Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

MOZAMBIQUE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMPETITIVE GRANTS PROGRAM FINAL REPORT

FEBRUARY 2010 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by ARD, Inc.

Mozambique Agricultural Research Competitive Grants Program (COMPETE) USAID Contract Number: EDH-I-00-05-00006-00

Program Contacts: Dr. Rafael Uaiene, IIAM Program Coordinator: [email protected] Tara Simpson, ARD Senior Technical Advisor/Manager: [email protected] Zyck Baggett, ARD Program Manager: [email protected] Chelsea Keyser, ARD Assistant Program Manager: [email protected]

COVER PHOTO: Angonia, Mozambique

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

MOZAMBIQUE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMPETITIVE GRANTS PROGRAM FINAL REPORT

February 2010

DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

CONTENTS

1.0 THE COMPETITIVE GRANTS PROGRAM ...... 1 1.1 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN MOZAMBIQUE ...... 1 1.1.1 Strengthening Mozambique’s Agriculture Sector ...... 1 1.1.2 A Competitive Grants System for Agricultural Research ...... 1 1.2 PROGRAM DESIGN ...... 2 1.3 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION ...... 4 1.3.1 Stage I – Grant Solicitation and Award ...... 4 1.3.2 Stage II – Grantee Research and Program Monitoring ...... 5 1.3.3 Stage III – Research Finalization and Program Close-Out ...... 5 1.4 PROGRAM RESOURCES ...... 6 1.4.1 Workshops I and II ...... 6 1.4.2 Webpage ...... 8 1.4.3 Program Newsletters ...... 8 1.4.4 Grants Manual ...... 8 1.4.5 Increasing Donor Support ...... 8 1.4.6 Research and Materials Finalization ...... 9 2.0 COMPETE GRANTEES ...... 10 2.1 STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN CATTLE AND THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ITS CONTROL ...... 11 2.1.1 Research Summary ...... 11 2.1.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 13 2.1.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 13 2.2 PARTICIPATORY INVESTIGATION OF AGRONOMIC, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ANGONE AND LANDIM CATTLE SPECIES IN ANIMAL TRACTION ...... 14 2.2.1 Research Summary ...... 14 2.2.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 16 2.2.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 16 2.3 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF STRIGA (STRIGA HERMONTHICA) AND THE MAIZE BORER (CHILO PARTELLUS) IN AREAS OF SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE ...... 17 2.3.1 Research Summary ...... 17 2.3.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 19 2.3.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 19 2.4 COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GOATS IN THE SMALLHOLDER SECTOR OF ANGONIA DISTRICT ...... 20

i

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.4.1 Research Summary ...... 20 2.4.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 24 2.4.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 25 2.5 EVALUATION AND PROMOTION OF IMPROVED VARIETIES OF SOYA IN COMMUNITIES OF MANICA AND SOFALA ...... 25 2.5.1 Research Summary ...... 26 2.5.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 27 2.5.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 27 2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CULTIVATION AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RURAL FAMILIES ...... 28 2.6.1 Research Summary ...... 28 2.6.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 29 2.6.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 30 2.7 SESAME ON-FARM TRAILS, SEED MULTIPLICATION, AND DISSEMINATION IN NAMPULA AND CABO DELGADO ...... 30 2.7.1 Research Summary ...... 30 2.7.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 31 2.7.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 32 2.8 EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHICKENS IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN MAGUDE THROUGH THE PRODUCTION OF EGGS AND MEAT ...... 32 2.8.1 Research Summary ...... 32 2.8.2 Grant Extension Materials ...... 34 2.8.3 Program Monitoring and Review ...... 35 3.0 PROGRAM EVALUATIONS, AUDITS AND LESSONS LEARNED ...... 36 3.1 MID-TERM EVALUATION ...... 36 3.2 PROGRAM AUDIT ...... 36 3.3 PROGRAM SUCCESSES AND LESSONS LEARNED ...... 37

ii

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa ANOVA Analysis of Variance CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research CGS Competitive Grants System COP Chief of Party COTR Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative DCA Animal Sciences Directorate GMD Average Daily Gain GMM Grants Management Manual IIAM Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique IPM Integrated Pest Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MARCGP Competitive Grants Program for Agrarian Research in Mozambique MCA Millennium Challenge Account MSU Michigan State University MTT Microorganism Transmitted by Ticks NGO Non-governmental Organization OM Office Manager PCV Packed Cell Volume PI Principal Investigator PRA Project Rural Appraisal SGM Senior Grants Manager STA/M Senior Technical Advisor/Manager TREC Technical Review and Evaluation Committee

iii

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

UEM University Eduardo Mondlane USAID United States Agency for International Development

iv

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

1.0 THE COMPETITIVE GRANTS PROGRAM

1.1 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN MOZAMBIQUE

1.1.1 Strengthening Mozambique’s Agriculture Sector As the Mozambique government continues to orientate the country towards increased economic stability and prosperity following the end of civil war in 1992, the growth of the agriculture sector remains a high priority. A majority of Mozambican farmers rely on rain-fed agricultural production and animal husbandry for their livelihoods and subside on less than $1 per day. Agriculture is a key pillar of economic growth for the country as reflected in the government strategy, including: (1) improvement in food security; (2) reduced poverty, especially among small holders; and (3) quick improvements in the economic well being of the rural population. Traditional gains in food production from expansion of cultivated areas is now being weighed with the appreciation of the importance of productivity for subsistence farmers and commercial growers. Through the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM) the government is moving forward with strengthening and developing the country’s capacities to address productivity constraints, develop locally appropriate solutions, undertake applied and participatory research, engage the private sector, disseminate information, and collaborate with international research organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to increase impacts. After having been reorganized from the previous national agriculture research system, in 2006 IIAM was ready for improved accountability, impact, and management of its programs by instituting management systems to improve accountability, prioritize research activities, and support competition for research grants.

1.1.2 A Competitive Grants System for Agricultural Research Based on these needs, the idea for a Competitive Grants Program for Agrarian Research in Mozambique (MARCGP) was generated with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and IIAM. The goal of the program was to strengthen Mozambique’s agricultural research system capacity to cost effectively promote the adoption of improved agricultural technologies, through the development of a Competitive Grants System (CGS). Specifically the MARCGP’s three objectives were as follows:

¾ Improved capacity of IIAM to provide research guidance, and manage funds from various donors that support development and adoption of improved agricultural technologies; ¾ Strengthened capacity of national researchers and research organizations to meet national needs through the development of technologies that enhance agricultural production; and ¾ High and rapid impact achieved by combining improvements in agricultural technology with private sector interests, existing government and NGO networks, improved dissemination, and increased investment in rural areas.

1

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

The program contributed to the country's poverty reduction plan and USAID/Mozambique Strategic Objective 6: Increase in Rural Incomes Sustained which supports the U.S. Presidential Initiative to End Hunger in Africa. Compete results were focused on the conclusion of research activities that met national objectives for greater food security, improved rural incomes, and improved health and welfare in rural areas. To that end, the production and dissemination of extension materials was to be integrated into research efforts to ensure that findings were clearly and effectively communicated to government agencies and rural populations.

1.2 PROGRAM DESIGN

ARD Inc. was awarded the USAID contract in September 2006 and oversaw the program through to its completion in November 2009. The original program was budgeted at $3,297,680 but later reduced to $2,400,000. The program was renamed from MARCGP to Compete shortly after the contract award to reflect the competitive character of the grants award process and to give it a distinct identity within the Mozambique agricultural research community. The majority of the program funds were provided to directly fund agricultural research grants. Compete undertook a rigorous process to award the grants in close collaboration with IIAM and USAID.

Photo 1. Sign at Entrance to Facilities, Maputo, Mozambique

The grant making and grant management process developed under Compete included the following components, also illustrated in Figure 1: ¾ Determination by public and private agricultural sector partners of high priority research areas in agricultural technology. ¾ Solicitation process for research proposals, a two-tier process that begins with the solicitation of Concept Papers (CP) followed by solicitation of full proposals for selected CPs. ¾ Technical support for the preparation of proposals. ¾ A Project Advisory Committee chaired by the Director-General of IIAM, and including the chair of the Selection Committee and USAID representative, and which will approve all CGS grants.

2

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

¾ The Selection Committee, chaired by an independent, respected individual with relevant technical expertise, preferably from Southern or East Africa. ¾ Grant awarding process. ¾ Research implementation of monitoring and evaluation. Figure 1: The Compete Grants Cycle

6. Grant Start Here Completion & Close-Out 1. Preparation for Public Notice

5. Administration, 2. Evaluation & Monitoring & selection of Reporting Concept papers & Research Proposals

4. Awards & 3. Pre-Award Preparation of Negotiation Grant Award Documents

As a major component to the program was developing the local capacity within IIAM to solicit grant applications, award grants, and oversee implementation, Compete was housed within IIAM and supported by two long-term ARD staff: a Chief of Party (COP), Marcos Friere, and a Senior Grants Manager (SGM) Pauline Wynter. The program was structured as such that in year three contract management of Compete shifted from ARD’s long-term staff to IIAM to allow IIAM to utilize its strengthened capacity and show increased ability to manage a grants program. The ARD Senior Technical Advisor/Manager (STA/M), Tara Simpson, continued to provide oversight and assistance throughout the program. Program stages are detailed below.

3

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

1.3 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION

1.3.1 Stage I – Grant Solicitation and Award Three rounds of IIAM competitive grant review committees occurred under Compete. For each round the process remained the same, beginning with discussions to define research parameters with IIAM and from there moving into the development of request for CPs and full proposals and ensuring the opportunity was communicated to a wide audience. The Technical Review and Evaluation Committee (TREC) comprising IIAM, ARD, and USIAD staff, as well as a regional scientist for increased process credibility, convened to review CP submissions and again to select fully developed proposals for grant awards. Essential to the process was maintaining defined objectives, transparent processes, and objective evaluations.

Several trainings were held across the county by the COP and SGM to train grant applicants in creating well developed, responsive, and financially sound CPs and proposals. Such trainings helped applicants develop full proposals, which included workflow charts, detailed budgets, management plans, and detailed research objectives.

With sufficient training and program publication, the first grant cycle resulted in 43 CPs, of which 11 were selected by TREC to submit full proposals; while the second cycle resulted in 36 proposals, of which 13 were asked for full proposals. Between the two cycles, 25 (32%) of the 79 CPs were submitted by women, out of which 24, including eight (33 %) led by women, were invited to develop full proposals. The majority of proposals were presented by team leaders working at government institutions (higher education, agricultural research, and ministries of agriculture and health), however, proposals were also received from NGOs and Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers.

A total of 10 grants, ranging from $100,000 to $250,000, were awarded through the first two rounds. Two grants were cancelled due to lack of environmental clearances and budget limitations. Proposals were commissioned during the third round, however, due to USAID program budget reductions the evaluation of proposals and grant awards were cancelled. The majority of researchers were based in Maputo; however, IIAM Zonal Centers were used as research stations to ensure geographical and ecological diversity (see Figure 2). In addition, gender balanced participatory approaches were standard in all grants and research activities, allowing for greater impact at the research and extension levels. See Section 2 for full grant details.

Photo 2. TREC for Round I Grant Awards Photo 3. TREC Review of Round II Concept

4

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

1.3.2 Stage II – Grantee Research and Program Monitoring

By September 2007, round one research was underway and by March 2008 all grants had been awarded under the contract. Awardees continued to work closely with ARD and IIAM throughout the grant period to improve programmatic and financial reports, bookkeeping, grants management, and dissemination of research results. Grantees submitted quarterly and annual reports detailing research progress and challenges encountered. These reports were then included in ARD’s reporting to the USAID Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR). Throughout the process of grantee mobilization and initiation of research activities the ARD team provided ongoing support regarding setting up bank accounts, organizing finances, reviewing implementation plans, perfecting research methodologies, and ensuring regulations were followed.

The ARD team undertook the grants management and monitoring during the first two years of Compete. During this period the COP and/or SGM visited grantees on a typically quarterly basis, depending on the particular needs and experiences of grantees. Communication between the ARD team and the grantees was high throughout the grant period. The ARD Office Manger (OM), Aida Ismael, played a critical role liaising with grantees and their accountants, often several times during a month, to ensure monthly accounts were submitted with the proper documentation and on time. The most significant obstacle faced during the program was the USAID notice in March 2008 that due to budget constrains the program would be reduced from $3,297,680 to $2,400,000. This reduction not only required cancellation of the third funding round but also cuts to existing grants. These changes were managed in a timely manner and with a limited impact to grantee’s research.

ARD worked closely with IIAM in the initial stages of the program, providing support and training in areas such as strategic planning, research prioritizing, communications, development of the grants manual, and website design and maintenance. It was not until February 2008, however, that an official counterpart for Compete was selected by IIAM. For various reasons unrelated to Compete, the institute was unable to supply staff for Compete, which made the envisioned early integration of IIAM into the day-to-day management of the grants program impossible. Once the counterpart, Dr. Rafael Uaiene, was appointed, this integration progressed quickly. Additional training was able to be provided in the programmatic and financial management of grants, reporting requirements, monitoring and evaluation of grants, linking research with extension, grant agreement requirements, record keeping, etc.

1.3.3 Stage III – Research Finalization and Program Close-Out After several months of trainings, collaborations, and preparations, Compete was officially transferred to IIAM on November 20, 2008. This occurred with the signing of the handover letter detailing the transfer arrangements at an official ceremony attended by IIAM, ARD, and USAID representatives. Through the transfer, ARD’s long-term COP and SGM positions were dissolved, however, ARD continued to support Compete and remained actively engaged with IIAM in achieving program objectives through the continuance of the ARD OM and regular communications and visits by the STA/M. While the transfer was an integral part of the program’s design, it was also the result of significant efforts by ARD and IIAM to not only strengthen IIAM’s capacity to manage competitive grants but to also create a place for Compete as a unit within IIAM, rather than just a USAID program. In the transfer IIAM essentially took responsibility for the financial and programmatic management of Compete. A broader IIAM team was appointed, continuing under the leadership of Dr. Uaiene and

5

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program expanding to include Clementina Machungo, Luís Sumila, and Sarita Chiziane. Within the first month of the transfer IIAM had successfully opened program bank accounts, worked with grantees on reporting, issued grant and programmatic payments, and collaborated with USAID without incident. In addition, several experts within IIAM were mobilized given their specialties to support the monitoring and evaluation of the Compete grants. During the last year of the program Compete was successfully integrated into IIAM and the institute not only fulfilled their grants management responsibilities but also put forth Compete as an initiative integral to their organization. The need for a competitive agricultural research program such as Compete was successfully incorporated into IIAM’s strategic plan and dialogue continues within IIAM and the Ministry of Science and Technology to fully integrate the program.

The final portion of the program was critical to validating IIAM’s capacities as well as ensuring successful completion of the research undertaken through the grants. Grantees faced challenges in the final stages of research due to factors within and outside their control, such as weather, procurement of materials, management difficulties, and unforeseen issues. These challenges caused grantees difficulties meeting research goals and utilizing allocated budgets. IIAM worked closely with grantees to address issues promptly and make adjustments to agreements as appropriate. Given these circumstances, grantees were given extensions of one to two months to allow sufficient time for completion of final reporting and extension materials. With these adjustments all grantees successfully completed research activities and reporting by revised deadlines.

ARD worked with IIAM to provide guidance and support on the close-out process for the Compete grantees and the program. Standard USAID close-out requirements were reviewed, close-out plans were produced jointly for USAID approval, and the importance of adherence to contract timelines reinforced. Given needed extensions to the grants USAID agreed to issue a no-cost extension through November 15, 2009 to the Compete contract, to allow sufficient time for the close-out process. IIAM and the ARD Office Manager worked closely with grantees to ensure all grant close-out documents and financial information was promptly obtained for grant closure prior to contract deadlines. The ARD Assistant Program Manager, Chelsea Keyser, travelled to Maputo in November to help the OM close the program. All inventories were transferred to IIAM in support of Compete’s integration within IIAM.

1.4 PROGRAM RESOURCES

1.4.1 Workshops I and II The First Annual Workshop was held August 12-13, 2008 at the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry Engineering of the University Eduardo Mondlane (UEM) in Maputo. The focus of the workshop was to: ¾ Present and discuss the projects preliminary results; ¾ Present and discuss the training and extension materials produced; ¾ Present and discuss the lessons learned during the first year; and ¾ Evaluate the gains regarding the increased capacity of the researchers and their institutions. Over 40 people attended, drawn from researchers, academics, representatives from NGOs, and donor agencies. Grantees and participants found the workshop valuable and were able to provide feedback and learn from the eight formal grantee presentations and extension materials on display. Two lectures were also

6

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program included in the workshop, the first on the importance of food security in relation to HIV/AIDS and the second on the definition of research priorities and research programs.

Photo 4. Dr. Uaiene & Workshop Participants Photo 5. USAID’s Mr. McMahon Reviews Posters

The Second Annual Workshop was organized by IIAM and held on June 16-17, 2009 at the IIAM facilities in Maputo. The workshop was highly successful and had over 60 attendants drawn from Compete grantees, IIAM, USAID, donors, research organizations, NGOs and others. Each grantee gave a presentation of their initial research findings and was provided feedback from their peers. A poster room also highlighted the many materials produced by the grantees. In addition, a presentation was given by the Extension Service on extension material development and Luis Neves presented his mid-term evaluation findings on Compete (discussed in Section 3).

Photo 7. Workshop participants listen to opening Photo 6. Dr Calisto Bias, IIAM Director General remarks at the Second Annual Workshop

7

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

1.4.2 Webpage During Compete, the IIAM website was resigned and transferred to IIAM management in close collaboration between ARD, Michigan State University (MSU), and IIAM. Changes were made to the IIAM site and a page was created specific to Compete. Following several meetings, a workshop was held October 30-31, 2007 to bring together Compete, MSU, and IIAM to discuss and determine IIAM’s goals for the website, including content, public image conveyance, and maintenance. The vision that resulted from the workshop was ultimately approved by IIAM’s Science and Technology committee in December 2007 and the redesign began. During the changes MSU continued to host the website, however, once finalized in June 2008 the website was transferred to IIAM who assumed responsibility for its upkeep and maintenance. The new IIAM website can be found at www.IIAM.gov.mz and a link takes visitors to Compete where grant information and materials.

1.4.3 Program Newsletters Compete produced program newsletters at least once a quarter over most of the program. These newsletters were written either by Compete staff, detailing the CGS and TREC process, or grantees, highlighting research activities and findings. These newsletters were distributed throughout IIAM and the broader research and donor community to increase awareness of Compete and grantee efforts. Once the IIAM website was revised the newsletters were all posted under the Compete link for on-going accessibility and exposure to a wider audience. When the program shifted to IIAM management the production of newsletters slowed and eventually ceased. This was largely due PIs concentrating on preparing initial findings for the Second Annual Workshop and ultimately finalizing research for their Final Grantee Reports.

1.4.4 Grants Manual From the start of Compete the ARD team utilized the framework of the standard ARD Grants Management Manual (GMM), which is the product of years of use and refinement in the management of USAID grants making projects around the world. The ARD GMM is fully reflective of the USAID regulations for a very broad range of grant management situations. This GMM was approved for use by USAID for Compete and guided the program’s grant solicitation, evaluation, awards, financial management, monitoring, and close-out process. As Compete progressed it was clear that IIAM would benefit from an internal GMM for its long-term grants management with funds from a range of donors. Given this need a process was started to revise the ARD GMM in close collaboration with IIAM to better meet their needs. Following several revisions, reviews, and edits the SGM brought the work to completion in July 2009. The manual was produced in Portuguese and English and distributed to IIAM staff. Copies of the IIAM GMM are provided in the CD Annex.

1.4.5 Increasing Donor Support Throughout Compete ARD worked with IIAM on strategies to secure donor funding for Compete beyond the life of the USAID contract. During the first two years of the program, meetings were held with organizations such as the ProAgri donor group, Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), McKnight Foundation’s and Cornell University’s Collaborative Crop Research Program, World Bank, European Commission, and the Gates Foundation’s Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) program to present the Compete model and its success. The reputation of the program grew over the performance period and several donors sought out Compete to better understand the model and possibilities for

8

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program collaboration. With the transfer of Compete to IIAM the decision was made to not focus efforts on securing additional funding, but rather on successfully managing and concluding the program to gain long-term impacts. Nonetheless, by the end of Compete the MCA was moving forward with using the program in its new Farmer Income Support Program, researching Coconut Lethal Yellow Disease.

1.4.6 Research and Materials Finalization All grantees were required to produce a final research paper detailing their activities and results. Given the varied levels of grantee experience producing such reports, ongoing support was provided as grantees moved into research conclusion. Following the grantee presentations of initial findings at the Second Annual Workshop, IIAM able to provide guidance as finalization questions emerged. In addition, a final report outline was created to help orientate grantees towards a more complete research presentation. Grantees were required to submit full draft reports to Compete for peer review. The reviewers were drawn from within IIAM, area universities, and research organizations depending on the research topic and reviewer’s areas of specialty. After a final Compete review and the peer review, grantees were provided feedback for incorporation into final versions of their reports. The Compete team edited and branded all final grantee reports to ensure standardization and adherence to USAID branding policies. All reporting was done in Portuguese, however Compete translated at minimum the Executive Summaries of each report into English to expand the grantee audience. Had additional funding and time been available PI’s would have also benefited from having their full reports translated, though not required under the contract. Final copies of the reports and translations were provided to grantees, IIAM, and USAID in print and hard copies. Copies are also provided in the CD Annex. Grantees also produce extension materials, including brochures, posters, and manuals as agreed under their grant agreements. All materials were produced in Portuguese with the exception of a few in local languages. Researchers were not required to produce bilingual materials in Portuguese and English as Portuguese was found to sufficiently target PI audiences. Material production was an ongoing process throughout the grant period, with periodic reviews by Compete. Following the Second Annual Workshop, grantees were reminded to make any final edits to extension materials and submit them for final review and approval by Compete. IIAM and Extension Service staff reviewed final grantee extension materials and provided any feedback prior to finalization. While grantees had received training in USAID branding and were typically successful in ensuring USAID and IIAM citation and prominence in activities, there was high variability in the layout of draft extension materials. To ensure standardization and correct branding Compete hired an editor, Sostino Mocumbi, to finalize all extension materials. These materials were then printed in sufficient copies for grantee distribution and copies provided to grantees, IIAM and USAID. Electronic versions are also provided in the CD Annex.

9

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.0 COMPETE GRANTEES

Figure 2. Grantee Research Dispersal

ROUND ONE

¾ No. 24: Study of the Impact of Trypanosomosis in Cattle and the Economic Benefits of its Control. Site: Manica: Sussundenga district. ¾ No. 31: Participatory investigation of agronomic, socioeconomic, and physiological aspects of the use of Angone and Landim cattle species in animal traction. Site: Maputo, Gaza, and Tete: Angonia, Chokwe, Magude, and Namacha districts. ¾ No. 37: Integrated Management of Striga (Striga hermonthica) and the Maize Borer (Chilo partellus) in areas of simultaneous occurrence in Mozambique. Site: Niassa, Manica, Nampula, Zambezia, Safola and Tete: Sussundega, Sanga, Namapa, Malema, Erati districts. ¾ No. 23: Community-Based Development Interventions to Increase the Productivity of Goats in the Smallholder Sector of Angonia District. Site: Tete: Angonia district. ¾ No. 30: Evaluation and Promotion of Improved Varieties of Soya in Communities of Manica and Sofala. Site: Manica and Sofala: Manica, Sussundenga and Gorongosa districts.

ROUND TWO

¾ No. 227: Alternative technologies for the cultivation and integrated pest management to increase the production of cotton and household income of rural families. Site: Zambezia and Tete: Morrumbala and Mutarara districts. ¾ No. 224: Sesame On-farm Trails, Seed Multiplication and Dissemination in Nampula and Cabo Delgado. Site: Nampula and Cabo Delgado: Angoche, Nacaroa, Monapo, Mueda, Montepuez, and Namuno districts. ¾ No. 226: Evaluation of the Contribution of Chickens in Household Income in Magude through the Production of Eggs and Meat. Site: Maputo: Magude district.

10

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Each grant is detailed below. For each, research activities and findings detailed in the Final Grant Report (all included in the CD Annex) are summarized, drawing largely from grantee executive summaries. A list of extension materials produced under each grant is also provided (copies included in the CD Annex). Finally, program monitoring and evaluation efforts for each grant are also highlighted.

2.1 STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN CATTLE AND THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ITS CONTROL

Portuguese Title: Estudo do Impacto da Start Date: August 28, 2007 Tripanossomose e dos BenefíciosEeconomicios do seu Control End Date: July 31, 2009

Principle Investigator: Elisabeth Specht Total Approved Amount Unused Research Team: Maria da Luz Quinhentos, Feliciano M. Budget Spent Funds Mazuze, Ana Lidia Gungulo, Manuel António Popinsky, Geraldo A.D. Cherene, Gabriel Sangoma, and Moises Labor 19,683.90 15,894.89 3,789.01 Pedro Subsidies 15,648.90 17,792.62 -2,143.72 Equipment 10,891.84 5,922.52 4,969.32 Partners: Provincial Veterinary Services Represented by Consumables 13,686.54 11,436.55 2,249.99 Joaquim Meque, District Veterinary Officer; and João Services 2,839.85 1,823.11 1,016.74 Sinate, Dip Attendant of Cupenha Dip Tank Air Travel 4,829.77 595.93 4,233.84 Fuel 3,150.00 5,287.26 -2,137.26 TOTAL 70,730.80 58,752.88 11,977.92

2.1.1 Research Summary “The project started in September 2007 with activities such as the selection of trial cattle in October and the beginning of November 2007, the extensive rehabilitation of the dip tank during the months of September and October 2007, the repairs of the leaking dip tank in January 2008, and the purchase of drugs and some of the equipment. “Heavy rains in the months of December 2007 and January 2008 (it rained 1,700 mm from November 2007 to the end of January 2008) delayed the start of the trial. When the heavy rains ceased in February 2008, activities like ear-tagging, treatments, and sampling of the trial animals divided in four groups were carried out. “Collection and processing of samples and treatment of the trial animals was done also in the months of April, June, September, October, and December of 2008, and March of 2009. In addition, Tsetse fly traps were installed in February 2008 in six sites, and removed in September 2008 because of the bushfires; five were reinstalled in December 2008. Small holders were interviewed during the sampling in February 2008 and March 2009. “Dipping days were regularly supervised, emergency treatments carried out, and teaching material distributed. The smallholder association was assisted in the process of revival and restructuring. Two trypanosome-

11

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program infected animals were purchased and a cattle pen, treatment corridor, and feeder constructed in the laboratory terrain” (Final Grant Report, Specht). Results “Animals positive for trypanosomes did much better than expected during the 13 months from February 2008 to March 2009. The introduction of a good dip management and the treatments against roundworms and microorganisms transmitted by ticks (MTTs) increased average Packed Cell Volume (PCV) values and weight. “There was no significant difference in average body weight gains between animals negative and positive for trypanosomes (P> 0,05). On the other hand there existed a slight difference between the average PCV values of cattle positive and negative for trypanosomes (P< 0,05). This leads to the conclusion that most of the indigenous cattle are mounting an immune response against the acquired infection if supported by treatment against ticks, MTTs, and roundworms. “Nevertheless, disease related mortality was a problem in cattle infected with trypanosomes, six of the seven animals that died of disease between February 2008 and March 2009 belonged to group III. But three of these animals died between the first and second treatment and one of lumpy skin disease. “Due to the introduction of a better cattle health management, the appearance of microorganisms transmitted by ticks in blood smears was reduced in all four groups. During the control of Tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes was found in Tave (five males, one female), Nhanguzue (one female) and in Chipendeque (two female) and Glossina austeni (one female) in Chipendeque” (Final Grant Report, Specht). Implementation Activities of the Partners “The district veterinary officer and the dip attendant were the main people responsible for the treatment with trypanocides, de-worming, and antibiotics. The district veterinary officer who broke a leg in January 2009, helped in March 2009 with the socio-economic studies by interviewing small holders. The dip attendant helped also in the control of the tsetse fly traps and was running the dip on Thursdays and Fridays” (Final Grant Report, Specht). Problems Faced “The small holders association did not function very well regarding the dip management and the participation in the filling and emptying of the dip tank. This increased the workload of the laboratory team, which had to intervene constantly in the dip management. “During each trial some trial animals were missing, either because their owners did not follow the invitation, or because the animals were sold or ran away during the walk to the dip tank. In March 2009 only 66 of the small holders followed the invitation to participate in the trial. Buying animals at the end of the trial was somewhat difficult. The small holders were very reluctant to sell even the ones which are not growing as expected. “The general aspect of the trial animals depended more on the care the owner took with his animals than the parasitic infections. Badly treated animals of groups I and II looked worse than those infected with trypanosomes but belonging to an owner who looked after his animals well, especially when he gave them sufficient time for grazing. Agricultural activities are also interfering heavily with animal health care activities. During the agricultural season, most small-scale farmers did not pay attention to the health of their animals” Final Grant Report, Specht).

12

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Photo 7. Infected Animal Photo 8. Association Members

2.1.2 Grant Extension Materials As noted by the grantee, “an animal health manual and several leaflets about dip management and proper use of traction animals were distributed during the trial. In addition, the trial activities were filmed by the local television channel and broadcasted several times in the province and twice in Canal Zero. A monograph with the title ‘Red Alert: bovine trypanosomose’ was also written and published as Compete Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 3” (Final Grant Report, Specht). Compete formatted and printed the following materials for distribution: ¾ Leaflet: Cattle in Animal Traction; ¾ Leaflet: How to Care for the health of your Cattle; and ¾ Leaflet: Dip Tank Management.

2.1.3 Program Monitoring and Review Several visits were made to the researcher during the course of the grant, involving the SGM, IIAM Compete Coordinator, STA/M, and the COTR. No corrective actions were required by Compete during the grant period. The Principle Investigator (PI) faced several challenges over the grant period, including bushfires in the target areas, farmers selling animals being used in trials, and poor functioning associations, leading to the team leader to more actively assist with managing, emptying, and filling dips. Though the grantee experienced challenges, the team was able to continue research without major impacts. The researcher met research and extension material targets and delivered quarterly, yearly and final reports in a timely manner.

13

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.2 PARTICIPATORY INVESTIGATION OF AGRONOMIC, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ANGONE AND LANDIM CATTLE SPECIES IN ANIMAL TRACTION

Portuguese Title: Investigação Participativa dos Start Date: August 27, 2007 Aspectos Agronómicos, Socio-Económicos e Fisiológicos do Uso de Vacas das Raças Angone (Bos End Date: September 30, 2009 indicus) e Landim (Bos taurus) na Tracção Animal) Total Approved Amount Unused Budget Spent Funds Principle Investigator: Mohamed Harun Labor 33,186.50 29,653.15 3,533.35

Research Team: Rafael José Airone Escrivão, Subsidies 33,186.50 12,923.54 20,262.96 Filomena Rosa dos Anjos, Gracinda André Mataveia, Equipment 38,884.62 56,203.62 -17,319.00 Cesaltina da Conceição Menete Tchamo, Hortêncio Consumables 22,924.00 7,149.80 15,774.20 Pedro Comissal, André Emanuel Horta Vander Merwe Filipe Bernardino Vilela, Olga Lurdes Jossias Fafetine, Services 20,052.00 991.47 19,060.53 Ricardo Marcos de Jesus Maria, Lateiro Salvador de Air Travel 5,939.00 5,600.58 338.42 Sousa, Aurélio Salvador Macaringue. Fuel 12,941.50 3,997.80 8,943.70 Partners: Eduardo Mondlane University, Veterinary TOTAL 167,114.12 116,519.96 50,594.16 School

2.2.1 Research Summary The Final Grant Report “generally details studies related to the effect of training on reproductive, physiological, and sanitary aspects in gestating cows; the evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of the introduction of technology on the benefiting community; efficient formulations/packages of fodder supplementation (using local raw material) to guarantee work efficiency without affecting the physiological processes of the animals; and aspects of soil fertility conservation and increased crop yields related to low- cost organic and chemical fertilizers. It also reports the study of structural and functional aspects of new (purchased by the project) and conventional ploughs, owing to the observation that the new ploughs were rejected” (Final Grant Report, Harun). Hypotheses “The project intended to evaluate how a technological package using draught animals in mechanizing tillage, may contribute to an increase in family income and food security of rural families, analyzing specifically: ¾ The possibility to reduce the number of cattle in order to reduce competition in pasture areas and increase productivity by using multiple purpose animals (meat, labor and milk) as an improvement in general and in food management; ¾ The possibility to reduce the negative impacts of animal traction on (re)productive parameters, based on the introduction of a low-cost supplementary package for the cows after work; ¾ The possibility to increase cultivated areas and the income of rural families by using draught animals for tillage and weeding;

14

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

¾ The possibility to increase soil fertility based on incorporating crop residues, manure and inorganic material; and ¾ The possibility to improve the socio-economic conditions (increase family income and food security) of the benefiting communities with the introduction of the technological package” (Final Grant Report, Harun). Covered and Non-Covered Issues “Participatory and multidisciplinary approach: a strategic partnership was set up between various researchers of the UEM (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Agronomy) and the technical direction of Animal Sciences, and zonal centers of the IIAM. Obviously, the farmers actively participated in the selection of the beneficiaries, in the training of the animals in tillage and weeding, in the comparative study of structural and functional aspects of new (purchased by the project) and conventional ploughs, in the preparation of organic fertilizer, the testing of fodder packages, and the establishment of forage banks. “Physiological and sanitary aspects: A study was conducted on the effect of traction on the physiological profile of the cows, although only the hormonal profile was determined, due to the technological inadequacy of the laboratory consumables. A basic kit was composed for the health management of the draught animals. It was not possible to completely determine all reproductive parameters, such as the interval between calving, in the non-manipulated animals, owing to the project’s short implementation period. “Agronomical aspects: Soil samples were collected to determine soil fertility and subsequently trials were put in order to evaluate the comparative advantages of using animal traction in tillage and weeding, and its effect on the improvement of soil fertility. However, the trials were only done with manual tillage while the tillage mechanization factor was not taken into account because of the short time span separating the period when the inputs were obtained and the rainy season. “Supplementation packages: Several supplementary fodder packages were tested and shown. For the Magude region, the most palatable supplement for the animals, and therefore preferred by the smallholders, is the one consisting of leucaena leaves and molasses, followed by the supplement consisting of copra husks and maize bran. The project contributed to familiarizing the smallholders with the fodder supplementation methods. The adoption of these packages would be a solution in terms of providing the energy and proteins necessary for the cow’s maintenance and production during the dry season. However, it is not known to what extent the smallholders will actually proceed to buy molasses or copra husks to feed their animals. Therefore a major effort should be made to multiply multi-purpose trees such as leucaena, to serve and a guaranteed and easily available protein source for the smallholders. “Study areas: It was impossible to implement the project in all districts as planned, due to logistical and coordination issues” (Final Grant Report, Harun).

15

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Photo 9. Animal Traction Demonstration Photo 10. High Nutrient Content Feed Blocks

2.2.2 Grant Extension Materials In addition to providing training to research participants on techniques for effective use of animal traction and preparation of high nutrient content feed blocks (see Photo 10) in conjunction with government extension agents, the research team also created hard copy extension materials. The following materials were formatted and printed for dissemination by Compete:

¾ Leaflets Homemade Production of Nutrition Blocks; ¾ Training Manual; and ¾ Posters (2).

2.2.3 Program Monitoring and Review Numerous visits were made by Compete over the course of the grant, including the SGM and COP. At the end of the grant period a visit was also made by the IIAM Compete Coordinator, STA/M, COTR, and ILRI Livestock Specialist, Boni Siboniso. The research team faced several challenges over the course of the grant period. These challenges included: ¾ Team building and management. This was particularly a large team made of people from different institutions and with different backgrounds, which made it difficult to manage; ¾ Overburdened PI with constraints on available time; ¾ Large geographical coverage and dispersion of resources; ¾ Lack of experience and taboos in use of cows for animal traction; ¾ Large morbidity and mortality due to poor management; and

16

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

¾ Short life span of the kind of the project (two years is insufficient to generate enough data for work involving animal traction and crop production). Compete assisted the research team by working to strengthen communication so research delays could be minimized. Monitoring and evaluation trips were also increased based on the challenges of the research team. The grantee and Compete agreed after the first year that the number of research sites should be reduced to concentrate efforts, which resulted in Chokwe being dropped. The grantee also was successful in excluding collaborators who did not perform their duties as agreed. With these efforts, the PI was able meet the outlined objectives of the grant and obtain sufficient data to prepare the Final Grant Report.

2.3 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF STRIGA (STRIGA HERMONTHICA) AND THE MAIZE BORER (CHILO PARTELLUS) IN AREAS OF SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE

Portuguese Title: Maneio Integrado da Striga Start Date: September 19, 2007 (Striga àsiatica) e Broca do milho (Chilo partellus) End Date: September 30, 2009 em Zonas de ocorrência Simultânea em Moçambique) Total Approved Amount Unused Principle Researcher: Rafael Massinga Budget Spent Funds Research Team: Carvalho Ecole, Pedro Fato, Labor 27,098.50 25,174.62 1,923.88 Momade Ibraimo, Fernando Chitio, Florencio Subsidies 27,098.50 28,014.50 -916.00 Jonas, Manuel Temo, Leonid Moises. Equipment 18,636.00 12,288.71 6,347.29 Partners: Polytechnic Higher Education, Consumables 6,284.00 5,884.26 399.74 Chokwe e IIAM Northeast, Northwest and Services 6,242.00 16,642.33 -10,400.33 Central Zonal Centers Air Travel 14,083.00 12,650.02 1,432.98 Fuel 12,594.00 11,381.56 1,212.44 TOTAL 112,036.00 112,036.00 0.00

2.3.1 Research Summary The research “intended to promote the integrated management of Striga and maize borers, evaluating various management methods. Considering the importance of maize in Mozambique, the elaboration of recommendations based on management strategies that lead to reduction of losses caused by borers and Striga, may increase the production of maize by small-scale farmers, hence contributing to poverty reduction and food security. “With activities in the Northwest, Northeast and Central Zonal Centres, the major maize producing regions in Mozambique, the project aimed to develop best agricultural practices stimulating the use of low-cost practices, the identification of tolerant varieties, biological control, and environmental management in controlling these agents. “The project’s rational was based on one hand, on the fact that in Mozambique information concerning the areas of occurrence is very scarce and not systematized, and on the other hand, because the methods used by

17

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program small-scale farmers in controlling both Striga and the borer are very laborious, slow and ineffective or burdensome and damaging to the environment. These aspects are exacerbated by the fact that the IIAM maize programme has little or no work being done in the area of entomology and weed control, nevertheless the importance of these two ‘pests.’ In this context, a systematized identification and the mapping of the areas of occurrence of Striga and borer are appropriate for elaboration of control strategies, and for formulating recommendations for practices that effectively manage these ‘pests’. “The general objective of the project was to elaborate recommendations for increasing maize production and productivity, through the use of integrated management techniques in reducing the population of the borer and Striga. The specific objectives were to: i) to identify and map the areas of simultaneous occurrence of Striga and maize borer, and to quantify the damage caused by them; ii) evaluate different methods to control these two ‘pests’ and their impact on the reduction of their populations in maize fields; iii) elaborate recommendations for integrated control of Striga and maize borer; iv) recommend for each region of simultaneous occurrence of Striga and maize borer the most tolerant maize varieties. “In order to achieve its objectives the project conducted the following studies: I-Identification and Mapping of the Areas of Occurrence of Striga; II: Determination of the damages caused by Striga and maize borer; III: Evaluation of the different methods to manage Striga and maize borer. “Preliminary results indicate that Striga occurs in several agroecological regions of the country, and that the areas of occurrence match the areas of good or very good suitability for dry land maize. These results show that Striga is a threat in Mozambique because there are favourable conditions for its dissemination. The different evaluated methods for Striga as well as for the maize borer, were biological, whose effects take some time to be visible. Thus, it is recommended that the trials be repeated so that more consolidated results are achieved, and more evaluation methods be included. In addition, it is recommended to do a Baseline Study about Striga and maize borer. “One poster and one brochure about Striga, one brochure about the maize borer, and one web page about Striga, were produced as dissemination materials. A monography about Striga and other about the maize borer, are still under production. The results were presented in the African Crop Science Society Conference in Cape Town (RSA), and they are published in the conference Abstracts, and its publication in scientific journals was also recommended” (Grant Final Report, Massinga).

Photo 11. Field infested with Striga in Nampula Photo 12. Maize infested with Maize Borrers

18

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.3.2 Grant Extension Materials One poster and one brochure about Striga, one brochure about the maize borer, and one web page about Striga, were produced as dissemination materials. Monographs about Striga and the maize borer were also produced. The results of the research under the grant were presented at the African Crop Science Conference, which was supported by Compete. The following materials were formatted and printed for dissemination by Compete:

¾ Distribution Maps of Striga in each study area; ¾ Brochure on Striga; ¾ Poster on Striga; ¾ DVD- Not made; and ¾ Videos- Not made.

2.3.3 Program Monitoring and Review The implementation and monitoring of the grant was problematic given the dispersion of research sites from the south to north of Mozambique. In addition, the research design was constrained in its complexity and operation in a large non-controlled environment. Compete undertook monitoring visits, however in hindsight additional visits to different sites would have been of value. The PI and his managers faced challenges coordinating a large, dispersed, multidisciplinary team. Further management complications arose when the PI moved from Chókwe to Manica but research continued in both sites. The grantee faced challenges in managing logistics and finances. Compete staff worked closely with the researcher and his accountant, however the grantee was often late with needed financial information and documentation. Monitoring of the grantee was high during the final six months and the grantee was able to successfully comply with financial requirements and meet the majority of the research objectives.

19

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.4 COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GOATS IN THE SMALLHOLDER SECTOR OF ANGONIA DISTRICT

Portuguese Title: Intervenções de Desenvolvimento Start Date: August 27, 2007 Baseadas na Comunidade para o Aumento da Produtividade de Caprinos do Sector Familiar no Distrito End Date: September 30, 2009 da Angónia Total Principle Researcher: Sónia Maciel Approved Amount Unused Budget Spent Funds Research Team: Luísa Meque e Olga Faftine, Elisabeth Labor 20,631.00 20,515.69 115.31 Specht Subsidies 20,631.00 14,209.28 6,421.72 Partners: IIAM Direcção de Ciências Animais, Equipment 23,123.00 22,115.59 1,007.41 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Serviços Distritais das Actividades Económicas. Consumables 8,954.00 14,654.67 -5,700.67 Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 Air Travel 9,612.00 7,877.03 1,734.97 Fuel 8,500.00 10,890.43 -2,390.43 TOTAL 91,451.00 90,262.69 1,188.31

2.4.1 Research Summary “The Inception Meeting; Planning and Coordinating activities with co-workers and partners was held on at the Animal Sciences Directorate (DCA) and was attended by Dr. Rosa Costa, (DCA Director), Prof. Mlay (IIAM, T. A. at CESE), Eng. Mazuze (head of CESE), Dr. Siboniso Moyo (Southern Africa ILRI Representative), besides the co-authors and some IIAM technical staff. “The Project Rural Appraisal (PRA) was undertaken and the findings on the community interviews showed that the planned interventions on the project were the most desirable ones for these communities. In the four villages – Matewere, Mbemba, Lilanga, and Dziwanga, goats were raised on ground kraals (houses), had no veterinary assistance, lacked feed during rainy seasons due to the crops cultures on the lands, and often died at young age. Due to this, goats are mostly are tied up or not allowed to browse and supplied with some feed in the kraals. Communities also reported lacking health services, markets and marketing schemes, nor services suppliers near their living areas. “A Household Survey was also carried out but the final report was not done due to people’s commitment to other tasks, namely for pursuing their further studies abroad. Nevertheless, preliminary results indicated that goats are mainly raised for the household food and, nowadays, mainly for sale in order to overcome health and school fees. The majority of the inquired people reported they would only sell their animals when they increase the numbers of their animals; meanwhile, the best sale period is in during the harvests. There is also a high demand for goats from Malawi and the goats’ marketing is carried out house-to-house without any intermediaries’ intervention, especially in Lilanga village.

20

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

“Main diseases reported by farmers were diarrhea, wounds in the mouth, and hoof problems. Main causes of mortality were related to consumption of plastic bags, diarrhea, and emaciation. Salted water is used to treat diarrhea while spider webs, together with salt, is mostly common to treat wounds. Goats kraals are mainly made out of wood sticks, burnt or non-burnt bricks, or stones, with the roof made out of grass (Hyparrhenya spp.), being built on the ground. Feeding shortage for the animals was reported to occur mainly during rainy season, since animals cannot browse freely due to the existing farming crop season. Some feed supplementation is done along the year using indica, seringueira, peach, sesbania, cassava and banana leaves. Males are castrated only at adult age, with no selection and reproductive management or breeding being systematically performed. “In summary, the interventions to be undertaken by this project in four villages of the Angonia district were related to goat housing, health measures control and prophylaxis, feeding alternatives, reproductive management and breeding, having also previewed to have some intervention on goats’ products and by- products process. This last one was the only one not started due to time constraints related to the duration of the project. “Four model goat houses were established in the four villages, with every kraal being built by the farmers. Each village chose the material to be used in the kraal and the project supplied mainly nails and some bamboo and wood sticks for floor. Each village also chose the farm where we would rebuild/build the kraal and every farmer within the program was requested to participate in the process. All villages built elevated kraals either from bricks, bamboo or timber using Hyparrhenya spp. straw for the roof. Using elevated kraals, farmers reported that animals are better protected from theft and against diseases. Some lessons learned were that in the villages where we invested most in supplying material, beyond standard prject materials, to rebuild/build their goats’ kraal were the least responsive ones in terms of quality of the purchased material and schedules. On the contrary, Dziwanga village was an excellent example of dedication, team work, and hardworking community! They never demanded anything, not even the promised material, were always pro- active, motivated, interested, and always worked as a highly committed group of farmers. This technology had to be adopted according to each village needs and requirements, which was a great learning experience for us! In general, farmers showed great interest in introducing this improvement to their kraals, even farmers outside the program. “To have a deeper analysis of the correlations between the improved housing and health status of the goats we would require a longer project period; nevertheless, we believe animals are kept healthier than before, since they do not have so much direct contact with dejects and humidity, especially during rainy season, and the kraals are better ventilated. A handbook on this technology was developed, reporting not only the methodology on technical requirements for building a goat kraal but also on all the adaptations carried out in each village during our interventions. The handbook on this technology reports the standard procedures as well as all the adaptations used in the four villages. “On the goat’s health interventions, a total of 46 goat farmers were selected and 193 goats were ear-tagged. Preliminary results show that with regular deworming, goats maintain low gastro-intestinal parasites infestation and weigh heavier than with irregular deworming. Young animals are more affected with higher morbidity and mortality rates than adults. Relatively to low Trypanosome infections, contrary to what is observed in cattle, it seems that due to a shorter lifetime than cattle, goats developed higher trypano-tolerance than cattle. Although the positive results shown with this intervention, there was a reduction in the participating farmers, especially in Matewere and Lilanga. Again, Dziwanga farmers kept committed to the program. It was difficult to establish the real mortality causes because some farmers opted for reporting mortality in the goats (ear-tagged ones were not supposed to be sold) instead of admitting its sale. Dziwanga

21

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program was the only village which reported having sold animals to face food shortage, hospital and school fees. It is very difficult to draw definite conclusions due to the long time intervals between samplings and irregularity in the number of samples. “As it was observed, most sold males were the ones ear-tagged and to be monitored by the project. If on one side there was a negative result because we could not monitor the animals’ growth on the other side there as positive result since the animals sold were the heavier and healthier ones. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the goat productivity is closely related to a rigorous health prophylactic program, where Livestock Services together with the Extension Services, through SDAE, should guarantee the implementation of these programs. Various pamphlets and posters were done concerning the prophylaxis and treatment of each type of gastro-intestinal parasite (nematodes, trematodes and cestodes) as well as on trypanosome. In order that a follow-up on the goats’ health is assured at local level, the local extension, Mr. Domingos Paulo, was trained on prophylaxis and treatment administration – deworming, intra-muscular and sub-cutaneous injections, wounds treatment, and dipping against ticks. “Regarding Feeding alternatives, each farmer received about 30 plants of Leucaena leucocephala. Plant’s growth was generally very slow and in all villages some plants were attacked by the ‘muchem.’ This program should be continued to monitor the plants’ growth and teach farmers on its administration to the animals and other forms of supplementation. Other forms of supplementation were taught to farmers such as the treatment of maize straw and silage making using urea and blocks of a protein-energetic mixture in the villages, of which Matewere and Dziwanga; farmers were distributed with 5kg, enough for one goat during 30 days supplementation. A handbook on these feeding alternatives was produced. From the three introduced technologies, Leucaena planting seems to be the most promising one, since it is a highly palatable and nutritive plant with little management requirements in terms of time consuming from the farmer. “Nevertheless it was recommended that other plants such blackberry (amoreira), should also be introduced in the next rainy season, since it is a very common plant in the Angonia district. The impact of Leucaena introduction should be measured next year when plants will reach the adequate height for their first cut and goats’ supplementation. A handbook on Goat’s Reproductive Management and Selection as well as a pamphlet were produced. The introduction of this technology was rather complicated in the communities due to all the taboos regarding its way of approaching the farmers. Nevertheless, some of its aspects were introduced such as the ideal age for male’s castration, selection criteria of males and females. “These subjects were more openly taught in Dziwanga village than in other villages, due to their openness and the possibility of demonstration with real existing excellent animals. In this village it was also indicated the alternative ways to use one or two males in the all community, since animals browse together, explaining the ratio female:male: the example given on dogs was very welcomed. Some of the technologies, such as castration, which was talked about and introduced to farmers were not possible to be shown because most males were sold. Farmers were given a notebook and a pen to write about the events in their herds – kid’s birth, animals’ sickness, and deaths in order that they feel the need to report and monitor their animals for their benefit. “It is believed that after the handbook presentation to the communities, villagers, and farmers will be more open to the introduction of this subject, since it can be used by the extension staff, with whom farmers are more acquainted, to explain in the local languages the various important aspects of this technology. “To assess the project results and impact on the farmers’ lives a Field Day, just before the end of the project, was carried out involving Matewere and Dziwanga villages. Farmers brought their best animals for show and discussed the technologies introduced by the project. Main conclusions drawn by farmers were related to the

22

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program difference in animal’s size at similar ages and the existence of good breeding animals in the different villages, giving them the possibility to buy exchange and share stock. No animals were sold because they were not in need yet, since there was still food and crops available for their home consumption and to overcome other needs. ‘Today, we believe that we were very ambitious to reach all the designed project’s goals, especially concerning the reproductive management and the processing of goats’ products and by-products, not taking into account the difficulties of its approaches in the rural communities, the necessary time for farmers to get confident with us and the limited period of the program. “Despite the problems in carrying out the whole program, there are activities that need follow up, such as feeding alternatives, and villages that need assistance due to their commitment to the program and desire to improve their livelihoods. These villages are firstly Dziwanga and then Matewere. Dziwanga is a very committed and pro-active village which can be counted on to introduce any new technologies, while Matewere, being near the centre of Ulongue village is also open to the introduction of new technologies. “Based on the presented results we recommend that the National Livestock Services, together with the National Extension Services, review and re-activate their activities in rural areas, especially regarding other livestock species besides cattle and poultry. We also recommend that since extension staffs are being recruited and trained within the Green Revolution Program, that livestock technicians be also recruited, in case it is not being done, and a practical training on general livestock management with emphasis on goats is included. Most extension technicians are crop oriented with almost no knowledge on livestock. “As previously reported, in many poverty alleviation programs goats are one of the most important species in improving rural people’s livelihoods. With this project we demonstrated that with some inputs, we can help farmers to improve their animals’ production. Furthermore, we would like to see a follow-up on this project and a stronger support from CESE on helping farmers creating groups of interest/associations on goat’s, teaching farmers some basic accounts and marketing approaches and schemes. “We believe that, although the limited period our project had a very positive impact in the villages and farmers we worked with. We were able to show farmers that with improved management, such as elevated kraals, maintenance of dry and clean area, use of dejects as manure, improved health management, regular deworming, ticks control and some curative measures on respiratory diseases, and improved feeding, protein- energetic mixture, use of crop residues and the availability of multi-purpose trees, they can can achieve results that not only serve the goats but also their own incomes and livelihoods. “Finally, to increase and better measure the project’s impact, we strongly recommend that the produced material within this project be translated, first, into Chichewa to better serve the farmers with whom we worked and without whom we would never have reached our professional goals and then into other main national languages. These handbooks should then be distributed for free to these involved communities” (Final Grant Report, Marciel).

23

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Photo 13. Improved Goat House, Angonia Photo 14. High Nutrient Sillage

2.4.2 Grant Extension Materials

The research team was active in educating communities about goat health and housing related issues, working closely with government extension agents. They provided several trainings in both improved housing construction and preparation of high nutrient silage (see Photo 14). The research team produced numerous extension materials under the grant. The following were formatted and printed for distribution by Compete:

¾ Leaflet: Nutritious feed blocks; ¾ Leaflet: Diseases; ¾ Leaflet: Coccidiose; ¾ Leaflet: Prevention; ¾ Leaflet: Disease Transmission; ¾ Leaflet: Trypsanosomisis; ¾ Manual on reproduction; ¾ Manual on feeding; ¾ Manual de Currais Melhorados para Caprinos; and ¾ Posters (2).

24

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.4.3 Program Monitoring and Review Site visits occurred several times over the grant period. First by the SGM and COP and later by the IIAM Compete Coordinator. At the end of the grant period a visit was also made by the IIAM Compete Coordinator, STA/M, COTR, and the ILRI Livestock Specialist, Boni Siboniso.

The research team faced several challenges over the course of the grant period, due in large part to the design of the research project. These main challenges are listed below. Given these issues, the research team agreed with Compete to modify terms of the research design to reduce the targets for reproductive management and breeding and eliminate investigations into goat products and by-products. Given the shift in PI during the grant period, Compete monitoring and collaboration increased during final year of the grant. ¾ Over-ambitious project. The projected objectives were difficult to achieve, particularly the reproductive management and the processing of goat products and by-products, not taking into account the difficulties of its approaches in the rural communities, the necessary time for farmers to gain confidence, and the limited period of the program. ¾ Distance to project site. While the research team was based in Maputo, most if not all research activities were carried out in Tete. Research activities were only performed occasionally when and if the team visited the research site. There was limited collaboration with the local research center (Estação Zootécnica de Angónia). ¾ Change of resident PI. The initial PI moved abroad to start a PhD program with a year remaining in the grant. A new PI was appointed, and though highly motivated there was an adjustment period for getting up to speed and adjusting to the new role.

2.5 EVALUATION AND PROMOTION OF IMPROVED VARIETIES OF SOYA IN COMMUNITIES OF MANICA AND SOFALA

Portuguese Title: Avaliação e Promoção de Start Date: October 1, 2007 Variedades Melhoradas de Soja nas Comunidades de Manica e Sofala End Date: July 31, 2009

Principle Investigator: Domingos J.B. Dias Total Approved Amount Unused Research Team: Manuel Amane, M. Miguel, Refo de Budget Spent Funds Sousa, José Chambo, José Chiocho, Arnaldo Sigaúque Labor 21,638.49 22,401.10 -762.61 Subsidies 21,638.49 19,584.36 2,054.13 Partners: DARN, CZ-Centro, SPER, ISPM, Equipment 5,354.62 7,359.95 -2,005.33 AFRICARE, Comunidades de Manica e Safala e IDEAA- CA Consumables 8,555.19 11,890.93 -3,335.74 Services 9,928.50 10,868.71 -940.21 Air Travel 5,538.46 2,248.35 3,290.11 Fuel 25,975.00 23,965.41 2,009.59 TOTAL 98,628.75 98,318.81 309.94

25

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.5.1 Research Summary

“Activities undertaken during the period from October 1st, 2007 to July 31st, 2009 are as follows: A total of 6060 Kg of pre-basic and basic seed of 4 varieties, namely, Oceara-4, H7, Soprano and 427/5/7 and TGx1447-2F were produced at EAS, ISPM, IDEAA, and Angonia sites. Five field days to share experiences were undertaken. Five trials (variety, density, inoculation, planting dates, and intercropping) were established and evaluated through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Market systems and prices were promoted and price monitoring and evaluation (M&E) established after a two days training on April 2nd, 2008. Yields increased from 350 kg/ha to 750-1,000 kg/ha as a result of improved technologies. Prices increased from 6 Mt/kg in May to 18 Mt/kg in July-September 2009 due to scarcity of soybean grain in Mozambique. An initial farmgate price in Angonia was 7.5 Mt/kg during the first quarter of April 2009. The prices are expected to increase later from August 2009. “Needs for training on the areas of nutrition, processing, IPM were assessed and 57 farmers were selected and trained. 200 copies of training manuals regarding IPM and Soybean processing were produced and adopted by CLUSA/ADIPSA/CARITAS to be used by soybean growers in Angónia, Gurue and Sussundenga/ Manica. Two draft technological packages were produced for small and medium sized farmers. Four trainings were undertaken from 20-21 May 2008 and 5-6 May 2009 regarding soybean processing and utilization and on 26-27 of May, 2008 for pest managemen and 2nd April, 2008 for M&E. Three copies of soybean cultivation manual were distributed to all Provinces of Center and Northern Mozambique. Eight Posters related to integrated pest and disease management and soybean cultivation and variety characterization were produced. A radio program on TV and Radio Mozambique was transmitted and two DVDs are available. Three varieties (Ocepara-4, 427/5/7 and TGX1447-2F) were recommended for released and two varieties (Ocepara-4 and H7 selected by farmers. Demonstration trials, using varieties Ocepara-4 and H7 intercrop varieties laid down in Sussundenga and Manica Districts. Fifty farmers (from extension network and IDEAA-CA) directly involved on field evaluations (trial, seed multiplication and demonstrations). An exchange visit to Malawi to share experience involving 10 technicians and farmers took place in March 2009. “Through field evaluations, four promising genotypes were identified but an extra season is needed to produce final conclusions. The genotypes namely H10, H16, H19 and H7 showed good performance during 2007/09 seasons and could be used to replace the local variety Soprano. “Preliminary results, from agronomic trials, showed no significant differences when soybean is either inoculated with peat inoculant or fertilized with ureia. Since Ureia is too expensive (50 t0 100 USD per bag of 50 kg) than peat inoculant (about 11 USD per pack of 300 g which is enough for coating 50 kg of soybean seed) it is advisable to use inoculant. An evaluation of plant density confirmed the actual recommendation of 75x5 cm. However, increasing the density is recommended as a way to suppress weeds and, hence, to reduce manual weeding. It is also recommended to grow soybean from early November up to end of December provided initial soy moisture content is sufficient. Sowing late could result in significant reduction in yields, up to 80%” (Final Grant Report, Dias).

26

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Photo 15. Soya Processing Training Photo 16. Field Day

2.5.2 Grant Extension Materials During the grant period a range of extension activities occurred. Five field days to share experiences were undertaken (see Photo 16) as well as trainings in processing and utilization of soybeans (see Photo 15). In addition, an exchange visit to Malawi to share experiences involving 10 technicians and farmers took place in March 2009. Extension materials were also produced and include a soybean cultivation manual (distributed to all Provinces of Center and Northern Mozambique), 8 posters related to integrated pest and disease management and soybean cultivation and variety characterization, a radio program on TV and Radio Mozambique was transmitted, and two DVDs. In addition, Compete formatted and printed the following grantee materials for distribution:

¾ Manual de Identficacao de pragas e doencas; ¾ Manual para extensionistas e pequenos produtores; ¾ Manual para treinadores: processamento de soja na aldeia; ¾ Poster with crop characteristics (3); ¾ Poster about pests; ¾ Poster introduction to soya; and ¾ Poster performance of soya.

2.5.3 Program Monitoring and Review Several visits were made to the researcher during the course of the grant, involving the SGM, COP, and the IIAM Compete Coordinator. Besides removing one research site in Gorongosa to reduce costs during the second year of the grant, no major corrective actions were required by Compete during the grant period. The

27

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program grantee did face some challenges over the grant period, however all grant deliverables and research goals were successfully completed. Challenges encountered included the following: ¾ Lack of trained personnel in the area of soybean was a major challenge to the success of the project; ¾ Dispersion of research sites increased the cost of monitoring the trials; and ¾ Late arrival of rain (in 2008) made it difficult to plant on time.

2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CULTIVATION AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF COTTON AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RURAL FAMILIES

Portuguese Title: Tecnologias Alternativas de Start Date: January 3, 2008 Sistemas de Cultivo e Maneio Integrado de Pragas para Aumento da Produção de Algodão e da Renda das End Date: September 30, 2009 Famílias Rurais Total Principle Investigator: Luisa Santos Approved Amount Unused Budget Spent Funds Research Team: Amélia Sidumo, Emílio Tostão, Nicia Givá, Domingos Cugala, António Chamuene, Labor 46,154.00 51,121.44 -4,967.44 Laura José e Lourenço Manuel, Destino Chiar, Luis Subsidies 46,154.00 45,168.24 985.76 Pereira, Ana Rosa Adolfo, Alberto Armando, Adélia Mucavele e Octávio Matue Equipment 13,303.00 8,629.86 4,673.14 Consumables 39,721.00 33,375.62 6,345.38 Services 39,826.00 31,801.98 8,024.02 Air Travel 17,828.00 21,590.61 -3,762.61 Partners: Eduardo Mondlane University, Agriculture Faculty, IIAM (Centro Zonal Norte) e DUNAVANT Fuel 16,800.00 28,098.07 -11,298.07 TOTAL 219,786.00 219,785.82 0.18

2.6.1 Research Summary “Growing cotton constitutes, in various regions of Mozambique, one of the main income sources of families in rural areas. However, the occurrence of pests has contributed to a reduction of about 30% of its potential yields, and has resulted in the use of pesticides for their control. On the other hand, the continuous growing of this crop on the same soil for years on end, in combination with increases in population and the number of cotton producers, starts to create serious problems in terms of soil fertility. These two factors pose a risk to the sustainability of producing cotton and other crops, in the medium and long term. “The current project aimed to test and disseminate alternative technologies for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of cotton, resulting in economic advantages for the smallholder in the regions of Morrumbala and Mutarara, and making cotton production more Photo. 17. Cotton Producer sustainable in the long-run. The project was implemented by a team of

28

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program researchers led by the agriculture faculty (UEM) during two successive campaigns, in the district of Morrumbala, in partnership with the IIAM (Zonal Centre North) and the concession company Dunavant. It included the following two components: (1) dissemination activities among farmers and extensionists of IPM technologies for cotton; (2) on-farm adaptability trials to test the adaptability of growing cotton in rows alternated with maize, millet, and pigeon pea. This involved field days, training sessions, on-farm and on-site trials, observations, and inquiries and interviews of individuals and groups of men, of women, and of both sexes. “The IPM technology dissemination activities, in particular the use of the counting board, resuled in adoption by some of the farmers who set up on-farm demonstration/trial plots during the first campaign The perception is that growing in rows might be easily adopted in the region if the seeds of the accompanying crop would be included in the concession company’s package. However, despite the fact that some farmers have understood and are using the counting board, a highly important component of IPM, most farmers have difficulties understanding its useage. “Research targeting on-farm adaptability trials needs to be continued for a better understanding of trial adaptability to the region’s system of growing in rows. The adoption of the IPM technology will require a bigger effort in terms of training and supporting farmers as well as demonstration plots than has been possible with this project, and more involvement of the extension networks of the concession companies. As a direct result of this project, conditions were created to go ahead with the large-scale dissemination of IPM technologies in cotton. Essential materials have been produced (manuals and training videos), and training experience of farmers and extensionists has been gained that can be used to improve future activities for the dissemination of these technologies” (Final Grant Report, Santos). Photo 18. IPM Training

2.6.2 Grant Extension Materials The research team was highly successful in linking research and extension activities. Several trainings were conducted with farmers and extension workers on IPM and strip cropping. The experience gained will be of value in future dissemination exercises. In addition to trainings, hard copies materials were also produced. Compete formatted and printed for dissemination the following materials: ¾ Manual on pest identification; ¾ Manual on pest control; and ¾ Poster.

29

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

2.6.3 Program Monitoring and Review Several site visits were made to the PI during the course of the grant, involving the SGM and IIAM Compete Coordinator. The location of the research site made it difficult for regular monitoring trips to occur. No corrective actions were required by Compete during the grant period. The grantee faced several challenges over the grant period, including: ¾ Distance from research sites the PI. The PI was based in Maputo and the research site was in Morrumbala (about 200 km from Quelimane). The PI, to reach the site, had to fly to Quelimane and drive for about three hours. This made the implementation an expensive and challenging; ¾ The change in the management of DUNAVANT, the cotton company in the Morrumbala region and the operation of two other projects in Morrumbala with conflicting approaches, made it difficult to mobilize cotton growers to join the project; and ¾ The use and adoption of pegboard introduced by the research team was limited. Though the grantee experienced challenges, the team was able to continue research without major impacts. To combat the challenges in Morrumbala, the PI recruited and posted a junior researcher at the site and forged a greater partnership with DUNAVANT. The researcher was met research and extension material targets and delivered quarterly, yearly, and final reports in a timely manner.

2.7 SESAME ON-FARM TRAILS, SEED MULTIPLICATION, AND DISSEMINATION IN NAMPULA AND CABO DELGADO

Portuguese Title: Investigação e Produção de Start Date: January 21, 2008 Gergelim nas Províncias de Nampula e Cabo Delgado End Date: August 31, 2009

Principle Investigator: Fernando Mureva Chitio Total Approved Amount Unused Research Team: Momade Ibraimo, Henriques Coleal, Budget Spent Funds Venancio Salegua, Talibo Perar, Armando Geremias, Antonio Sulaha, Marques B. Donca Labor 36,732.84 32,746.45 3,986.39 Subsidies 42,863.35 42,207.86 655.49 Equipment 3,931.67 4,874.63 -942.96 Partners: IIAM Northeast Zonal Center, Nampula, CLUSA, CARE, IKURU Consumables 8,365.38 7,129.61 1,235.77 Services 3,208.76 3,865.87 -657.11 Air Travel 2,000.00 0.00 2,000.00 Fuel 14,175.00 17,009.51 -2,834.51 TOTAL 111,277.00 107,833.93 3,443.07

2.7.1 Research Summary “Sesame is becoming a very important crop in Mozambique because of its high price and almost guaranteed international market. Many farmers are actually shifting from other crops to produce sesame and thereby increasing their household income. However, sesame production in Mozambique and in the regions faces

30

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program some very important constraints such as; very low yield of local varieties and pests and diseases attacks, specifically by Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta Striollata). “With expectation to reduce the effect of these constraints this project was proposed with general objective to find technologies that can enhance sesame production and productivity in Mozambique. Through on- and off-station research, the specific project objectives were to introduce a new germoplasm and evaluate the following: 1. The germplasm’s adaptability and genetic resistance against pest and diseases, specifically Flea Beetle; 2. The efficiency of different chemicals on Flea Beetle control; 3. The effects of seed treated with Imidacloprid on reducing sesame damage by the Flea Beetle; and 4. The influence and difference in yeild increases based on different dosages of nitrogen applications to sesame. “The most important results obtained in these trials were the reduction of sesame damage by treating seeds before planting using Imidacloprid (Courage). Another very important result was identification of new varieties that are more tolerant to Flea Beetles and have higher yields compared to other varieties. For example, LINDI and ZIADA yielded in average 700-800 kg/ha, which is a very significant achievement in sesame production because typical yields are around 200-300 kg/ha. Also, another important result was the identification of early planting and treating of seeds as a very important factor to obtain good yields and income. In addition, it was observed that the Flea Beetle incidence and greatest occurrence was during the first stage (sowing- emergence)’ (Final Grant Report, Chitio).

Photo 19. Flea Beetle Photo 20. Flea Beetle Plant Damage

2.7.2 Grant Extension Materials The PI actively engaged a range of stakeholders in the research, which increased the dissemination of program information and research impacts. Large numbers of research collaborators were drawn from NGOs, farmers, and public extension agents in two the Cabo Delgado and Nampula Provinces. In addition, the following materials were produce and formatted by Compete for distribution:

31

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

¾ Manual for extensionists and small producers; ¾ Posters; and ¾ Pamphlet.

2.7.3 Program Monitoring and Review No major challenges were experience by the PI and no corrective action was required by Compete. A limited number of site visits occurred by Compete staff and further engagement with the PI would have been beneficial regardless of few grantee challenges. The biggest problem encountered by the PI was the difficulty in securing the appropriate pesticide to control the beetle. The grantee successfully met research and extension material objectives in a timely manner.

2.8 EVALUATION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF CHICKENS IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN MAGUDE THROUGH THE PRODUCTION OF EGGS AND MEAT

Portuguese Title: Avaliação da Contribuição da Start Date: March 5, 2008 Produção de Ovos e Carne de Galinha na Renda Familiar da População de Magude End Date: September 30, 2009

Total Principle Investigator: Zacarias Massango Approved Amount Unused Budget Spent Funds Research Team: Zacarias Massango, Sandra Gonçalves, Abel Chilundo, Simone Magalo, Lourenço Labor 29,232.50 15,151.63 14,080.87 Mapaco, Gabriel Chambo, Jorge Ray, Emílio Subsidies 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cordovi, Azevedo Choconela, Domingos Balate, Equipment 22,456.92 46,519.56 -24,062.64 José Cruz e Lourenço Balate Consumables 57,855.92 38,970.21 18,885.71 Services 0.00 0.00 0.00 Air Travel 0.00 13,707.83 -13,707.83 Partners: Estação Zootécnica da Chobela, Fuel 10,930.00 5,169.59 5,760.41 Direcção de Ciências Animais do IIAM, Faculdade de Veterinária da UEM, Serviços Distritais de TOTAL 120,475.34 119,518.82 956.52 Actividades Económicas de Magude

2.8.1 Research Summary The project “Evaluation of the Contribution of Chickens in Household Income in Magude through the Production of Eggs and Meat,” benefiting from a USAID funded grant of USD $120,475.35 in the second round of the “Mozambique Applied Agricultural Research Competitive Grants Program” (Compete), was realized in the period from May 2008 to September 2009. The District of Magude is located in the northern part of the Province of Maputo, in Mozambique, bordering in the north the District of Massingir, Province of Gaza, in the east the District of Chókwè and Bilene Macia, also in the Province of Gaza, in the southeast and the south the Districts of Manhiça and Moamba respectively, both in the Province of Maputo, and in the west the South African province of Mpumalanga. The District of Magude has a surface area of 6,960 km² and

32

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program a population of 62,000 inhabitants, corresponding to a population density of 9 persons/km², and a growth rate of 24.6% over a 10-year period. “The district seat of Magude is located some 140 km from the City of Maputo. The district has a dry subtropical climate, an annual average temperature of 22 to 24 ºC and annual rainfall is 630 mm. Precipitation registered in Magude, apart from being low, is also irregular, with years in which there is even a shortage of water for human consumption. In general, the population of the District of Magude engages in livestock breeding and rain-fed subsistence agriculture, with significant use of animal traction, on plots smaller than one hectare. Magude is the second major cattle producer in Maputo Province. It is estimated that food reserves of maize and cassava, per family household, last about three months and that 7.5% of the population is in a potentially vulnerable situation. The unemployment rate is about 15% and only 10% of the economically active population earns a salary. The population is young and there is one health unit for every 2,818 inhabitants. The average expenditure of the district budget is about 43 Mts/inhabitant, which is less than two USD. “Magude is a district in the interior and it is typically rural, with an urbanization rate of 19%, where most people do not have access to minimum basic conditions, understood as the consumption of food that allows for a nutritional standard above sustenance level, and the regular and continuous generation of income that ensures the coverage of essential family expenses, such as health, education, clothing, and housing. One of the strategies that may help people to get out of poverty in the livestock breeding sector is to direct family production towards the market, by making use of accessible technology, adequate management and more productive breeds. “In realizing the work presented in this report, 42 families were selected for the production of chicken, and another 42 for the production of eggs, totalling 84 family beneficiaries. Each family producing meat received 100 chicks of the breed Cobb 500. The laying hens were distributed at the rate of 50 per family. The study combined integrated management better geared towards exploitation in the rural environment with commercial breeds and a low cost diet, the latter achieved by incorporating into the feed two levels of flour, of 10% and 20% respectively, from Moringa oleiferous foliage. The experimental part of the chicken production took place in the communities of Maguiguana and Mawandla II, in the Administrative Post of Magude, District of Magude, from 19 May to 24 June 2009. “The families were divided according to three treatment scenarios (T), with T1 consisting of commercial feed from Ipropal, while the other diets consisted of a combination of Ipopral feed and 10% (T2) and 20% (T3) respectively of flour from Moringa oleiferous foliage (FM). Mortality was 2.2% (T1), 2.2% T2 and 2.1% (T3), and the results after 35 days were as follows: average live weight at 35 days of 1769g (T1), 1677g (T2), and 1505g (T3); average daily gain (GMD) of 49.33g (T1), 46.69g (T2), and 41.75g (T3); conversion of 1.49 (T1), 1.57 (T2), and 1.76 (T3). There was no statistically significant difference between T1 and T2 in GMD and in conversion. The costs of feed/chicken were 38,95 MT (T1), 35,49 MT (T2) and 31,57 MT (T3). Gross profits/cycle varied from 2010,00 to 2040,00 MT for T1, 2331,00 to 3261,00 MT for T2, and 2696,00 to 3625,00 MT for T3. The results obtained show that the production of table chicken may constribute significantly to the improvement of the family income and meat consumption of the Magude population. Methodology of the study “The methodology used in conducting this study included the following steps: 1. Presentation of the work protocol to Magude’s administrative authorities; 2. Selection of the two benefiting communities;

33

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

3. Presentation of the work protocol to the traditional and political authorities of the communities; 4. Selection of the families to be interviewed in the two communities; 5. Selection of the enumerators and extensionists; 6. Realization of the interviews of the initial inquiry; 7. Selection of the benefiting families; 8. Raising of the families’ awareness; 9. Establishment of moringa banks in the communities; 10. Training of enumerators, extensionists, and beneficiaries; 11. Building of the hen coops; and 12. Realization of the experimental part and data collection’ (Final Grantee Report, Massango).

Photo 21. Improved Chicken House Photo 22. Moringa Seedlings

2.8.2 Grant Extension Materials The research team worked closely with Direcção Distrital de Serviços Económicos and local farmers’ organizations throughout the grant period. Numerous trainings were provided to research participants in chicken housing construction and the planning and care of Moringa seedlings. In addition several extension materials were produced. The following materials were formatted by Compete for distribution: ¾ Leaflet Prevention and Treatment of Diseases; ¾ Leaflet Moringa Leaves; ¾ Leaflet Hygene and Disinfection; ¾ Manual 1: Setting up and managing small scale chicken production with alternate food sources; ¾ Manual 2: Moringa management; and

34

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

¾ Posters (6).

2.8.3 Program Monitoring and Review Several visits were made to the researcher during the course of the grant, involving the SGM, COP, IIAM Compete Coordinator, and STA/M. The PI faced several challenges implementing the grant, largely stemming from the research design. Specific challenges were as follows: ¾ Time limitation made it difficult to complete all planned investigations; ¾ The procurement of one-day chicks was a major challenge for this project; ¾ Procuring chicks from neighboring South Africa was a significant risk factor for the grant; and ¾ The location of the project (Magude) made research challenging due to lack of information infrastructure (email, internet). The grantee and Compete staff worked together to reduce the expected grant outputs. Given the impossibility of extending the project to accommodate time needed to finalize the egg production component of the project, this area of research was removed from the grant. The major difficulty for the grantee was trying to realize results for a program initially designed for a longer time-frame. The initial reluctance of the grantee to reduce the research scope and plan for potential start-up delays made implementation challenging. With the reduced scope towards the latter portion of the grant the research team was able to successfully address a more narrowed research area and complete all grant deliverables.

35

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

3.0 PROGRAM EVALUATIONS, AUDITS AND LESSONS LEARNED

3.1 MID-TERM EVALUATION

During the January–March 2009 quarter, an external evaluation of Compete was conducted by Dr. Luis Neves of UEM. The purpose of the evaluation was to review the progress of the program and provide recommendations for moving forward during its final year. During the evaluation, Dr. Neves undertook the following approach: 1) review of basic documents that guide the competitive granting process; 2) review of sample of winning and losing proposals and grantee quarterly report; 3) review of Existing Reports (i.e. Compete Annual and Quarterly) to be provided by Compete staff; and 4) interviews with key people involved with Compete. This includes Compete counterparts, applicants, grantees, partners, and IIAM administration. Once completed, Dr. Neves made an initial oral presentation of his findings to the ARD Team, USAID, and IIAM in March, 2009. During this meeting, questions and details were discussed and clarified for Dr. Neves to finalize the evaluation. The overall findings were in high praise of the program and it was noted “Compete should be considered a landmark experience in terms of research funds management in Mozambique's agriculture research system.” Recommendations and feedback were also provided, such as incorporating subject matter experts into TREC reviews, having a more clear definition of research vs. extension efforts, decreasing research team’s distance from stations to increase efficiency and effectiveness, and having IIAM take a more proactive attitude on Compete integration. The final version of the report was submitted to USAID in May, 2009. Dr. Neves also presented his findings at the Second Annual Workshop in June, 2009.

3.2 PROGRAM AUDIT

In September 2009, prior to the end of the Compete grants, an independent audit was conducted under the contract. The purpose was to conduct a financial and compliance audit of the grantees as well as the program from September 2007 to August 31 2009. The audit was done at the request of the ARD Team and funds provided under the contract. The motivation for the audit was to confirm independently the management of the program, particularly after a year of IIAM oversight. The auditor concluded that Compete was in compliance with the policies and procedures of USAID and the GMM; no major issues were found. Nonetheless, the audit did uncover areas for improvement related to financial management and record keeping. These included observed grantee challenges completing financial reporting, filing systems complete but needing better organization, and revised documents integrated into program systems but not consistently into those of grantees. Compete accepted these findings and determined these issues could have been avoided if the following actions had occurred:

36

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

1. Additional training given to grantees on financial management, record keeping, and budgeting. Though training was provided, more would have been beneficial given the low levels of experience and knowledge of grantees; 2. Better qualified accountants hired to manage grantee budget and financial reporting. Grantees had highly variable experiences with hired accountants. More qualified accountants would have been of better support to grantees and caused less time consuming administrative burdens on the OM; and 3. Additional support staff assigned by IIAM. It had been envisioned administrative and accounting support would collaborate with the OM and assigned IIAM staff would have more in-depth integration into Compete grantee financials and documentation.

3.3 PROGRAM SUCCESSES AND LESSONS LEARNED

The Compete program and its integration within IIAM has allowed for a range of effective learning and capacity building through agricultural research and grants management. Inherent in development of the program and its transfer to IIAM has been a host of reflective experiences and lessons learned. An initial reflection on lessons learned following a year of grant implementation was presented in the Compete Second Annual Report. Now at the end of the program, below is a snapshot of the program’s successes and thoughts for the continuation of the competitive grants programs into the future. Compete Program Successes: ¾ Engaging IIAM to develop its grants management capacities and integrate a completive grants program into its operations; ¾ Effective use of participatory research models to broaden research impacts. Participants in research efforts gained valuable skills and knowledge through collaboration with grantees; ¾ Linking research to the broader agricultural community. Compete grantees successfully engaged extension agents, NGOs, the private sector, and university. These organizations were integrated from the initial research design and implementation for greatest impact; ¾ The use of interdisciplinary research teams. Researchers were able to investigate the complexities of topics by having a range of collaborators drawing from areas such as nutrition and socio-economics. Historically in Mozambique such interdisciplinary collaboration has not been typical; and ¾ Support of two successful Borlaug Fellowships for African Women in Sciences awards in 2008: both researchers spent eight weeks at Texas A&M, with Dr. Carla do Vale focusing on Mozambique rice germplasm and Laurinda Augusto on sheep and goat reproduction physiology. ¾ Capacity building of researchers. Compete worked with researchers prior to the release of CP requests to better prepare them of successfully preparing competitive proposals. Once grantees were selected Compete also provided trainings in successful grant implementation related to research.

37

Mozambique Agricultural Research Compete Competitive Grants Program

Compete Lessons Learned: Grantee Related: ¾ Problem statements in research topics need to be more clearly defined and the difference between research and extension more clearly shown; ¾ Research topics should be more narrowly focused and straight-forward; ¾ A reasonable and realistic number of extension materials should be included in grantee agreements. Researchers should not be over zealous or focused on producing materials vs. conducting research; ¾ Research should focus on developing locally relevant and available products. Under Compete, trying to introduce non-domestic goats and import chicks complicated research objectives; ¾ Research sites should be in close proximity to each other and of a limited number; ¾ Principle Researchers need to realistically appreciate the time required to undertake the research. More on-site engagement and available management time for research key; ¾ Grantee mentors potentially valuable asset. A planned mentoring program did not occur, largely due to funding for and availability of mentors. Informal mentoring and technical support did occur through IIAM, CGIAR and UEM interactions and provided valuable insights, warranting future consideration of more formal engagements. ¾ More training for grantees and follow-up required to ensure grantees and IIAM understand donor branding requirements; and ¾ Additional trainings would have been helpful in research team management, proposal development, targeting research, extension vs. research activities, and grant financial management. IIAM Related: ¾ Appreciate the grantee challenges and areas of improvement above to better craft grant agreements; ¾ The role of the IIAM Coordinator needs to be more clearly understood within the organization. The time required for the role should be clear and additional demands on the Coordinator’s time should be limited; ¾ A fully integrated IIAM Compete Team, led by a Coordinator, would be an effective management structure; ¾ IIAM counterparts need to be identified earlier in a donor program to ensure solid understandings of the award, implementation, and close-out processes; ¾ More trainings for IIAM would have been helpful in marketing skills to communicate its efforts, linking research to extension and extension material production; and ¾ Greater support and consideration should be given to mid/junior level lead researchers. This could lead to more active participation in research activities and stronger national research capacities.

38

COMPETE

Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM) Av. das FPLM 2698 Maputo, Mozambique Tel/Fax: 258-214-60255 www.iiam.gov.mz