The Strategic and Trade Protection Implications of Anglo- Australian Maritime Trade 1885-1942 Mark L. Bailey A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW Canberra History Program May 2019 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Australia's Global SYDNEY University Surname/Family Name BAILEY Given Name/s MARK LINDSAY Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar PhD Faculty AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE ACADEMY School HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The Strategic and Trade Protection Implications of Anglo-Australian Maritime Thesis Title Trade 1885-1942 Abstract This thesis sets out an original approach to understanding the protection of maritime trade on which the British Empire depended, using the case study of the Anglo-Australian strategic and economic relationship. The chronological parameters of 1885 and 1942 are driven by this Anglo-Australian connection. 1885 saw Colonial concurrence on sharing the burden of trade protection. 1942 marks the collapse of the Imperial trade protection strategy in Asia. The main themes are how trade protection was developed into a global structure during WWI and institutionalised post-war as a shared responsibility. The Anglo-Australian strategic relationship is used because Australia was the only Dominion to enter into a trade protection burden-sharing relationship with Britain. No other work has examined the strategic and trade protection implications of maritime trade from this perspective. This thesis fills a gap in historical knowledge concerning a fundamental maritime capability; the protection of maritime trade. It uses the Anglo-Australian strategic, maritime, cultural and economic relationship as a case study to illustrate how an efficientglobal trade protection system was developed during the general war which ended the first globalisation. WWI destroyed the globalised maritime trading system which had developed by 1914. The system was elastic, failing gradually enough to be replaced by centralised state control. Less efficient, state control enabled a damaged maritime trade system to meet the minimal demands of the Empire's civil and war economies as well as those of the Empire's allies. Imperial sea power denied the Central Powers use of the world-ocean and swiftly defeated the raiding cruisers. A new submarine threat arose yet the trade protection system was developed through stages to defeat this as well. This system, called Naval Control of Shipping (NCS}, was institutionalised post-1918 by both the RN and RAN as part of a global exercise in 'burden sharing' between the UK and its Dominions. It was refreshed after the strategic shock of the 1931 Manchurian Crisis, activated during the 1938 Munich Crisis and mobilised smoothly across the world in 1939. Again in 1939 the NCS system enabled the British to centrally control and protect their global maritime trade and to defeat the German raider and submarine threats. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all fonns of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisionsof the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in futureworks (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. rn M t ral ���� � :•�• 350 �m ,s•�'�"�:�� 1,w,, ..: � ( � •P �:::�� � Witness Signature )�'(EDa e The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests forrestriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstancesand require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: • The student contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the “primary author”, ie. the student was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication • The student has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. • The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not. This thesis contains no publications, either published or submitted for publication ☒ (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement (if this box is ☐ checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) ☐ incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I declare that: • I have complied with the Thesis Examination Procedure • where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Name Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) Mark Bailey 27 May 2019 Postgraduate Coordinator’s Declaration (to be filled in where publications are used in lieu of Chapters) I declare that: • the information below is accurate • where listed publication(s) have been used in lieu of Chapter(s), their use complies with the Thesis Examination Procedure • the minimum requirements for the format of the thesis have been met. PGC’s Name PGC’s Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) i For each publication incorporated into the thesis in lieu of a Chapter, provide all of the requested details and signatures required Details of publication #1: Full title: Authors: Journal or book name: Volume/page numbers: Date accepted/ published: Status Published Accepted and In In progress press (submitted) The Candidate’s Contribution to the Work Insert text describing how the candidate has contributed to the work Location of the work in the thesis and/or how the work is incorporated in the thesis: Insert text Primary Supervisor’s Declaration I declare that: • the information above is accurate • this has been discussed with the PGC and it is agreed that this publication can be included in this thesis in lieu of a Chapter • All of the co-authors of the publication have reviewed the above information and have agreed to its veracity by signing a ‘Co-Author Authorisation’ form. Supervisor’s name Supervisor’s signature Date (dd/mm/yy) Details of publication #2: Full title: Authors: Journal or book name: Volume/page numbers: Date accepted/ published: Status Published Accepted and In In progress press (submitted) The Candidate’s Contribution to the Work Insert text describing how the candidate has contributed to the work Location of the work in the thesis and/or how the work is incorporated in the thesis: Insert text Primary Supervisor’s Declaration I declare that: • the information above is accurate • this has been discussed with the PGC and it is agreed that this publication can be included in this thesis in lieu of a Chapter • All of the co-authors of the publication have reviewed the above information and have agreed to its veracity by signing a ‘Co-Author Authorisation’ form. Supervisor’s name Supervisor’s signature Date (dd/mm/yy) Add further boxes if required. You may delete any boxes not used ii Declarations Originality Statement I hereby declare that this submission is my work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in this thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that the assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation or linguistic expression is acknowledged. (Mark Bailey) May 2019 Copyright Statement I hereby grant the university of new South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/ will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format. (Mark Bailey) May 2019 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... ix Frequently Used Terms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ x Introduction: The Strategic and Trade Protection Implications of Anglo-Australian Maritime Trade 1885-1942.