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Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page ix

GGGGG LIST OF ENTRIES

Aborigines Anthropic principle , greater  Aborigines Anthropocentrism Apes, lesser Acheulean culture and business Apollonian Acropolis Anthropology and Aquatic hypothesis Action anthropology epistemology Aquinas, Thomas Adaptation, and the Third Arboreal hypothesis Adaptation, cultural World Aesthetic appreciation Anthropology of men Archaeology and gender Affirmative action studies , socialist schools in Anthropology of women Archaeology, biblical African American thought Anthropology, careers in Archaeology, environmental African Americans Anthropology, characteristics of Archaeology, maritime African thinkers Anthropology, clinical Archaeology, medieval Aggression Anthropology, cultural Archaeology, salvage  Ape aggression Anthropology, economic Architectural anthropology Agricultural revolution Anthropology, history of Arctic Agriculture, intensive  Future of anthropology Ardrey, Robert Agriculture, origins of Anthropology, humanistic Agriculture, slash-and-burn Anthropology, philosophical Aristotle Alchemy Anthropology, practicing Arsuaga, J. L. Aleuts Anthropology, social Art, universals in ALFRED: The ALlele FREquency  Anthropology and sociology Artificial intelligence Database   Artificial intelligence Algonquians Anthropology, subdivisions of Asante Alienation Anthropology, theory in Assimilation  Alienation Anthropology, Visual Atapuerca Altamira  Athabascan Altruism Auel, Jean Marie Amazonia Anthropomorphism Aurignacian culture Amish Aotearoa () Anasazi Ape biogeography  Australia Ancestor worship Ape cognition Australian aborigines Angkor Wat Ape language Australopithecines  Ape communication Axes, hand Animatism  Ape intelligence Aymara Animism Apes, Aztec agriculture

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x ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Baboons Bride price Coliseum  Baboons Briggs, Jean L. Collectors Babylon Bruno, Giordano Colobines Bakhtin, Mikhail Buber, Martin  Interspecies communication Balkans  Susan Savage-Rumbaugh Baluchistan Buechel, Eugene Communism Bates, Daniel G. Bunzel, Ruth Communities Bayang Medicine Man mounds Complexity Becker, Gary S. Computers and humankind Behavior, collective Cannibalism  Computer languages Benedict, Ruth Carbon-14 dating Comte, Auguste  Cardiff giant hoax Condorcet, Marquis de Berdache Caribs Configurationalism Bergson, Henri Carpenter, C. R. Conflict Bermudez de Castro, J. M. Carson, Rachel Confucianism Big bang theory Carter, Howard Consciousness Binford, Lewis Roberts Caste systems Continental drift Bingham, Hiram Catastrophism Coon, Carleton S. Bioethics and anthropology Categorical imperative Copper Age Biogeography Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca Coptic monasticism Bioinformatics Cave art Cosmology and sacred landscapes Biological anthropology Cazden, Courtney B. Counseling  William Bass Cebids Cousteau, Jacques Yves  Forensic anthropology Celtic  Mary Huffman Manhein Cercopithecines  Craniometry Biological anthropology and Chachapoya Indians  neo-Darwinism Chagnon, Napolean Creationism versus geology Biomedicine Chants Creationism, beliefs in Biometrics Chaos theory Crete, ancient Bipedal locomotion Chaos theory and anthropology Crime  Origin of bipedality Chichen Itza  Criminology and genetics Black, Davidson Child abuse  Forensic artists Childbirth  Blood groups Childhood Critical realism Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich Childhood studies Critical realism in Boas, Franz Childe, Vere Gordon Croizat, Leon C.  Franz Boas Cross-cultural research Chimpanzees and bonobos,  Bonobos in captivity differences Cultivation, plant  Kanzi Chimpanzees, saving Cults Boucher de Perthes, Jacques  Chimpanzees in captivity Cultural conservation Bourdieu, Pierre City, history of Cultural constraints Brace, C. Loring  Ghost towns Brachiation  Braidwood, Robert John Civil disobedience  Cultural relativism Brain, evolution of Cladistics Cultural traits Brain, Clans Cultural tree of life Brain, primate Clines Culture Clinical genetics Culture and personality Breuil, Henri Clovis culture Culture area concept Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xi

LIST OF ENTRIES xi

Culture change DNA testing Culture of poverty DNA, recombinant Ethnology Culture shock Douglas, Mary  Ethology and ethnology Culture, characteristics of Dowry Ethnomedicine Cyberculture Ethnopharmacology Cybernetic modeling Dubois, Eugene Ethnopsychiatry  Cybernetics Durkheim, David Émile Ethnoscience Ethnosemantics Danilevsky, Nikolaj Jakovlevich Ecology and anthropology Ethology Daoism Ecology, human behavioral Ethology, cognitive Darkness in El Dorado Economics and anthropology Etics controversy Education and anthropology Eudysphoria Darrow, Clarence , ancient Dart, Ramond A.  Abu Simbel Euthenics Darwin and  Tutankhamun and Zahi Evans-Pritchard, Edward Darwin and Hawass Eve, mitochrondrial Darwin and Egyptology Evil Darwin, Charles  Jean-François Evolution, arc of Darwinism, modern Champollion  Interpreting evidence  Darwinism versus El Cerén Evolution, disbelief in Lamarckism Elders Evolution, human Darwinsim, social Eliade, Mircea  Evolution education  Social Darwinism Emics controversy Dating techniques Empedocles  Futurology  New dating techniques Enculturation  Monogenesis versus Dating techniques, radiometric  Nature and nurture polygenesis Dating techniques, relative Endogamy  Ian Tattersall Dawkins, Richard Engelbrecht, William Ernst Evolution, models of de Angulo, Jaime Engels, Friedrich Evolution, molecular de Waal, Frans B. M. Enlightenment, age of Evolution, organic Death rituals  Enlightenment versus Evolutionary anthropology Degenerationism postmodernism Evolutionary epistemology Deleuze, Gilles Entelechy Evolutionary ethics Deloria, Ella Cara Environments  Evolutionary ethics Dementia  Global warming  Evolutionary psychology Demography Environmental philosophy Evolutionary ontology Dendrochronology  Environmental ethics Excavation Dennett, Daniel C. Eoliths Exobiology and exoevolution Derrida, Jacques Eskimo acculturation Exogamy Determinism Eskimos Deviance Essentialism  Mass DeVore, Irven Ethics and anthropology Dewey, John Fa Hien cave Diamond, Jared Ethnoecology Fagan, Brian M. Dictatorships Ethnogenesis Family, extended Diffusionism Ethnographer Family, forms of Dinosaurian hominid  Objectivity in Family, nuclear Diseases  Verification in ethnography Farber, Marvin Dispute resolution Ethnographic writing Fayoum culture DNA molecule Ethnography Feasts and Festivals Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xii

xii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Feminism Genetics, population Henotheism Fertility  Human diversity Heraclitus Feuding Hermeneutics Feuerbach, Ludwig Genomics Herskovits, Melville Field methods Geologic column Heyerdahl, Thor Fieldwork, ethnographic Geology Hinduism Fiji Geomagnetism Historicism Firth, Raymond Geomythology HIV/AIDS Folk culture Gerontology Hoaxes in anthropology  Folk speech Gesellschaft Hobbes, Thomas Folkways Ghost dance Hoebel, E. Adamson Folsom culture Hominization, issues in Food Hominoids Fortes, Meyer Globalization  Hominid Fossey, Dian  Cultural convergence Homo antecessor   Vanishing cultures Homo erectus Fossil record Glottochronology Homo ergaster Gluckman, Max Homo habilis Foucault, Michel God gene Homo sapiens Frazer, Sir James Gods Homosexuality Freeman, Derek von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Hopi Indians French Goodall, Jane Horticulture Freud, Sigmund  Howell,F.Clark  Neo-Freudianism Goode, William Josiah Howling monkeys Fried, Morton H. Hrdlicka, Ales Friendships  Gorillas in captivity Huari [Wari] Fromm, Erich Gorillas, saving Human canopy evolution Functionalism Gosse, Philip Human competition and stress Gramsci, Antonio Human dignity Gaia hypothesis Graves Human excellence Galapagos Islands Greenberg, Joseph Galdikas, Biruté Mary F. Grooming Human  Biruté Mary F. Galdikas Guaraní Nandéva Indians Human rights and anthropology Galton, Francis Gutenberg, Johannes Human rights in the global Gandhi, Mahatma Gypsies Gangs Human variation Geertz, Clifford R. Haddon, A. C. Humanism, evolutionary Gemeinschaft Haeckel, Ernst Humanism, religious Gender  Primate embryology Humanism, secular Gene distributions Haidas  Secularization Gene flow Haiti Humankind, unity of Generative grammar Harappa  Unity of humankind Genetic drift Hardy-Weinberg principle and dinosaurs Genetic engineering Harlow, Harry F. von Humboldt, Alexander  Genetic engineering Harris, Marvin Hume, David  Stem cell research Harrisson, Barbara Huntington, Samuel P. Genetics, history of Health care, alternative Hylobates Genetics, human Heath, Shirley Bryce  Primate genetics Hegel, G.W.F. Ice man  Twin studies Heidegger, Martin Ideology Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xiii

LIST OF ENTRIES xiii

Ik Kovalevskii, Aleksandr O. Life, characteristics of Incest taboo Kovalevskii, Vladimir O.  Artificial life India and evolution Kroeber, Alfred Louis  Unity of life India, philosophies of  Alfred Louis Kroeber Life, origin of India, rituals of Kropotkin, Prince Peter A. Lineage systems, segmentary Kula ring Linguistic reconstruction Indus civilization Kulturkreise Linguistics, descriptive Informants !Kung Bushmen Linguistics, historical Inokun Village Kwakiutls Linguistics, transformational Instincts Linnaeus, Carolus Integrity, dynamic LaBarre, Weston Linton, Ralph Intelligence Labor  Ralph Linton  Cognitive science Labor, division of Llano culture  Intelligence and genetics Lafitau, Joseph-Francois Lorenz, Konrad  IQ tests Language Lorises Intercultural education  Noam Chomsky Lovejoy, C. Owen International organizations Language and biology Lucretius Inuit Language and culture Lucy reconstruction models Iron Age  Global language Lyell, Charles Iroquoian Nations, Northern  Vanishing languages Iroquois Language use, sociology of Maasai Irrigation Language, Macaques Islam Language, classification of Machu Picchu Language, origin of  Origin of language  Magic versus religion Jarmo Language, types of Maine, Henry Sumner Java man Lapps  Henry Sumner Maine Jewelry cave Malinowski, Bronislaw Jews Law and anthropology Malthus, Thomas Jews and pseudo-anthropology  Rights of indigenous Mana Johanson, Donald C. peoples today Manioc beer  Donald C. Johanson Law and society Mann, Thomas Jones, William Lazaret cave Ma-ori Justice and anthropology Leakey, Louis S.B.  Ma-ori  Louis S. B. Leakey Marett, Robert Ranulph Kant, Immanuel  Olduvai Gorge Marmosets Kardiner, Abram Leakey, Mary D. Marquesas Keith, Sir Arthur  Mary D. Leakey Marriage Kennewick man Leakey, Meave Epps Marx, Karl Kenyanthropus platyops  Meave Epps Leakey Marxism Kenyapithecus wickeri Leakey, Richard E. F.  Neo-Marxism Kettlewell, H.B.D. Legends Masks, ceremonial Kibbutz Lemurs Materialism, cultural King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr. Lenin, Vladimir I. U. Matriarchy and descent Leonardo da Vinci Mauss, Marcel Levalloisian tradition Mayas Kluckhohn, Clyde K. M. Levinas, Emmanuel Mbuti Pygmies Koba Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien McCown, Theodore D. Kohler, Wolfgang Libby, Willard McLuhan, Marshall (lowland ) Life cycle, human  Global society Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xiv

xiv ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Mead, Margaret Muslims Oral literature  Mutants, human Orality and anthropology  Mundugamor Mutations  -human Medical genetics Myths and mythology evolution Medicine man Orangutan survival, threats to Meganthropus Napier, J. R. Mehan, Hugh Narmada man  Orangutans in captivity Melanin Naroll, Raoul Orce Nash, June C. cultures Nationalism Ornamentation Mesopotamian civilization Native North American Orwell, George Metallurgy religions , human Native Peoples of Central and  National Museum of South America Pacific rim Anthropology Native Peoples of the Great Plains Pacific seafaring Miami Indians Native Peoples of the United Middens States Paleoecology Midwifery Native studies Paleomagnetism Migrations Natufian culture Paleontology  Migrations to the Naturalism Paluxy Western Hemisphere Nature Palynology Mintz, Sidney Wilfred Nature, role of human mind in Panama Missing link Navajo Pantheism Modal personality Nazca culture Paralinguistic communication Models, anthropological Neandertal  Paralanguage Modjokerto Neandertal evidence Park, Robert Ezra Mohenjo Daro Neandertal sites Participant-observation Monasticism Neandertals Pascal, Blaise  Neandertals Patriarchy Monkey Trial [1925] Neo-Darwinism Patterson, Francine G. Monkeys, New World Neo-Darwinism, origin of Peasants Monkeys, Old World cultures Pentecostalism Monogamy Neurotheology People’s Republic of Montagu, Ashley Ngandong and Taiwan Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de Nietzsche, Friedrich  Asia Monte Verde Nomads  Great Wall of China Mores Non-Darwinian evolutionary Morgan, Elaine mechanisms Petra Morgan, Lewis Henry Norms Petroglyphs Morphology versus molecules in Peyote rituals evolution Oakley, Kenneth Page Philosophy, dynamic Morris, Desmond Ochre Phonetics Muller, Friedrich Max Ogbu, John Phonology  Friedrich Max Muller Ohio Hopewell Pictographs Multiculturalism Ojibwa Pike, Kenneth L. Mummies and mummification Oldowan culture Pinker, Steven Mungo lady / man Olmecs Political anthropology Murdock, George Peter Omaha Indians Political economy Museums Onas Political organizations Music Oparin, A. I. Political science Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xv

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Polyandry Religion Service, Elman R. Polygamy Religion and anthropology Sex identity Polygyny Religion and environment Sex roles Polynesians Religion, liberal Sexual harassment Polytheism  Comparative religion Sexual selection Pongids Religious rituals Sexuality  Ape culture Reproduction Shaman Popper, Karl Research methods Population explosion  Research in anthropology Siamangs Positivism Revitalization movements Postcolonialism Rites of passage Sickle-cell anemia Postmodernism Rivers, W.H.R. Simpson, George Gaylord Potassium-Argon dating RNA molecule Simulacra Potlatch Robbins, Richard H. Siwalik Hills Pottery and ceramics Rock art Slavery Pragmatism Role and status Smith, Grafton Elliot Prehistory Rome, ancient Smith, William Primate behavioral ecology Rowe, John Howland Smuts, Barbara B. Primate extinction Rumbaugh, D. M. Social change  Primate conservation Russell, Dale Allen Social structures  Primate extinction and evolution Socialization Primate locomotion  State Darwin Museum, , class Primate morphology and Moscow, Russia Societies, complex evolution Societies, egalitarian Primate taxonomy Sagan, Carl Societies, rank , quadrupedalism Sahara anthropology Societies, secret Primatology Sahelanthropus tchadensis  Secret societies Prosimians Sahlins, Marshall D. Sociobiology Protolanguage Sambungmachan Sociolinguistics Psychiatry, transcultural Samburu Sociology Psychology and genetics Sorcery  Forensic psychologists Sangiran Speech, folk Pu’uhonua o Honaunau Sapir, Edward  Anatomy and physiology Pyramids Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of speech Sardinia Spencer, Herbert Qing, the Last Dynasty of China Sartono Spengler, Oswald Quechua Sasquatch Spider monkeys Saussure, Ferdinand de Stereotypes Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. Schaller, George B. Steward, Julian H. Radin, Paul Schliemann, Heinrich Stonehenge Ramses II Schmidt, Wilhelm Stratigraphy  Ramses II Schneider, David Structuralism Rank and status Schwartz, Jeffrey H.  Claude Lévi-Strauss Rapa Nui Science, philosophy of Strum, Shirley C.  Rapa Nui Subcultures Rappaport, Roy  Scientism versus Sudanese society Rarotonga fundamentalism Sufi Islam Reciprocity Scopes, John Sumerian civilization Redfield, Robert Selection, natural Sumner, William Graham Reichard, Gladys Semantics, ethnographic Superorganic Volume 1.qxd 9/13/2005 3:29 PM Page xvi

xvi ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Survivals, cultural Treeshrews Washoe Swahili Tropical rain forests Wegener, Alfred Symboling Troy Weidenrich, Franz Syncretism Tswana Bantu Wells, H. G. Turnbull, Colin M. White, Leslie A. Taboos Turner, Edith White, Timothy Tahiti Tylor, Edward Burnett Whitehead, Alfred North Taj Mahal Whorf, Benjamin Lee Tamarins Ubirr Williams, Raymond Taphonomy Unamuno, Miguel de Wilson, Edward O. Tarsiers Uniformitarianism Wissler, Clark Tasmania United Nations and Witch doctor Tax, Sol anthropology Witchcraft Technology Universals in culture Wolf, Eric Robert Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre Universals in language Wolfian perspective in cultural Teleology Untouchables anthropology Temples Ur Women and anthropology Tenochtitlan Uranium-Lead dating Women’s studies Terra Amata Urban ecology Work and skills Territoriality Urban legends  Territoriality in primates Urbanism in ancient Egypt Xenophanes Textiles and clothing Uxmal Xenophobia Theories Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall Values and anthropology Yabarana Indians  Hottentots Vayda, Andrew Yaganes  San Bushmen Venezuela Yanomamo Tierra del Fuego Venus of Willendorf Yerkes, Robert M. Tikal Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich  Robert M. Yerkes  Tikal Verne, Jules Tikopia Vikings Y-STR DNA Time Villages Time in anthropology Virchow, Rudolf Lothar Zafarraya cave Tiwanaku [Tiahuanaco] Voros, Gyozo Zande Tlingit Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich Zapotecs Tlingit culture Ziggurats Tonga Wagner, Richard Zinjanthropus boisei Tools and evolution Wallace, Alfred Russel Zooarchaeology Totem poles Wallace, Anthony F. C. Zoos Totemism Wallerstein, Immanuel  Zoos Toynbee, Arnold Joseph War, anthropology of Zulu Transnationalism War, archaeology of Zuni Indians Travel Washburn, Sherwood L.

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