U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Land Management NEVADA Past, Present and Future Issues in Great Basin Archaeology: Papers in Honor of Don D. Fowler Edited by Bryan Hockett Cultural Resource Series No. 20 2009 1 Past, Present, and Future Issues in Great Basin Archaeology: Papers in Honor of Don D. Fowler Edited by: Bryan Hockett US Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management 3900 East Idaho Street Elko, Nevada 89801 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by Bryan Hockett ……………………………………………………………...……………3 CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………………………...………………5 Historical Perspectives on a Great Basin Career by Donald Hardesty CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………………………...……..………10 CRM – The Next Generation by Alice Baldrica & Renée Corona Kolvet CHAPTER 3………………………………………………..……………………………...……………32 Walking and Running in the Sierra Tarahumara: A Reflection on Pedestrian Mobility and the “Known World” in Desert West Culture History by C. Melvin Aikens CHAPTER 4…………………………………………………………………………….....……………49 The Avoided Past: Great Basin Rock Art in Archaeological Thought and Its Potential in the Study of Past Identity by Alanah Woody & Angus R. Quinlan CHAPTER 5……………………………………………………………………………...…….….……67 Holocene Elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Great Basin by Donald Grayson & Jacob Fisher CHAPTER 6…………………………………………………………………………….....……………84 Netting, Net Hunting, and Human Adaptation in the Eastern Great Basin by J. M. Adovasio, R. L. Andrews & J. S. Illingworth CHAPTER 7……………………………………………………………………………...……………103 Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Research by Eugene Hattori & Catherine Fowler CHAPTER 8……………………………………………………………………………...……………125 Woven Sandals as Boundary Markers Between the Great Basin and Southwest Culture Areas by Pat Barker CHAPTER 9……………………………………………………………………………...……………146 Asking Why in Great Basin Lithic Studies by Daron Duke & Gregory Haynes CHAPTER 10…………………………………..………………………………………...……………169 13,000 Years of Large Game Hunting in the Great Basin by Bryan Hockett CHAPTER 11………………………………………..…………………………………...……………205 Different Beginnings: A Great Basin View of the Younger-Dryas and the Pleistocene- Holocene Transition by D. Craig Young CHAPTER 12…………………………………………………………………………. .. ……………218 The Middle Holocene Period and Great Basin Archaeology: Past Ideas, Current Trends, and Future Research by Teresa Wriston REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………...……...…242 3 Introduction symposium I chaired in Las Vegas in 2006. The ballroom in which this symposium took place was standing-room only. The papers This book provides a compendium of presented were of exceptional quality. The eight broad research topics that have played discussants were impeccable: Don Grayson, significant roles in the study of ancient Great David Hurst Thomas, and David Madsen. I Basin cultures and environments. These am certain that everyone in attendance will include (1) mobility patterns, (2) the never forget the tribute to Don Fowler offered development of Cultural Resource by Don Grayson – I only wish his Management, (3) rock art, (4) textiles, (5) presentation could somehow be recreated animal paleoecology, (6) lithic studies, (7) here. Alas, it was definitely a “you had to be large game hunting, and (8) paleoclimates there” event! In any case, I would have been during the Pleistocene and Middle Holocene. remiss to not proceed forward with a tribute Twelve papers summarize the current state of volume following that symposium, and this knowledge related to these topics, as well as book is the result of that effort. provide suggestions for future research. This book, however, is more than The authors of each individual chapter simply a hodgepodge of papers put together have more in common than simply an interest by scholars who have known and worked in the geographic region known as the Great with Don Fowler. There is, in fact, no other Basin of western North America. In one way book recently published quite like this one. or another, they all have been influenced by a Several books have been recently published single scholar: Don D. Fowler. As outlined in that summarize general issues in Great Basin the opening chapter by Don Hardesy, Don research. Beck and Jones’ (1999) excellent Fowler has spent more than 40 years as a book covers many of the theoretical issues student, teacher, mentor, and researcher of that have guided Great Basin research in the Great Basin aboriginal peoples, cultures, and past. Don Grayson’s “The Desert’s Past”, landscapes. During that time, Don has first published in 1993, has become the positively influenced a great many people, standard for a general treatment of Great including myself. Basin paleoclimates and paleoecology. Don’s recent retirement from the Missing, however, is an overview of University of Nevada, Reno, prompted me to past, present, and possible future studies of the bring together a diverse group of these material remains that archaeologists uncover scholars to present papers in his honor in a 4 from the dirt (textiles, lithics, bones), and issues related to their procurement and interpretation in time and space (both ancient and modern). The chapters of this book reflect the vitality and variety of material remains and issues that Great Basin scholars study, mirroring the multitude of scholars that Don Fowler has influenced. On a personal note, I would not be in the position of editing a volume such as this without the support and assistance that Don provided to me early in my graduate career. With this book, I can only offer my heartfelt “Thank You”. Bryan Hockett Elko, Nevada January, 2009 5 1 what was then the Department of Sociology Historical Perspectives on a and Anthropology. He taught classes in Great Basin Career cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, Donald L. Hardesty archaeology, world ethnography, North * American archaeology, North American Don D. Fowler was born in Torrey, ethnography, archaeological theory, social Utah. He first did undergraduate work at structure, history of anthropology, and Weber College in Ogden and then transferred anthropological theory during those early to the University of Utah, where he received a years and did archaeological research in the B.A. in Anthropology in 1959 and did southeastern Great Basin. In 1966, he graduate work in Anthropology and received a grant from the Fleischman American Studies between 1959 and 1962. Foundation to conduct archaeological During this time, he worked on research in eastern Nevada and in the archaeological survey and excavation projects following two years received grants from the in southern Utah and northern Arizona. Of National Science Foundation to conduct these, the foremost was the Glen Canyon excavations at Newark Cave and Project, where, under the direction of Jesse archaeological surveys in eastern Nevada and Jennings, Don supervised archaeological Lincoln County. Continuing down this survey and excavation teams, helped with pathway of grantsmanship, Don later served project administration, edited major as Principal Investigator on more than 60 publications, and published several articles in research grants and contracts to support the University of Utah Anthropological research in Great Basin archaeology and Papers. In 1962, he entered the doctoral anthropology. program at the University of Pittsburgh. Don completed his dissertation and received his In 1967, the university created a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of separate Department of Anthropology under Pittsburgh in 1965. His dissertation focused the chairmanship of Warren d’Azevedo. Don on the culture history and ecology of the spent the year of 1967-68 at the Museum of Wind River Shoshone in Wyoming, where he Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution did ethnographic research in 1961. on a fellowship to do research on John Wesley Powell and the history of 19th century In the fall of 1964, Don, still ABD at anthropology in North America. This this time, moved to Reno to take an research launched a new career track with a appointment at the University of Nevada in series of subsequent publications on John 6 Wesley Powell (Down the Colorado: John The Center underwent several name changes Wesley Powell’s Diary of the First Trip over the years, changing first to the Western Through the Grand Canyon, E.P. Dutton, Studies Center and then to the Social Sciences 1969; Anthropology of the Numa, Center. At DRI, he continued to conduct Smithsonian, 1971, with Kay Fowler), archaeological research projects within the western photographer John K. Hillers Great Basin supported by numerous grants (“Photographed All the Best Scenery – Jack and contracts but also collaborated with Hillers’ Diary of the Powell Expedition, 1871- colleagues on a variety of water resources, 1875, University of Utah Press, 1972, and energy, and urban planning projects. And Myself in the Water, Smithsonian, 1989), between 1969 and 1971, Don worked as a Edward Curtis photographs (In a Sacred consultant for the Smithsonian Institution to Manner We Live, Barre, 1972), and the develop archaeological research programs in history of anthropology in the American India. His prowess as an administrator and Southwest (A Laboratory of Anthropology: leader blossomed during the DRI years. From Science and Romanticism in the American 1970 to 1973, he chaired the Faculty Senate at Southwest, 1846-1930, University of New DRI and was involved in a variety of Mexico Press, 2000). Don began his long-term University System-wide committees focusing research collaboration with his spouse, Kay, on inter-campus