 59 , 60 Western perceptions, 3 , 19 shivering, 190 Spain, 188 Shuidonggou, 12 spearthrowers, 211 Siberia, 49 , 133 , 232 speciation, 48 , 231 Simple Figurative, 159 spiral decorated rods, 211 Sinai, 61 Spirit Cave, 127 Sinanthropus pekinensis , 9, 13 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 259 Spring Creek, 206 Singapore, 115 Sri Lanka, 7 , 39 , 48 , 73 , 81 , 82 , 83 Singhbum, 72 lithic technology, 39 , 87 single exit hypothesis, 232 , 234 , 236–237 , 238 , 239 , Stegodon fl orensis , 112 241 , 242 Stegodon-Ailuripoda Fauna, 41 , 45 single origin theory, 248 Steinheim, 9 Site 55, 72 , 83 Sterkfontein, 10 16R Dune, 72 , 74 Still Bay industry, 77 , 78 , 161 , 162 Skh u¯l Cave, 4 , 12 , 34 , 46 , 65 , 67 , 78 , 80 , 106 , 236 , 237 , Stone Cave, 181 238 , 239 , 260 Strickland River, 253 skull measuring. See craniometry sub-alpine forest, 222 Smith, Sir Eliot Grafton, 10 sub-montane forest, 120 , 132 Snake Cave. See Thum Wikan Nakin Cave Sulawesi, 109 , 112 , 113 , 132 , 133 , 135 , 140 , 172 Soa Basin, 112 Sulu Sea, 135 , 139 Soan Valley, 11 , 13 , 14 Sumatra, 4 , 41 , 65 , 109 , 112 , 115 , 120 , 140 social Darwinism, 22 , 188 , 259 Sunda, 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 47 , 67 , 108 , 109 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 135 , social evolutionism. See social Darwinism 140 , 213 , 225 , 244 , 255 Sodmein Cave, 78 Sungir, 192 Solo Man, 27 , 29 , 233 swamp forest, 103 , 104 , 119 , 120 , 222 Solo River, 42 Swanscombe, 10 Solomon Islands, 114 , 115 , 213 , 214 , 217 , 218 , symbolic, 160 , 162 , 163 220 , 225 symbolic behaviour, 6 , 65 , 73 , 75 , 82 , 149 , 150 , 151 , Son Valley, 72 , 83 152 , 153 , 160–162 , 163 , 175 , 188 , 193 , 197 , 198 , Song Gupuh Cave, 120 , 126 , 132 , 140 201 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 245 , 247 , Song Hong River delta, 127 251–252 , 253 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 277 , 317 Song Keplek Cave, 126 symbolism, 2 , 192 , 194 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 210 , 243 Song Terus Cave, 120 , 126 , 132 , 140 South Africa, 2 , 10 , 26 , 77 , 82 Tabon Cave, 43 , 121 , 126 , 133 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 143 , South Asia, 54 , 232 , 237 144 , 146 colonisation, 40 , 213 , 236 , 242 Tabonian industry, 142 , 143 fossil record, 67–68 Tabun Cave, 34 , 80 lithic technology, 65 , 68 , 72–73 , 81–85 , 87 Taiwan, 114 , 135 , 248 Middle Palaeolithic, 65 , 67 , 68 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 83 Taklamakan Desert, 49 skeletal record, 34–39 Talaud Islands, 132, 133 , 146 , 164 , 172 Upper Palaeolithic, 65 , 72 , 75 fauna, 174 South Australia, 166 lithic technology, 172 , 174 South Australian Museum, 26 Talaud-Sangihe Archipelago. See Talaud Islands South China Sea, 119 , 135 Talgai, 28 , 29 South Kov, 217 Tam Pa Ling Cave, 40 , 41 , 55 , 67 Southeast Asia, 2 , 3 , 14 , 15 , 42 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 76 , 87 , 118 , Tamil Nadu coast, 82 239 , 244 Tanzania, 78 colonisation, 19 , 20 , 114 , 121 , 140 , 213 , 239 taphonomy, 148 , 200–202 , 204–208 , 209 , 210–211 Early Palaeolithic, 15 Taramsa Hill, 78

329

Index

Tartanga culture, 26 , 29 Tunnel Cave, 168 Tasmania, 2 , 3 , 28 , 152 , 154 , 159 , 164 , 166 , 167 , 168 , Turkey, 34 173 , 177 , 207 , 243 , 253 , 254 Tweedie, Michael, 92 art, 106 , 184 , 193 Two-Phase Model, 54 , 55 clothing, 4 , 106 , 182 , 190 , 194 , 195–196 , 198 Two-Stage Model, 54 , 57 , 59 , 62 environment, 177–179 , 183–184 , 194 , 196 Tylor, Edward Burnet, 26 isolation, 190 , 254 , 255 Tyson, Edward, 258 lithic technology, 28 , 180 , 185 , 194–195 skeletal record, 179–180 U ç agizli Cave, 34 subsistence strategies, 179 , 182–184 Uganda, 10 Tasmanian Aborigines, 22 , 23 , 166 , 177 , 185 , 186 , Umboi, 218 188 , 190 United Arab Emirates, 61 , 80 comparisons with mainland population, 24–25 Upper Palaeolithic industry, 2 , 8 , 57 , 78 , 249 , craniometry, 23–25 260 , 261 lithic technology, 4 , 26 Upper Palaeolithic Model, 54–55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 Lower Palaeolithic “folk”, 26 Upper Palaeolithic Revolution, 2 , 4 , 55 , 77 , 82 , 167 , non-skeletal data, 24 175–177 , 260 , 261 Western perceptions, 23 , 177 , 188 , 190 Upper Swan, 173 taurodontism, 41 Ursus thibetanus , 40 Terra, Helmut de, 10–12 , 13 , 14 , 19 use-wear analysis, 137 , 142–146 , 192 , 195 Thailand, 14 , 19 , 40 , 41 , 48 , 85, 120 , 126 , 127 , 133 art, 106 Vietnam, 14 , 40 , 48 , 127 , 166 lithic technology, 40 skeletal record, 41–42 skeletal record, 40 Vilakuav, 217 Tham Hai Cave, 41 Visadi, 72 Tham Khuyen Cave, 14 , 41 Visayas, the, 135 , 140 Tham Lod rock shelter, 127 Tham Om Cave, 41 Wadi Surdud, 59 , 62 Thar Desert, 69 , 70 , 72 , 83 Wadjak, 43 thermal adaptations, 192 waisted axe, 86 , 170 , 173 , 174 , 206 , 208 , 221 , 223 thermal insulation, 190 Walkunder Arch Cave, 154 Thorne, Alan, 29 , 30 Wallace Line, 6 , 109 , 139 , 174 Thum Wikan Nakin Cave, 14 , 40 , 41 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 6 , 90 , 108 , 258 , 262 Tianyuan. See Tianyuandong Wallacea, 109 , 112 , 119 , 129 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 146 , Tianyuandong, 44 , 48 173 , 174 , 214 , 234 , 235 , 246 , 299 Tibetan Plateau, 10 fauna, 109 Tierra del Fuego, 23 , 190 Wargata Mina, 159 Timor, 109 , 110 , 113 , 129 , 133 , 241 Warreen Cave, 180 , 182 , 183 , 195 Tindale, Norman B., 26 , 28 , 29 , 166 , 284 , 312 watercraft, 3 , 5 , 6 , 114 , 116 , 132 , 138 , 146 , 174 , 187 , Tito Bustillo, 211 201 , 207 , 214 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 276 Toba eruption, 2 , 4 , 65 , 70 , 80 , 83 , 228 , 236 , Watru Abri, 72 239–240 , 242 Webb, Stephen, 31 Toe Cave, 218 , 226 Weidenreich, Franz, 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 43 Tongtianyan Cave, 44–45 West Indies, 111 Topinard, Paul, 22 , 24 , 25 Western Australia, 154 , 169 trade, 153 , 154 , 155 , 161 , 175 , 182 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , Western Ghats, 69 , 72 226 , 251 Western perceptions, 8 , 15 , 16 , 17–18 Tr à ng An park, 127 Widgingarri 1 Rockshelter, 170 , 173 trapping, 121 , 126 , 133 , 172 , 181 Willandra Lakes, 31 , 46 , 47 , 106 , 169 , 206 tr è s-dolichocé phalique, 24 Willaumez Peninsula, 217 , 220 tr è s-prognathe, 24 Williamson, George, 23 , 24 Tridacna costata , 62 wind chill, 193 , 194 tri-hybrid theory, 27 , 248 wind-chill index, 190 Trinil, 9 , 14 Wolo Sege, 112 tropical environments, 118 Wolpoff , Milford, 30

330

Index

woodland, 70 , 132 , 133 Yombon, 217 , 221 , 222 , 226 woodworking, 173 , 195 Younger Toba Event. See Toba eruption World War II, 114 Wyrie Swamp, 210 Zagros Mountains, 34 Zhirendong, 19 , 45–46 , 48 , 140 , 238 , 242 Xinzhe, Wu, 30 Zhoukoudian, 9 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 26 , 27 , 44 , 235 Zirendong, 119 Yangtzi River, 236 zooarchaeology, 126 Yemen, 7 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 228 Zuraina Majid, D. P., 95

331