Public Disclosure Authorized

MIISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

SUSTAIABLE IRRIGATIO DEVELOPMET PROJECT (PROIRRI)

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Final Report

Prepared by: atasha Ribeiro e Aniceto Chaúque

Public Disclosure Authorized

Maputo, October 2010 LIST OF ABBREVIATIOS ANE National Administration of Roads/Administração Nacional de Estradas ARA Regional Water Management /Administração Regional de Aguas CNA National Cotton Company/ Companhia Nacional Algodoeira CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CEPAGRI Centre for the Promotion of Agriculture/Centro de Promoção da Agricultura CNDS National Commission for Sustainable Development/Comissão Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável DCA Department of Animal Science/Departamento de Ciência Animal DCC District Consultative Committee/Conselho Consultivo distrital DDOPH District Directorate of Public Works and Housing/Direcção Distrital de Obras Públicas e Habitação DE Directorate of Economics/Direcção de Economia DEP Department of Roads and Bridges/ Departamento de Estradas e Pontes DER Department of Rural Extension/Departamento de extensão Rural DNAIA National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment/Direcção Nacional de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental DNEE National Directorate of Electric Energy/Direcção Nacional de Energia Eléctrica DNS National Directorate of Health/Direcção Nacional de Saúde DNSA National Directorate of Agrarian Services/Direcvo Nacional de Serviços Agrários DNTF National Directorate of Land and Forestry/Direcção NAcional de Terras e Florestas DPA Provincial Directorate of Agriculture/Direcção Provincial de Agricultura DPCA Provincial Directorate for the Coordination of Environmental Action/Direcção Provincial para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental DPEM Provincial Directorate of Mining and Energy/Direcção Provincial de Minas e Energia DPOPH Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing/Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitação EA Environment Assessment

EDM Electricity of Mozambique/Electricidade de Moçambique ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment ESIS Environmental and Social Impact Study EN National Road/Estrada Nacional EPDA Pre Viability Study and Scoping/Estudo de Pre- viabilidade e Definição do Âmbito ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FAEF Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry/Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FDC Community Development Fund/Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Comunitário FM Financial Management FUNAB National Fund of Environment/Fundo Nacional do Ambiente GAC Governance and Anti Corruption GNP Gorongosa National Park GoM Government of Mozambique GOH Hydraulics Work Office/Gabinete de Obras Públicas e Habitação HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome IAC Agrarian Institute of Chimoio/Instituto Agrário do Chimoio IDA International Development Aid IFNs- In Flow stream Need IIAM National Institute for Agrarian Research/Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique INNOQ National Institute for Standardization and Quality/Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade IOs Irrigations Organizations IPM Integrated Pest Management ISPM Institute Polytechnic of Manica/Instituto Superior Politécnico de Manica ITC Community Land Initiative/Iniciativa de Terras Comunitárias ISDS Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

ME Ministry of Energy/Ministério de Energia MICOA Ministry of Environmental Coordination Affairs/ Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental MINAG Ministry of Agriculture/ Ministério da Agricultura MISAU Ministry of Health/ Ministério da Saúde MLT Mozambique Leaf Tobacco MOPH Ministry of Public Work and Habitation/ Ministério das Obras Públicas e Habitação NAPA National Action Plan to Adapt to Climate Change NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NIP National Irrigation Program NIS National Irrigation Strategy O&M Operation and maintenance OP/BP Operational Policy/Bank Procedures PAPA Action Plan for Food Production/Plano de Acção para a Produção de Alimentos PARPA Action Plan for Absolute Poverty Reduction/Plano de Acção para a Redução da Pobreza Absoluta PCT Project Coordination Team PIM Project Implementation Manual PM Plan Management PMP Pest Management Plan PNGA National Environmental Management Program/Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental PPII Pungoe Programme II PQR Política Quadro de Reassentamento/ Resettlement Policy Framework PROAGRI National Agriculture Development Programme/Programa Nacional de Agricultura PRP Provincial Review Panel QGSA Quadro de Gestão Sócio– Ambiental/Environmental and Social Management Framework RAP Resettlement Action Plan ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAR Sodium Absortion Rate SDAE District Services of Economics Activities/Servicos Distritais de Actividades Económicas SDPI District Services of Patrimony and Infrastructures/Serviços Distritais de Património e Infratestruturas SEIA Simplified Environmental Impact Assessment SIDA Sweden International Development Aid SIL Sector Investment Loan SPA Provincial Agrarian Services/Serviços Provinciais de Agricultura SPER Provincial Services of Rural Extension/Serviços Provinciais de Extensão Rural STD Sexual Transmitted Disease TA Technical Assistance TDS Total Dissolved Solids TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area TST Technical Support Team UASMA Unit for Social Affairs and the Environmental/Unidade para Gestão de Assuntos Sociais e Ambientais UDAC District Farmers Union/União Distrital de Camponeses UEM Eduardo Mondlane University/ Universidade Eduardo Mondlane UNCCD UN Convention on Combating Desertification UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WB World Bank WUA Water User Associations WWF World Wildlife Fund

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The Government of Mozambique has requested World Bank financing for the Sustainable Irrigation development in Sofala and Manica Provinces (PROIRRI). Overall responsibility for the PROIRRI will lie with the National Directorate for Agrarian Services (DNSA) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG). The project will be implemented over a six-year period across five districts (Caia, Marromeu, Gorongosa, Nhamatanda and Buzi) in Sofala Province and five Districts (Gondola, Chimoio, Sussundenga, Barue and Manica) in Manica Province. There is also a possibility that PROIRRI will include Zambézia Province. Even though the districts were not selected yet, it will be based on the Zambezi River basin. The aim of the project is to increase the incomes of smallholder farmers within the project area through rehabilitation, improvement or construction of new irrigation schemes and promotion of demand-driven agriculture as well as partnerships among smallholder farmers and private companies. In accordance with the World Bank Policy (OP 4.01 –Environmental Management) and the Mozambican legislation (Decree 45/2004) the project is a Category B and an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared (this document).

The objectives of the ESMF are to:

• Establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under PROIRRI; • Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to project investments; • Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; • To establish the project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements; and • Provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.

Project description PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Development Project is a Sector Investment Loan (SIL) comprising an IDA Credit of US$50 million. PROIRRI development objective is to enhance agricultural productivity and profitability of smallholders farms in targeted new or improved irrigation schemes along the Beira Corridor. It comprises four components:

Component 1 : Institutional Support and Capacity Development Component 2 : Investing in People and Infrastructure for Sustainable Irrigation Component 3 : Market-led Production and Value Chain Development. Component 4 : Project Coordination.

Component 2 raises the principal safeguards issues associated with the project, and is thus the ESMF focus specifically on this component. Under component 2 four potential interventions are envisaged: medium-scale Rice-based Irrigation Schemes, Upland irrigation systems, Flatland irrigation systems and Smallholders’ engagement in outgrowers schemes.

Under PROIRRI the types of sub-projects that may be financed include: Construction of small dams or weirs, Rehabilitation and/or construction of small- scale irrigation and drainage systems, Rehabilitation and/or construction of medium-scale irrigation and drainage schemes, Rehabilitation of access roads, Rehabilitation and/or establishment of infrastructures for

i electricity pumps, Cultivation on medium to high slopes using appropriate techniques, Construction of small Agro-processing facilities, Increased area of rice production and increased area of sugar cane production.

PROIRRI Targeted Area There are two distinct climatic seasons in the project’s area: a hot rainy season from December to March and a cooler drier season from April to November (however rainfall is recorded in all months of the year). Mean annual rainfall ranges from 850-1,000 mm in lowlands to above 1,500 mm in highlands. The project area falls within three major river basins in Mozambique namely: Zambezi, Pungoe and Búzi.

The main land cover in the proposed area is miombo woodlands and grasslands, but montane forests also occur in highlands of Manica and Gorongosa Mountain. Medium to highly dense forest occurs mainly in all districts except Nhamatanda. According to the last forest inventory (Marzoli, 2007) natural cover comprises 95% and 90% of the land in Manica and Sofala, respectively. Extensive areas of rainfed agriculture occur all over the area.

There are two biologically important areas: the Gorongosa Mountain-Rift Valley Complex and the Chimanimani Massif, both with high biodiversity value. These comprise three gazetted protected areas including the Gorongosa National Park in Gorongosa, the Marromeu Reserve in Marromeu and the Chimanimani Transfrontier Conservation Area in Sussundenga. 80% of the Marromeu District is a RAMSAR site since 2004 for the International Convention for Conservation of Wetlands – RAMSAR.

The total population in both provinces is 1,695,016 inhabitants corresponding to an average density of 34 individuals per sq. km. About 18% of the population in both provinces correspond to youth (age range between 15-24 years old) actively engaged in agriculture. Agriculture (either formal or informal) employs about 84% of the population, followed by the commercial sector employing 10% of the population.

World Bank Safeguard Policies Bank OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), OP 4.09 (Pest Management) OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement), OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats), OP 4.37 (Safety of Dams), OP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources) and OP 7.50 (International Waterways) are be triggered by the proposed Project. The ESMF provides practical tools for preparing and/or implementing Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), Pest Management Plans (PMPs) and (Abbreviated) Resettlement Action Plans [(A) RAPs]. Preparation of the latter is described in a separate document the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF).

Legal and Institutional Framework for Environmental Management in Mozambique Relevant legislation in Mozambique includes the following: • The National Environment Management Program • National Action Plan to Adapt to Climate Change (NAPA) • The Environmental Law • EIA Regulation • Environmental Quality Standards and Effluents Emissions Regulation • Pesticide Regulations • Land Policy • Land Law • Forestry and Wildlife Law

ii • Water Policy • Electric Energy Law

The ESIA regulation (Decree 45/2004) defines three categories of projects: Category A (full ESIA required), Category B (Simplified ESIA is required) and Category C (exempt from an ESIA). These are broadly in agreement with World Bank categories. Pesticides Regulations were passed September 2002 and regulate the use of pesticides in Mozambique. These should be closely adhered to for any subproject that contemplates pest management.

The Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) is responsible for cross- sectoral environmental (and social) management. Provincial Directorates for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (DPCA) will have a key role in the appraisal and approval of subprojects to ensure compliance with Mozambican environmental legislation and the safeguards outlined in the ESMF. Both MICOA and DPCA are part of the Project Coordination Team (PCT) within the PROIRRI implementation arrangements.

Environmental concerns within the targeted areas Selected districts in Sofala (Nhamatanda, Gorongosa, Marromeu, Búzi and Caia) and Manica (Gondola, Chimoio, Sussundenga, Bárue and Manica) were visited between 29 th of March and 14 th of April 2010. Main environmental concerns are:

Sofala Province Marromeu District is located in the Zambezi River floodplain and was registered as a RAMSAR site by the GoM in 2004, meaning international obligations for conserving its distinctiveness as a wetland. However, it has experienced changed in the hydrological flux and thus site selection here must consider this environmental issue. Gorongosa Ditricts is within the Gorongosa-Rift Valley complex and is part of the Pungoe Basin. The district has good potential for agriculture but also for conservation, which may be conflicting sometimes. The Gorongosa Mountain is in a unique precarious situation. Consequently further agricultural development should consider this environmental issue and the ongoing rehabilitation efforts. Búzi District is located in the floodplains of the Búzi River and presents high levels of erosion in the river margins and saline intrusion up to 30 km from the sea (reported to be a problem in Estaquinha – Estaquinha Administrative Post). This district is also vulnerable to floods and droughts. The Gorongosa, Nhamatanda and Búzi Districts are frequently assaulted by red locust pest that devastates large areas of crops including rice.

Manica Province Manica: District is located in medium to high slopes and agriculture is practiced without appropriate techniques, but low levels of erosion were observed (small gullies). One potential site - Chinhadombwe - is an area with high gold panning activity that has caused siltation of several streams and obstruction of irrigation infrastructures. Other areas in the district with high gold panning activities include Chazuca and 3 de Fevereiro, Penhalonga, Chua, Nhamachato, and Nhamucuarara. Sussundenga district presents also high slopes (above 5%) where agriculture is practiced without appropriate techniques. Gold panning activity is also observed in this district in Mouha Adminsitrative Post. The consultant recommends PROIRRI to avoid areas with intense gold mining activity. The rest of the target districts (Bárue, Gondola and Chimoio) in Manica Province do not present major environmental and social concerns.

For all target areas PROIRRI should apply appropriate agriculture techniques such as terraces and contour cropping to avoid erosion and promote good management practices of agrochemicals.

iii Potential environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures Since the actual irrigation project sites are as yet unknown, potential impacts presented in the ESMF are general and serve as a guideline for a thorough assessment once the sites have been selected. The impact assessment will have to take into account the scope of potential interventions : medium-scale rice production , upland irrigation systems, flatland irrigation systems and smallholders’ engagement in outgrowers schemes.

The proposed project is a Category B project as all identified potential impacts for the sub- projects are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in all cases mitigation measures can be readily designed. However, the consultant recommends PROIRRI to avoid sensitive areas and observe the 350 ha threshold of EIA Regulation (Decree 45/2004) to ensure that sub-projects stay within category B (for details refer to Chapter 6).

Although some negative impacts are expected from this project, there are also some significant positive impacts that may counteract the negative ones. The positive impacts include: protection against floods and droughts, improved income of the involved farmers and the region, improved organizational capacity of involved associations and farmers.

Potential adverse impacts in hydrologic component include: changing to the low flow regime, altering the hydrologic flux, sedimentation of rivers and streams lowering the water table, waterlogging, increased pollutant concentrations, Agrochemical pollution, Anaerobic effects (methane emission from large rice paddies and euthrophication from over-supply of nutrients).

Potential adverse impacts in edaphic component include: soil salinity, erosion, increased in intensity of human activity in areas surrounding the scheme, altered river morphology, damage to channel structures due to erosion and sedimentation.

Potential adverse impacts in biological component are caused by changes of land and water uses. Effects on rare and endangered species and aquatic habitats should be considered.

Potential adverse potential impacts on the socio-economic component include: conflicts related to land rights/uses, increased population densities; reduced income due to several factors; Human migration to the development area, effects on human health, effects on cultural property, issues related to involuntary resettlement and gender related effects.

Sub-project Preparation, Appraisal, Approval and Monitoring The proposed project is community driven so it will be the communities themselves who will identify sub-projects for implementation together with community based organizations (IOs and farmers associations). Trained extension workers will assist communities in identifying projects and in completing the necessary application forms. Applicants will fill in an easy to use environmental checklist to determine if any additional environmental management measures are required [ESMPs, PMPs or (A) RAPs]. Key to this process will be training and capacity building for extension workers and communities. The Service Provider hired by the PROIRRI will also assist in the process.

The completed ESMF checklist and along with any additional planning reports [e.g. ESMP, (A) RAP, PMP] will be forwarded together with the overall application to the review authority (SDAE/SDPI) for pre-approval. For most of the sub-projects under PROIRRI final approval will be taken by the Provincial Review Panel (PRP) and the Project Coordination Team (PCT) of which MICOA, DPCA and DPA are members. DPCA will issue the environmental (and social)

iv license to categorize all sub-projects. Before issuing of the environmental (and social) license the WB will have to give the final approval to any sub-project.

In accordance with the new World Bank Policy on Public Disclosure of Information, additional reports such as ESMPs, (A)RAPs and PMPs will be made available for public and private review at a places easily accessible to local people.

Projects implementation and monitoring should be carried out by and jointly with the communities assisted by extension workers and the service provider contracted by the PROIRRI. District authorities (SDAE/SDPI) assisted by DPCA and/or PROIRRI funded technical assistance will prepare annual monitoring reports that include information on the implementation of the ESMF. DPCA is required to conduct annual inspections for all category B projects.

Annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF will be carried out by an independent local consultant, NGO or other service provider that is not involved in the PROIRRI, but the approval must be done by the PCT and the WB. Independently-commissioned tri-annual environmental auditing should be carried out.

The successful incorporation of environmental safeguards depends on: 1. The preparation, appraisal and approval process detailed in the ESMF must be an integral part of the PROIRRI’s Operations Manual; 2. Training, capacity building and technical assistance must be provided at all levels from the community level to project management level; 3. Annual and mid-term review must fully evaluate compliance with the ESMF and the Operations Manual.

Guidelines for environmental and social management plan and monitoring requirements The additional management actions may include the preparation of Environmental and social Management Plans (ESMPs), Pesticide Management Plans (PMPs) and (abbreviated) Resettlement Action Plans [(A) RAPs].

Guidelines for the preparations of ESMPs are provided. A comprehensive PMP is presented as Annex VIII. A separate Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared for use in conjunction with the ESMF and this provides guidelines for the preparations of (A) RAPs. Technical expertise and funds will be provided for the preparation of specialist reports as required.

Training and Capacity Building Training and capacity building is the key to the successful implementation of the ESMF and the RPF. The objective of the training is to:

• Train local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical assistance to communities in preparing their subprojects. • Train community groups to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of their subprojects. Trained NGO and extension workers will be involved in this training exercise. • Ensure that district, provincial and national level officials have the capacity to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects.

Three levels of training are proposed namely: awareness raising, sensitization and in-depth technical training. In any case it will mostly be conducted through workshops and refresher courses. Training will include case studies of actual sub-project interventions using the environmental checklist and visiting sites. The focus of the training will mainly be NGO workers,

v contact farmers and extension officers who will in turn train community members to implement components of the ESMF at the community level.

Appropriate training and assistance will also be provided for district, provincial and national level agencies.

Technical assistance will be provided for government officials, extension teams and communities in order to implement the ESMF including the preparation of ESMPs, PMPs, and (A)RAPs.

ESMF monitoring requirements Indicators of ESMF implementation are: Number of national, provincial, district levels staff trained in implementation of this ESMF; Number staff attending training course in EIA and ESMF implementation; Number of sub-projects correctly submitted for approval; Number of mitigation measures implemented; Number of written warnings of violation of ESMPs issued to project proponents; Number of recommendations from the Audit that have been implemented; Number of performance contracts signed between DNSA and IOs/associations.

These indicators should be integrated into the PROIRRI project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system to guarantee that the ESMF will be implemented in full.

ESMF Implementation Budget The budget includes funds for: • Institutional development activities; • The training program for communities, extension teams and local authorities to implement their ESMF responsibilities; • Technical assistance to local authorities and extension teams; • Allowances for the preparation and/or implementation of sub-projects ESMPs, (A) RAPs, etc. The costs of implementing these plans are included in the sub-projects budgets; • Annual reviews and tri-annual audits; • Service provider; • PMP implementation and monitoring.

The overall budget for implementation of the ESMF is estimated at US$ 1,853,000 .

In case PROIRRI is expanded to the Zambézia Province, the postulates of this ESMF with regards to sub-project preparation, appraisal, approval and monitoring, guidelines for environmental and social management plan and monitoring requirements, training and capacity building and monitoring requirements are all applicable to any site PROIRRI will decide to work on. However, depending on the sites, environmental and social concerns, impacts and mitigation measures should be adjusted accordingly.

vi SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO

Introducão O Governo de Moçambique requereu ao Banco Mundial o financiamento de um projecto de desenvolvimento de irrigação nas Províncias de Sofala e Manica, designado de PROIRRI. A responsabilidade do PROIRRI será da Direcção Nacional de Serviços Agrários (DNSA) do Ministério da Agricultura (MINAG). O projecto será implementado em cinco distritos da Província de Sofala (Caia, Marromeu, Gorongosa, Nhamatanda e Búzi) e cinco distritos da Província de Manica (Gondola, Chimoio, Sussundenga, Bárue e Manica) por um período de seis anos. Possivelmente o PROIRRI irá abranger também a Província da Zambézia, embora os distritos/locais potenciais ainda não estejam seleccionados.

O objectivo geral do projecto é de aumentar o rendimento dos pequenos agricultores na área alvo através da reabilitação, melhoramento e construção de sistemas de irrigação e a promoção de agricultura virada para as necessidades do mercado bem como promover os esquemas de outgrower entre os pequenos agricultores e o sector privado.

De acordo com a Política Operacional do Banco Mundial (OP 4.01 – Gestão Ambiental) e a legislação nacional (Decreto 45/2004) o projecto é categorizado como B, pelo que existe a necessidade de se preparar o Quadro de Gestão sócio-ambiental (QGSA) (este documento).

Os objectivos do QGSA são:

• Estabelecer procedimento e metodologias claras sobre a avaliação sócio-ambiental, revisão, aprovação e implementação de actividades financiadas pelo PROIRRI; • Especificar o papel e responsabilidades bem como os procedimentos de reporte para a gestão e monitoria sócio-ambiental; • Determinar as necessidades de treinamento, capacitação e assistência técnica para a implementação exitosa deste QGSA; • Fornecer informação prática para a implementação do QGSA.

Descrição do Projecto PROIRRI é um projecto de desenvolvimento que corresponde a um Crédito de Investimento Sectorial no valor de 50 milhões de USD. Para alcançar o objectivo geral de incrementar a produtividade agrícola e melhorar o rendimento dos pequenos agricultores ao longo do corredor da Beira, o projecto possui quatro componentes:

Componente 1 : Desenvolvimento e suporte da capacidade institucional Componente 2 : Investimento em capital humano e infra-estruturas para a irrigação sustentável Componente 3 : Produção virada para o Mercado e desenvolvimento da cadeia de valores Componente 4 : Coordenação do projecto .

A componente 2 é a que suscita as questões sócio-ambientais e portanto este QGSA refere-se basicamente a esta componente. As sub-componentes previstas no âmbito da componente 2 são: revitalização da produção de arroz de média escala, desenvolvimento de sistemas de irrigação em zonas em altas, desenvolvimento de sistemas de irrigação em zonas baixas e promoção de esquemas de outgrowers .

No âmbito do PROIRRI os sub-projectos que poderão ser financiados incluem: construção de pequenas barragens e açudes, reabilitação e/ou construção de pequenos sistemas de irrigação e

vii drenagem, reabilitação e/ou construção de sistemas de irrigação de média escala, reabilitação de estradas de acesso, reabilitação/construção de sistemas de fornecimento de energia eléctrica para alimentar electrobombas, aumento da área de cultivo em pendentes, construção de pequenos sistemas de agro-processamento, aumento da área de produção de arroz e de cana-de-açúcar.

Área alvo do PROIRRI Dentro da área alvo deste projecto observam-se duas estacões climáticas distintas: quente e chuvosa entre Dezembro e Março e seca e fresca entre Abril e Novembro (contudo a precipitação verifica-se em quase todos os meses do ano). A precipitação média anual varia entre 850-1,000 mm nas zonas baixas a mais de 1,500 mm nas zonas altas. O projecto abarca três grandes bacias hidrográficas, nomeadamente: Zambezi, Pungoe e Búzi.

A cobertura da terra caracteriza-se por extensas áreas de matas de miombo e graminais, mas florestas afromontanas sempre-verdes também ocorrem principalmente em Manica, Sussundenga e Gorongosa. De acordo com o ultimo inventário florestal (Marzoli, 2007) a cobertura de vegetação natural compreende cerca de 95% e 90% da área total de Manica and Sofala, respectivamente. Extensas áreas de agricultura de sequeiro ocorrem ao longo de toda a área.

Duas áreas de elevado valor biológico ocorrem dentro da área alvo do PROIRRI nomeadamente: o complexo Serra da Gorongosa-Vale do Rift e o Massifo de Chimanimani. Estas compreendem 3 áreas protegidas incluindo o Parque Nacional da Gorongosa, a Reserva de Marromeu e a Área de Conservação Transfronteiriça de Chimanimani. 80% do distrito de Marromeu foi inscrito, em 2004, como área de conservação RAMSAR no âmbito da Convenção de RAMSAR para a Protecção das Áreas Húmidas.

A população total em ambas províncias é estimada em 1,695,016 habitantes correspondendo a uma densidade média de 34 pessoas/km 2. Cerca de 18% da população na zona alvo e jovem (18- 24 anos) e activamente envolvida na agricultura. A agricultura emprega cerca de 84% da população, seguida do sector comercial que emprega 10%.

Requisitos de gestão sócio - ambiental As Politicas Operacionais do Banco Mundial que são activadas no âmbito do PROIRRI são: OP 4.01 (Gestão Ambiental), OP 4.09 (Maneio de Pragas) OP 4.12 (Reassentamento Involuntário), OP 4.04 (Habitats Naturais), OP 4.37 (Segurança de Barragens), OP 4.11 (Recursos Físicos Culturais) e OP 7.50 (Águas Internacionais). Neste contexto, o QGSA fornece ferramentas práticas para lidar com a questão sócio-ambiental, preparar planos de gestão sócio-ambiental, planos de gestão de praga e lidar com os reassentamentos involuntários. Este último está descrito em detalhe na Política Quadro de Reassentamento (PQR) do PROIRRI.

Quadro legal e institucional para a gestão ambiental em Moçambique A legislação nacional relevante para a gestão sócio-ambiental no contexto do PROIRRI inclui: • Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental • Plano de Acção para a Adaptação às Mudanças Climáticas (NAPA) • Lei do Ambiente • Regulamento de AIA • Regulamento sobre os padrões de Qualidade Ambiental e Emissão de Efluentes • Regulamento sobre o uso e manuseio de pesticidas • Política e Lei de Terras • Lei de Florestas e Fauna Bravia • Política de Águas

viii • Lei de Energia Eléctrica O regulamento sobre a avaliação do Impacto ambiental (decreto 45/2004) define três categorias de projectos: Categoria A (necessita de um Estudo de Impacto Ambiental detalhado), Categoria B (necessita de um Estudo de Impacto Ambiental Simplificado) e categoria C (isento de Estudo de Impacto Ambiental). Em geral existe uma concordância entre estas categorias e as do Banco Mundial quanto a categorização do PROIRRI como categoria B. O Regulamento sobre Pesticidas de 2002 regula o uso de pesticidas em Moçambique. Estes regulamentos devem ser estritamente seguidos para qualquer sub-projecto financiado pelo PROIRRI.

O Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental (MICOA) é a instituição responsável pela gestão ambiental e coordenação inter-sectorial. A direcções provinciais (DPCA) tem o papel de avaliar os sub-projectos por forma a garantir a conformidade com a legislação nacional e o indicado neste QGSA. Ambos MICOA e DPCA fazem parte da equipa de coordenação do PROIRRI.

Questões ambientais relevantes nas áreas alvo do PROIRRI Os distritos seleccionados em Sofala (Nhamatanda, Gorongosa, Marromeu, Búzi e Caia) e Manica (Gondola, Chimoio, Sussundenga, Bárue e Manica) foram visitados entre os dias 29 de Março e 14 de Abril de 2010. As principais questões ambientais observadas foram:

Província de Sofala Marromeu está localizado no delta do Rio Zambeze e foi registado pelo Governo de Moçambique em 2004 como sítio RAMSAR, significando obrigações internacionais e nacionais de conservação da sua característica húmida ímpar. No campo observou-se que alguns rios/riachos apresentam alterações do fluxo hidrológico expressada pela diminuição do caudal. A acessibilidade do distrito e má principalmente na época chuvosa. Gorongosa está localizado dentro do complexo Serra da Gorongosa-Vale do Rift e é parte da Bacia do Pungoe. O distrito tem elevado potencial para a agricultura mas também para a conservação o que as vezes pode ser conflituoso. A Serra da Gorongosa está numa situação precária e consequentemente o desenvolvimento agrícola nesta zona não é recomendado. A acessibilidade pode ser considerada média a boa. O distrito de Búzi está localizado no delta do Rio Búzi e apresenta elevados níveis de erosão nas margens do rio além de intrusão salina até cerca de 30 km para o interior (este foi reportado como um problema para a irrigação na zona de Estaquinha – posto Administrativo de Estaquinha). Este distrito é também vulnerável a cheias e secas e a acessibilidade é má.

Os distritos de Búzi, Gorongosa e Nhamatanda são frequentemente assolados pela praga Gafanhoto Vermelho.

Província de Manica O distrito de Manica está localizado em pendentes médias a elevadas onde a agricultura e praticada sem técnicas apropriadas (terraços e cultivos em contorno). Contudo, não foram observados grandes níveis de erosão associados a actividades agrícola. Um dos locais indicados como potenciais para o PROIRRI - Xinhadombe – está localizado numa área com elevada actividade mineira que tem causado erosão e a sedimentação de rios originando, para além de outros problemas, a obstrução de infra-estruturas de irrigação. O distrito de Sussundenga apresenta igualmente pendentes elevadas (acima de 5%) onde a agricultura é praticada sem técnicas apropriadas. Os resto dos distritos em Manica não apresentam questões ambientais relevantes.

ix Para todas as áreas, o PROIRRI deverá promover técnicas de cultivo em contorno e terraços principalmente paras as áreas de pendentes por forma a evitar a erosão. Assim mesmo, boas praticas de gestão de agro-químicos deverão ser promovidas.

Potenciais Impactos ambientais e sociais e medidas de mitigação Devido a que a localização exacta das áreas do PROIRRI não são ainda conhecidas os potenciais impactos apresentados no QGSA são gerais e servem apenas de guia para uma análise mais profunda após selecção dos sítios. A avaliação dos impactos terá que ter em conta o âmbito das intervenções do projecto nomeadamente: revitalização da produção de arroz de média e larga escala, desenvolvimento de sistemas de irrigação em zonas com altas, desenvolvimento de sistemas de irrigação em zonas baixas e promoção de esquemas de outgrowers .

O projecto é de categoria B devido a que todos os sub-projectos apresentam impactos localizados, reversíveis e na maior parte dos casos, medidas de mitigação podem ser facilmente definidas e implementadas. Contudo, a consultora recomenda ao PROIRRI desenvolver áreas de irrigação abaixo dos 350 ha e localiza-las fora de áreas ecologicamente sensíveis para evitar que os sub- projectos recaiam na categoria A de acordo com Regulamento Nacional de Avaliação do Impacto Ambiental (Decreto 45/2004) (detalhes são fornecidos no Capitulo 6 do QGSA).

Embora alguns impactos negativos sejam previstos, existem vários impactos positivos significativos que poderão contrabalançar os negativos, nomeadamente: Protecção contra cheias e secas; Melhoramento do rendimentos dos agricultores envolvidos e da região; Melhoramento da capacidade organizacional das associações e agricultores envolvidos.

Os impactos negativos potenciais na componente hidrológica incluem: alterações do fluxo hidrológico, abaixamento do lençol freático, alagamento, aumento da concentração de poluentes, poluição por agro-químicos, sedimentação de rios e riachos, efeitos anaeróbicos (emissões de metano a partir de campos de arroz e eutroficação de cursos de água).

Potenciais impactos negativos na componente edáfica incluem: aumento da salinidade dos solos, erosão, aumento da actividade humana nas áreas vizinhas aos regadios, alteração da morfologia dos rios, dano a canais e outras estruturas devido a erosão e sedimentação.

Potenciais impactos negativos na componente biológica poderão ser causados por modificações no solo e água. Os efeitos serão mais evidentes em espécies ameaçada e raras e ainda nos ecossistemas aquáticos.

Impactos negativos potenciais na componente socio-económica incluem: conflitos relacionados com os usos e direitos sobre a terra, aumento da densidade populacional nas áreas dos regadios, redução do rendimentos devido a aspectos de operação e gestão dos regadios, migração humana devido ao desenvolvimento da área, efeitos na saúde humana e propriedade cultural, aspectos relacionados com os reassentamentos involuntários e efeitos de género.

Preparação, avaliação, aprovação e monitoria de sub-projectos O projecto proposto irá de encontro às necessidades das comunidades de modo que deverão ser as próprias comunidades a identificar os sub-projectos para implementação em conjunto com organizações como associações de agricultores e de irrigação. Extensionistas treinados irão apoiar as comunidades na identificação e no preenchimentos dos formulários necessários. Estes serão fáceis de preencher e compreendem listagens que permitem identificar medidas de gestão adicionais necessárias (Plano de gestão sócio-ambiental, plano de gestão de pragas e plano de

x reassentamento. A chave para este processo será o treinamento dos extensionistas e comunidades. Um provedor de serviços poderá ser contratado para apoiar neste processo.

As listagens completas juntamente com qualquer plano adicional (gestão de sócio-ambiental, gestão de pragas, plano de reassentamento) deverão ser enviados para a autoridade revisora (SDAE/SDPI) para revisão e pré - aprovação. Para a maioria dos sub-projectos do PROIRRI a aprovação final será feita pelo Painel de Revisão Provincial e a equipa coordenadora do projecto dos quais o MICOA, DPCA e a DPA fazem parte. A DPCA emitirá licenças para todos os sub- projectos financiados pelo PROIRRI, considerando que os mesmos serão de categoria B ou C. Antes da emissão da licença ambiental as aplicações deverão ser enviadas para o Banco Mundial para aprovação final.

De acordo com a política do Banco Mundial a informação relativa aos sub-projectos (seus impactos potenciais e planos de gestão ambiental previstos) deverão ser tornados públicos num local que seja acessível às populações locais e em linguagem apropriada.

A implementação dos sub-projectos e monitoria deverá ser levada a cabo pelas comunidades assistidas pelos extensionistas e um provedor de serviços. As autoridades distritais assistidas pela DPCA ou outra ajuda técnica financiada pelo PROIRRI deverão preparar relatórios de monitoria ambiental. A DPCA deverá fazer uma inspecção anual para sub-projectos.

Revisões anuais da implementação do QGSA serão levadas a cabo por um consultor independente, ONG ou outro provedor de serviços independente do projecto. Contudo a aprovação do relatórios de revisão anual deverá ser efectuada pela equipa coordenadora do projecto e o Banco Mundial. Auditorias ambientais tri-anuais deverão ser levadas a cabo por uma autoridade independente.

O sucesso da incorporação das medidas de salvaguarda sócio-ambiental depende: 1) da integração do processo de preparação, avaliação e aprovação no manual de operações do PROIRRI; 2) treinamento, capacitação e assistência técnica providenciadas a vários níveis; 3) as revisões anuais deverão fazer uma avaliação completa da concordância entre o QGSA e o manual de operações.

Guião para a elaboração dos planos de gestão Sócio-ambiental e monitoria As acções de gestão complementares poderão incluir um Plano de Gestão Sócio-ambiental, um Plano de Gestão de Pragas e um Plano de reassentamento.

O QGSA fornece guiões para a preparação do Plano de Gestão Sócio-ambiental e apresenta no Anexo VIII um Plano de Gestão de Pragas detalhado. Um política quadro de reassentamento (PQR) foi igualmente preparada para ser usada em conjunto com este QGSA e fornece o guião para a preparação e implementação dos planos de reassentamento. Assistência técnica e financeira será disponibilizada para preparação destes planos.

Treinamento e Capacitação Treinamento e capacitação são a chave para o sucesso da implementação deste QGSA e da PQR. O objectivo do treinamento é:

• Treinar as ONGs locais e extensionistas para fornecer assistência técnica às comunidades na preparação e implementação de sub-projectos • Treinar grupos de comunidades na identificação, preparação, implementação e gestão sócio – ambiental dos sub-projectos.

xi • Garantir que oficiais a nível distrital, provincial e central tenham capacidade para avaliar, aprovar e supervisar a implementação de projectos.

Três níveis de treinamento são propostos nomeadamente: consciencialização, sensibilização e treinamento técnico. Em qualquer um dos casos a formação será efectuada através de workshops e cursos de refrescamento. O treinamento irá incluir casos de estudo sobre os sub-projectos e visitas aos locais. O enfoque do treinamento será as ONGS, agricultores de contacto e extensionistas que irão por sua vez treinar os membros das organizações e comunidades.

Treinamento apropriado será igualmente conferido as agências governamentais a nível distrital, provincial e central.

Assistência técnica será providenciada a todos os níveis (governo, extensionistas e comunidades) sempre que necessário.

Requisitos de monitoria do QGSA Para a monitoria do QGSA foram definidos os seguintes indicadores: número de quadros a nível distrital, provincial e central treinados na implementação do QGSA; número de quadros presentes no treinamento; número de sub-projectos correctamente submetidos para aprovação; número de medidas de mitigação implementadas; número de chamadas de atenção a violações ao QGSA emitidas; número de recomendações da auditoria que foram implementadas; número de contractos performance assinados entre a DNSA e os implementadores.

Os indicadores deverão ser integrados no sistema de monitoria e avaliação do PROIRRI.

Orçamento para a implementação do QGSA O orçamento para a implementação do QGSA inclui: • Actividades de desenvolvimento institucional; • Programas de treinamento a diferentes níveis; • Assistência técnica; • Preparação dos sub-projectos e respectivos planos de gestão. Os custos de implementação deste plano serão incluídos nos sub-projectos. • Revisões anuais e auditorias tri-anuais; • Contratação do provedor de serviços; • Implementação e monitoria do PMP

O orçamento geral para a implementação deste QGSA for estimado em US$ 1,853,000 .

No caso de que o PROIRRI se estenda para a Província da Zambézia, as sugestões deste QGSA com relação aos aspectos de preparação, avaliação, aprovação e monitoria de sub-projectos, guias para a gestão ambiental e social e necessidades de monitoriamento, treinamento e capacitação deverão ser aplicadas independentemente do local seleccionado. Contudo, dependendo dos locais seleccionados, as questões ambientais e sociais, impactos e medidas de mitigação deverão ser ajustados a cada situação especifica.

xii TABLE OF COTETS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….i SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO………………………………………………………………………vii LIST OF AEXES...... 2 1. ITRODUCTIO ...... 3 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTIO...... 3 2.1. Project Development Objectives and Principles ...... 3 2.2. Project Components ...... 4 2.3. Anticipated sub-Project types under PROIRRI...... 9 2.4. Sub-project activities ineligible for funding...... 10 3. PROJECT IMPLEMETATIO ARRAGEMETS ...... 10 3.1. Implementation by Component...... 13 4. PROIRRI TARGETED AREAS ...... 14 4.1. Location...... 14 4.2. Climate ...... 15 4.3. Hydrology...... 16 4.4. Land use and land cover...... 17 4.5. Protected Areas and biologically important areas...... 17 4.6. Socio-economic situation ...... 18 5. WORLD BAK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 19 6. LEGAL AD ISTITUTIOAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL MAAGEMET I MOZAMBIQUE ...... 24 6.1. Legal Framework ...... 24 6.2. Institutional Framework ...... 33 7. EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL COCERS OF TARGETED AREAS ...... 39 8. POTETIAL EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL IMPACTS AD MITIGATIO MEASURES ...... 42 8.1. Potential adverse environmental impacts...... 42 8.2. Potential adverse socio-economic impacts...... 49 8.3. Potential positive impacts...... 52 9. GUIDELIES FOR SUBPROJECT PREPARATIO, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AD MOITORIG...... 53 9.1. Project identification and preparation ...... 53 9.2. Appraisal and Approval of sub-projects application...... 54 9.3. Disclosure of sub-projects information...... 56 9.4. Annual Monitoring Reports and review...... 56 9.5. Environmental and Social Audit ...... 57 9.6. Summary of preparation, appraisal, approval and implementation procedures.....57 10. GUIDELIES FOR EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL AD MAAGEMET PLA AD MOITORIG REQUIREMETS ...... 59 10.1. Environmental and Social Management ...... 60 10.2. Pest Management ...... 60 10.3. Involuntary resettlement...... 61 11. TRAIIG AD CAPACITY BUILDIG REQUIREMETS ...... 61 11.1. Institutional Capacity Assessment ...... 62 11.2. Proposed Training and Awareness Programs...... 62 11.3. Technical Assistance (TA)...... 66

12. ESMF MOITORIG REQUIREMETS...... 67 13. PROPOSED IMPLEMETATIO BUDGET...... 67

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Project business lines and some key characteristics ...... 9 Table 2. Potential Sub-projects to be financed by PROIRRI...... 10 Table 3. Safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project...... 19 Table 4. Ministries with environmental and Social-related responsibilities in PROIRRI 33 Table 5. Extension network in PROIRRI target areas...... 35 Table 6. Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal ...... 55 Table 7. Government agencies to be involved on a case by case...... 59 Table 8. Training and sensitization requirements ...... 63 Table 9. Proposed specific training packages and timing ...... 64 Table 10. Estimated implementation budget for PROIRRI...... 68

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project organizational structure...... 12 Figure 2. Location of PROIRRI targeted areas...... 15 Figure 3. Mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration for all target districts...... 16 Figure 4. Flow of activities to be carried out for the ESIA process in Mozambique (source: Directiva Geral de AIA, DNAIA, 2001)...... 28 Figure 5. Proposed flow for sub-projects identification, submission, evaluation and monitoring...... 58

LIST OF AEXES

ANNEX I: ToR FOR AN SESIA OF MEDIUM-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEMES ANNEX II: CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING ANNEX III: RESOURCES SHEET ANNEX III.1. SMALL DAMS AND RESERVOIRS ANNEX III.2: SMALL IRRIGATION SCHEMES ANNEX III.3. RURAL ROADS ANNEX III.4. FOOD PROCESSING ANNEX III.5. STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS ANNEX III.6. ELECTRIC ENERGY ANNEX IV: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM ANNEX V: GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REPORT ANNEX VI: GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS ANNEX VII: GUIDELINES FOR AN ESMP ANNEX VIII: PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)

2

1. ITRODUCTIO

This document provides an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the proposed PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Development Project (the PROIRRI) along the Beira Corridor in Mozambique, which is being financed by the World Bank. The National Directorate of Agrarian Services (DNSA) is the agency responsible for implementing the PROIRRI including the provisions of this ESMF.

This project corresponds with the central features of the Government's PARPA-II, the PAPA, and the PROAGRI. Developing irrigated agriculture and promoting rural development, as well as improving natural resources management, are considered key in achieving economic growth and poverty reduction in Mozambique as well as in reducing vulnerability to ongoing climate changes and rising food prices.

The project will be implemented over a six year period across ten districts within Sofala and Manica Provinces of Central Mozambique. There is also a possibility that PROIRRI will be implemented in the Zambézia Province. The project aims to increase the incomes of smallholder farmers within the project area through rehabilitation, improvement or construction of new irrigation schemes and promotion of demand-driven agriculture as well as partnerships among smallholder farmers and private companies.

This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to be used by the PROIRRI in order to ensure that all environmental and social safeguards are adequately addressed and that the relevant capacity building and training needs are established in order for the recommended measures to be implemented effectively. Although this study addresses mainly the Manica and Sofala provinces, the postulates in this ESMF may also be applied to the Zambézia Province. But site specific adjustments (environmental concerns, environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures) should be performed upon decision on potential sites for PROIRRI.

The main purpose of the ESMF is to:

Establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under PROIRRI;
Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to project investments;
Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF;
To establish the project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements;
Provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTIO

2.1. Project Development Objectives and Principles

The PROIRRI development objective is to enhance agricultural productivity and profitability of smallholder farms in targeted new or improved irrigation schemes along the Beira Corridor. It is expected that by further developing irrigation schemes, the project will also contribute to

3

increased area effectively irrigated, raised farm production and higher household income. These in turn will contribute to improve food security, reduce vulnerability to external shocks (climate change and rising food prices). In doing so, it directly contributes to the Action Plan to Reduce Absolute Poverty II (PARPA-II), the Food Production Action Plan (PAPA), and the Agrarian Program (PROAGRI) objectives.

The project concept is based on two principles: 1) investments for irrigation development need to be demand-driven. Organized smallholders should request for the project to assist them in the realization of the irrigation development ambitions and will have to commit themselves to share in the cost of the investments. 2) Beneficiaries need to be able and willing to participate and pay for the operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems. Therefore the project needs to promote market access and adopt a value chain approach.

With respect to the irrigated area, it is envisaged that the project will be implemented around irrigation-based farming systems in selected districts of Sofala and Manica Provinces and will cover around 5,000 ha over a six-year period. Selected districts in Sofala are Nhamatanda, Gorongosa, Caia, Marromeu and Búzi and in Manica are Sussundenga, Manica, Chimoio, Gondola and Bárué. The project can broadly be clustered in the following business models: (i) publicly financed rice irrigation schemes; (ii) small scale private irrigated horticulture and (iii) outgrowers arrangements 1 . Thus districts were selected by local authorities (Provincial Directorate of Agriculture - DPA) according to their potential for market led irrigated agriculture (rice and vegetables) and potential for outgrowers arrangement development.

2.2. Project Components

PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Development Project is a Sector Investment Loan (SIL) comprising an IDA Credit of US$50 million.

The project objectives will be achieved through the implementation of two technical components and two components dedicated to management, coordination and monitoring. The four components of the project are:

Component 1 : Institutional Support and Capacity Development. Objective : strengthen the policy environment, institutional capacity and technical skills for the sustainable development of irrigation. - Subcomp. 1.a: Policy development, expenditure planning and regulatory framework - Subcomp. 1.b: Decentralized planning and capacity development
Component 2 : Investing in People and Infrastructure for Sustainable Irrigation. Objective : develop a sustainable management of irrigation schemes and finance the infrastructure required to increase the productivity and profitability of irrigated smalholder agriculture. - Subcomp. 2.a: Participatory scheme development and management - Subcomp. 2.b: Investment in irrigation systems and support infrastructure
Component 3 : Market-led Production and Value Chain Development. Objectives : facilitate production and market linkages through innovative technologies and access to finance, and support the implementation of the national Fruit Fly Surveillance Plan. - Subcomp. 3.a: Production enhancement, Value chain integration, and Market linkages

1 The term out-growers is used here in a non-restrictive fashion to describe any form of contractual arrangements between producer associations and a commercial buyer (e.g. large commercial farmer, agro processing firm, etc.).

4

- Subcomp. 3.b: Financial services for irrigation and value chain development
Component 4 : Project Coordination. Objective : coordinate and monitor project activities and manage financial and human resources in an efficient and results-oriented manner, in accordance with the project’s objectives and fiduciary procedures. This component includes: overall project coordination, project M&E; Impact Evaluation; project FM, Safeguard and Procurement.

Component 2 raises the principal safeguards issues associated with the project, and is thus fully described below.

2.2.1. Component 2: investing in People and Infrastructure for Sustainable Irrigation

The objective of this component is to develop a sustainable management of irrigation schemes and finance the infrastructure required to increase the productivity and profitability of irrigated smallholder agriculture. The component contributes to the project development objective by increasing the irrigated area and promoting participatory planning and management of irrigation schemes.

The project will establish Irrigations Organizations (IO) of varying degrees of complexity, with roles and responsibilities of water user associations (WUA) 2. On the basis of that participatory design, the project will finance the rehabilitation and/or construction of water management infrastructure, irrigation and drainage facilities, flood protection and main drainage networks, as well as electric lines and feeder roads that connect the scheme to the existing networks. Infrastructure development will be based on clearly articulated commitment of beneficiaries in scheme development and operation and maintenance (O&M). No infrastructure investments will be made before critical issues like land and water rights have been secured. Eligibility criteria for irrigation development sub-projects have been developed. The project will cover no less than 3,000 ha of medium-scale rice irrigation schemes (less than 350 ha each), 500-1,000 ha of small- scale horticulture irrigation schemes and up to 1,000 ha of value chain specific outgrower irrigation schemes (Table 1), with a total of well over 10,000 direct beneficiary smallholders.

Subcomponent 2.a: Participatory scheme development and management. The project will facilitate the establishment and/or strengthening of IOs and set up their relationships with the Government and other partners for the sustainable O&M of the targeted irrigation schemes. The IOs should be able to operate, manage and maintain the targeted irrigation schemes in a sustainable manner, with no (or very little) outside support or assistance. To achieve this, beneficiaries of each targeted scheme will together have to follow an integrated participatory planning and development process that can be divided in three phases: (a) Participatory diagnosis (farming systems, hydraulic landscapes, markets) and scheme development planning , to gauge the interest, commitment, development options and constraints at scheme level. Production intensification and commercialization needs to be compatible with household food security and risk spreading objectives. The outputs of this phase include: (i) an agreed scheme specific development pathway, with clear objectives, responsibilities and a time- frame, and leading to a Performance Contract; and (ii) site specific environmental and social activities following the guidelines provided by the project’s Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).

2 In Mozambique, the term Water User Associations describes the strategic partnerships around hydrological basin development, and hence, is substituted in the document for Irrigation Organizations.

5

(b) Commitment, consolidation and facilitated implementation , based on the Performance Contract, including not only capacity building, but also infrastructure development (see Component 2.b), as well as production and marketing efforts (see Component 3).

(c) Phasing out , as the IO matures and the production and marketing aspects improve the economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

The process described will need substantial support and facilitation, which will be provided through a contracted Service Provider, who will work closely with the district provincial and district level public services staff. Activities supported by the project include: (1) Facilitation at irrigation scheme level of the integrated participatory scheme development and management process described above. (2) The participatory identification by prospective IOs and/or producer associations of Contact Farmers who would be key on-site focal points for the service provider and who will play a key role in transmitting extension messages at scheme level and in on-farm research activities (see also Component 3.a). These Contact Farmers will be trained on relevant subjects and would be lightly equipped (bicycle). They would not receive any salaries from the project. (3) Capacity building of the IOs will include: (i) Producing IO training manuals and material; (ii) Assisting IOs in the formulation of their constitution and byelaws that govern membership, rights and duties of members and elected bodies; (iii) Assisting IOs in financial management aspects of the IOs; particularly in the large-scale pump-based rice production schemes where financial management is a core IO function, and effective fee recovery and enforcement mechanisms central to sustainability; (iv) Providing technical training on irrigation scheme O&M and on improved water management at field level to all IO members; (v) Assisting with the participatory drafting of scheme operational manuals; (vi) Providing specific technical training to IO contracted technicians and pump operators; and (vii) Training the governance body of the IO in M&E for improved scheme performance and empowering IO members to analyze IO management performance; as well as (viii) Organizing learning and exchange visits between IOs.

Subcomponent 2.b: Investments in Irrigation Systems and Support Infrastructure The project will finance the costs of the irrigation infrastructure (including land grading, weir construction, main and secondary canal construction, etc.) and, where relevant, the complementary infrastructure in terms of electricity for the pump station (in rice-based schemes) and road connectors to rural road network. Beneficiaries (i.e. smallholder associations will contribute primarily through labor). Such investments will be supported by the project for irrigation-based farming systems that can broadly be clustered in the following business models: (i) Publicly financed rice irrigation schemes, (ii) Small-scale private irrigated horticulture, and (iii) Outgrowers arrangements (sugar, bananas, other fruits, vegetables). To contribute to the project development objective and be economically viable and sustainable, these investments would require among other: (i) project support in capacity development at the central, provincial, district, and scheme level as outlined in Component 1 and Component 2.a, and (ii) market access for the surplus production generated through those infrastructure investments, as presented in Component 3.

Revitalizing Ricebased Irrigation Schemes Boosting rice production is at the core of the government’s response to the food price crisis outlined in the PAPA. Furthermore, Mozambique’s national rice strategy identifies areas in Sofala province that constitutes one of the four growth poles for the country’s rice production. The project will support the Government’s efforts on rice production through the revitalization of medium-scale rice-based irrigation schemes. This would essentially consist in rehabilitating,

6

improving and/or constructing irrigation schemes with transferred management to supported producer associations and IOs.

The sites targeted for support in irrigated rice production will cover a total area of up to 3,000 ha, consisting of less than 350 ha schemes, mainly in the lowlands of Sofala province (lower Búzi valley in the Búzi district, lower Zambezi river plain in the districts of Marromeu and Caia, and possibly lower Pungoe river valley in the District of Nhamatanda) (Table 1). Some of these schemes had already functioned but need rehabilitation or substantial improvement, while others will be entirely newly constructed.

For those rice-base schemes, the irrigation technology is relatively low cost: water extraction will be handled by electric pumps whenever possible, water distribution occurs through a system of canals and fields are flooded through gravitation. The project will need to ensure that the technical design of the hardware be explicitly connected to the software (i.e. outputs of Component 2.a). Where necessary, some investments in flood protection dikes and main drainage structures will also be covered by the project.

Smallscale Irrigated Horticulture Development The Western part of the Beira Corridor consists of a plateau ( planalto) and mountains with temperate climate and abundant water resources, with high agronomic potential for horticulture production. Many smallholders are already involved in small-scale market oriented irrigated horticulture production, but there is a significant potential for improvement in technology, water management and organizational arrangements for production and marketing. The overall existing and potential for such small-scale irrigated horticulture-based farming system is estimated to cover up to 5,000 ha mainly in Manica province, and some adjacent districts in Sofala province, with scattered schemes of 5-40 ha each.

Project support will focus primarily on expansion and/or revitalization of existing schemes and use of simple design focusing on low running costs and transparent management. Few new schemes will be considered, mostly in conjunction with the work undertaken by the SIDA co- financed, MOPH and ARA-Centro implemented Pungoe II Programme (PPII). Under its second phase, the PPII will undertake a Small and Medium Dam Strategy and an Integrated Water and Land-use Strategy that will likely highlight further potential for irrigated agriculture in project areas.

A comprehensive scheme assessment and market study during the preparation phase will help identify the clusters of schemes, which the project will support. It is expected that this will amount to a total area of 500-1,000 ha. Two different hydraulic landscapes and irrigation systems can be distinguished: Upland (furrow-based) and Flatland (in plains and plateaus) irrigation systems.

Upland irrigation systems are common in the mountainous parts of Manica (and Sofala) provinces, mainly along the border with Zimbabwe. Irrigation development here has been spontaneous with small furrows and canals along streams and sources in the mountains built by individual farmers and groups. Infrastructure is basic and is best conceived of as a network of interrelated furrows on a common sub-catchment system. Here, the project will give particular attention to the social and natural resources management issues affecting water availability and water quality at the level of the sub-catchment. Infrastructure support will focus on incremental improvements to existing infrastructure through support to installation of pipes, culverts, aqueducts and lining of critical stretches and the creation of night storage reservoirs, with the aim of increasing the water available for irrigation and the stability of the schemes. In addition, simple

7

and robust discharge monitoring flumes and/or broad crested weirs will be installed in critical places to support stream flow management will be installed in critical places. For this, standardized designs for common works will be developed, local artisans will be trained and locally available materials will be enhanced by supporting the dealers network investment costs for upland irrigation systems, which are expected to be in the range of USD1-2,000 per ha. Flatland irrigation systems are gravity and/or pump based, located in the plains and plateau of central and eastern Manica, as well as some areas in Sofala, and in the periphery of larger rural towns. These schemes are dispersed and irrigate from small ponds or larger streams and rivers with water extraction by small diesel or electric pumps, or diversions from small dams. The project support uses simple design focusing on low running costs and transparent management. Each scheme will be evaluated on its economic potential and gravity and electricity availability will be prioritized. Estimated investment costs for revitalization of flatland irrigation systems are expected to be in the range of USD1-3,000 per ha.

Promoting Outgrowers Arrangements The project will promote leveraging agribusiness investments to the benefit of smallholder farmers with access to irrigation; it will promote win-win business arrangements between smallholder farmers associations and private sector operators. Private sector operators could be large-scale commercial producers (requiring volumes to meet identified markets) or processing and/or trading companies dealing in a particular commodity. The core of this business line will likely include arrangements around sugar cane (Sofala province), bananas, other fruits for drying, and possibly high value vegetables (Manica province).

However, given the areas potentially available for rice production in Sofala, contractual arrangements with a couple of large-scale commercial producer, larger traders, a new mill, or the WFPs Production for Purchase program will also be pursued. Similarly, the project will also actively seek to develop during its lifetime the more successful commodity-specific groups of small-scale horticulture producers into contracted suppliers such as supermarkets in Chimoio and Beira. It is envisaged that the project will support the establishment of up to 1,000 ha of out- growers schemes.

With respect to organizational strengthening and participatory scheme planning (Component 2.a), project support to smallholders with opportunities to engage in outgrowers schemes (particularly sugar cane, bananas, and other fruits) will be similar (albeit where needed, tailor-made for outgrowers context) to those supported in other farming systems. These smallholder associations will also be eligible to project financing for scheme development (irrigation infrastructure). They will also have access to financial services and sub-project matching grants as per Component 3, though sub-project proposals will be subject to particular scrutiny to avoid substitution financing of goods and services that are expected to be the commercial partner’s contribution to the outgrower arrangements (for example planting material, pesticides and fertilizer under conventional sugar cane outgrower scheme). Finally, where necessary, the project will finance studies to investigate technical and commercial assumptions, as well as initial incremental needs that may emerge with the agribusiness company in the provision of technical assistance to smallholders to ensure that the required product quality is met.

8

Table 1. Project business lines and some key characteristics Project Business Lines Medium-scale rice Small-scale irrigated horticulture Out-grower irrigation arrangements Lowland/Plateau Upland Commodit Rice (paddy) in Vegetables Vegetables Sugar y value wet season Fruits High-end chain Various crops vegetables (incl. rice) in dry Bananas season Other Fruits Provinces: Sofala: Manica: Manica: Sofala: • Districts • Búzi • Susundenga • Sussundenga • Gorongosa • Marromeu • Manica • Manica • Nhamatanda • Caia • Bárue • Bárue • Marromeu • Nhamatanda • Gondola Sofala • Búzi • Chimoio • Gorongoza Manica: Sofala: • Manica • Nhamatanda • Bárue Irrigation Medium-size Small-scale Small-scale private Medium-scale based public financed private irrigation irrigation managed irrigation with farming irrigation schemes managed by by smallholders IO scheme system with dedicated smallholders IO management by private water with service agribusiness management entity providers company (sugar) and small scale assistance Small-scale agriculture irrigation (bananas, production other fruits, vegetables) Irrigation Extraction: large Extraction: small Extraction: direct Extraction/Distribu technology electric pumps electric or diesel with diversions tion: varies with Distribution: pumps, or Distribution: small commodity and canals, gravitation weirs/small dams canal gravitation location Others: drainage Distribution: tubes and flood with hydrants and protection flexible hoses Potential Rice millers (large Pungoe River Pungoe River Sugar companies developme commercial and Project PPII Project PPII GORONGOSA nt/ community based) (SIDA) (SIDA) NATIONAL PARK commercia Wageningen Wageningen Univ., VANDUZI l partners Univ., ISPM, IAC ISPM, IAC AGRIZA

2.3. Anticipated subProject types under PROIRRI

The types of sub-projects that may be financed by PROIRRI are shown in Table 2 below.

9

Table 2. Potential Subprojects to be financed by PROIRRI Sector Subprojects with potential Subprojects with potential negative environmental and positive environmental and social impacts social impacts Water supply Construction of small dams or - Construction of flood and weirs drainage infrastructures -Rehabilitation and/or structures construction of small- scale irrigation and drainage systems -Rehabilitation and/or construction of medium-scale irrigation and drainage schemes Transportation Rehabilitation of access roads Energy - Rehabilitation and/or establishment of infrastructures for electricity pumps Agriculture and - Increased area of - Development of outgrowers market cultivation on medium to high arrangements slopes - Construction of small Agro- processing facilities - Increased area of rice production - increased area of sugar cane production

2.4. Subproject activities ineligible for funding

The following types of sub-projects are not eligible for funding:

• Category A sub-projects; • Sub-projects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats; • Sub-projects in locations that are ecologically sensitive such as forests, wetlands, and other unique habitats; • Sub-projects located in gazetted national parks, wildlife reserves, controlled hunting areas (Coutadas ) or forest reserves; • Construction of large dams as defined in OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; • Acquisition of equipment for government services; • Administrative buildings; • Activities already covered by other sources of financing or are already included in other national, regional public development programs and where financing has been secured; • Purchase of mechanical equipment (e.g. trucks, tractors, etc.); • Growing or purchase of tobacco or drugs;

3. PROJECT IMPLEMETATIO ARRAGEMETS

The Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) will be the implementing agency for the PROIRRI Sustainable Irrigation Development Project. Within MINAG, the overall responsibility for project

10

implementation lies with the National Directorate for Agrarian Services (DNSA – Direccão acional dos Servicos Agrários ), which is also MINAG’s designated lead agency in the preparation of the National Irrigation Strategy (NIS) and Program (NIP).

This is the first IDA financed investment project to be implemented by MINAG in more than a decade. Therefore, the WB and MINAG agreed to a project implementation structure designed to (i) reduce institutional constraints to project execution by hiring a long-term service provider for selected core activities, and (ii) facilitate the capacity enhancement of central, provincial and district public agencies, while striving to maintain a high level of ownership with MINAG and the Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (DPAs). The project implementation structure includes a Steering Committee and a Project Coordination Team (PCT) (Figure 1).

The Steering Committee has already been set up during the preparation phase. It will continue to ensure overall performance oversight and provide strategic and policy guidance throughout implementation. It will among other things be responsible for: (i) approving the project’s Annual Activity and Procurement Plan, as well as the Annual Budget prepared by the PCT; (ii) suggesting necessary project adjustments based on M&E results; and (iii) approving subsequent updates of the Project Implementation Manual (PIM) agreeable to IDA. The Steering Committee is chaired by High Excellence the Minister of Agriculture or his designee, and is composed at the central level of the national Directors of DNSA, DE (Directorate of Economics) and CEPAGRI (Centre for the Promotion of Agriculture), and the Provincial Directors of Agriculture of Manica and Sofala. The Steering Committee should meet quarterly in the initial phase of the project.

The Project Coordination Team will be in place before project implementation and will be integrated in the Administration, with experts hosted at the central level by DNSA, and at the provincial level by the respective Provincial Directorate of Agriculture (DPA). The PCT will be composed of full-time staff recruited by MINAG with project funds, and part-time staff from the Administration. The PCT will be headed by a Project Manager based in Maputo at DNSA, supported by a Financial Management and a Procurement specialist. On-demand support will be provided to the PCT by a Communications Specialist and a Legal Advisor, both hired on an on- call basis.

The PCT will have specific implementation responsibilities, be in charge of day-to-day overall project coordination, and supervise the activities from the Service Provider and strategic partners. The PCT will also: (i) prepare the project’s Annual Activity and Procurement Plan and Annual Work Plan and Budget, as well as consolidated project progress reports; (ii) disburse project funds, ensure the replenishment of project bank accounts and processing of withdrawal applications; (iii) develop a communication and outreach strategy; (iv) screen and authorize, in consultation with the provincial and district authorities, investment and sub-projects proposals submitted by potential beneficiaries to the Provincial Review Panel; (v) hire the service provider and all project consultants, and formalize agreements with strategic partners in Component 1.b. and 3.b.; (vi) contract out the civil works under Component 2.b., (vii) conduct overall project fiduciary tasks; (viii) undertake M&E of the project; and (ix) produce all necessary project documentation and compile progress reports.

11

Minister of Agriculture

MINAG

Steering Committee Dir. o f Economics Dir. Ag Services Dir. CEPAGRI DPA Sofala DPA Manica

Project Manager

Project Coordination Team PCT

Central level: PCT at DNSA Provincial level: PCT at DPA (Sofala and Manica) Core staff : - Financial Management Core staff : - Procurement - Marketing specialist (Manica) - Legal advisor (part time) - Irrigation technician (Sofala) - Communication (part time) - M&E specialist (Sofa la) Technical team (in-house; part time): Technical team (in -house; part time) - Hydrology/Water engineering (DNA) - Water engineering (ARA, DPOPH) - Irrigation (DNSA) - Environment/Social (DPCA) - Environment/Social (MICOA) - Dept. of Extension (DPA-SPER) - Horticulture (CEPAGRI) - Economist (MINAG/DE)

District level actors Long term service provider and strategic partners Economic Activities SDAE (incl. Ag. Extension) 1x Service Provider (scheme facilitator) Infrastructure & Environment Services 1x Training and research academic inst. Irrigation Organizations 1x Financial services institution

Figure 1. Project organizational structure.

To ensure all technical aspects relevant to project implementation are being addressed, the Borrower will designate a Technical Support Team composed of: an Irrigation Advisor from DNSA; an Economist from DE; a Horticulture specialist from CEPAGRI; a Water Engineer from the National Directorate of Water (DNA) of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH); and an Environment/Social specialist from the Ministry of Environmental Coordination (MICOA) to interact on a part-time basis with the core staff of the PCT in Maputo.

At the provincial level , the project will recruit three full-time technicians (Marketing, M&E and irrigation) who will be based in the respective DPAs to maximize interaction with, knowledge

12

transfer to, and on-the-job learning by provincial staff. The M&E and the Irrigation specialists will be based in Sofala, and the Marketing specialist in Manica, but both will cover the two provinces. These technicians will be the project interface with the Service Provider, the provincial authorities and district services, and the local representatives of the Strategic Partners. To ensure environmental and social issues are adequately addressed as per the safeguards tools applicable to the project, and to provide the necessary linkage with water resources management, the provincial authorities will designate one social/environment specialist from the Provincial Directorate for the Coordination of Environmental Action (DPCA) and one water engineer from the Regional Water Agency for Central Mozambique (ARA Centro) to be the contact person for the project in those agencies; these will participate in the project meetings at provincial level, join technical project missions, and provide technical support and guidance on an adhoc basis .

Based on eligibility criteria and subject to IDA no-objection, a Provincial Review Panel (PRP) will decide: (i) which irrigation scheme development proposals will be financed and implemented under Component 2; (ii) which production support and value chain development sub-project proposals will benefit from a matching grant under Component 3.a, and (iii) review all Performance Contracts put forward by the Service Provider for signing by the parties involved. The PRP will be chaired by the DPA Director, with the PCT acting as Secretary. It will be further composed of a limited number of staff from the PCT, the DPA, DPCA and whenever relevant, ARA, farmers union and private sector representatives. The PRP will meet regularly (but at least every quarter during the first two years) to review the quality and consistency of all proposals submitted to the PCT by District authorities (SDAE) or the Service Provider and assess their eligibility based on the agreed criteria. The PRP will also evaluate the social and environmental screening carried out by the Service Provider and assess which technical and feasibility studies are further required.

The district level is where direct interaction with the beneficiaries in the targeted irrigation schemes will occur. The District Economical Activities Services (SDAE) will play two important roles. First, SDAE will provide the field level link between the beneficiaries (organized in IOs and/or producer associations) and district authorities, including all other agricultural and rural development activities. District extension workers will assist in the supervision of governing bodies of the different irrigation schemes benefiting from project support. Second, demand-driven investment proposals for (i) the irrigation scheme and associated infrastructure, and (ii) the production support and market linkages matching grant, will have to be recommended by SDAE. SDAE will also be involved with the Service Provider in the elaboration of the Performance Contracts, to which it will be a signatory party.

3.1. Implementation by Component

The overall implementation responsibility of the project will remain with MINAG/DNSA as the implementation agency. The PCT will lead the implementation of Component 1.a (Policy development, expenditure planning, and regulatory framework), Component 2.b. (Investments in irrigation and support infrastructure) and Component 4 (Project Coordination), and contract short term consultants and technical assistance where appropriate. The PCT will handle all procurement across components, and will also have the responsibility for the overall financial management, as well as, if applicable, the implementation of the action plan for Governance and Anti Corruption (GAC) issues and all recommendations from the safeguards studies.

13

Furthermore, the PCT will recruit a longterm Service Provider to manage all aspects of Component 3.a (Production Support, Value Chain Integration, and Market Linkages) excluding the matching grant handling of Component 2.a (Participatory Scheme Development and Management). S/He will also coordinate and supervise the irrigation infrastructure work of the construction contractors. The basic mandate of the Service Provider is to deliver economically viable, financially sound, and environmentally sustainable irrigation schemes linked to the market, designed with the active participation of the community and the public extension services, and operated by IOs who manage all water related aspects for the local producer associations.

The key content areas to be covered by the Service Provider will be phased in over the first two years of the project and include: (i) Producers mobilization and associations promotion, (ii) Participatory irrigation design and management, (iii) Technical production support, (iv) Marketing and value chain integration, and (v) Farm business management, financial literacy and micro savings. The Service Provider will be hired at the start of Year 1 for an initial period of two years, renewable upon satisfactory performance to the Borrower and IDA. The Service Provider will cover Sofala and Manica, with offices and staff in both provinces.

Additional responsibilities of the Service Provider will include the design and execution of the following activities: (i) carry out participatory rapid community/social and environment assessment, (ii) develop the capacity of smallholder groups and formation of viable producer associations, (iii) develop sustainable irrigation organizations and their technical capacity, (iv) participate in the preparation and the pre-design of scheme rehabilitation or construction, (v) build the technical skills of smallholder groups and associations in sustainable irrigation production, (vi) provide the required technical assistance to producer groups and associations to access emerging or existing value chains identified; (vii) provide technical assistance to smallholders and micro entrepreneurs in the formulation of their proposals for sub-project matching grant funding; (viii) set up and oversee a series of small on-site research activities supported by the project through a matching grant scheme. Contract conditions agreed upon between PCT and Service Provider will require that at least 30 per cent of the producer associations created and accompanied by the Service Provider be women associations.

4. PROIRRI TARGETED AREAS

4.1. Location

PROIRRI was designed to be implemented over a six-year period across ten districts belonging to two provinces of central Mozambique namely: Sofala and Manica (Figure 2). The selected districts belong to three river basins namely Búzi (Gondola, Sussundenga and Búzi districts), Zambezi (Caia and Marromeu districts) and Pungoe (Nhamatanda, Gorongosa, Chimoio city, Manica and Bárue districts). Target areas were selected based on their potential for demand – driven irrigated agriculture.

14

Figure 2. Location of PROIRRI targeted areas.

Sofala province has an area of 68,018 km² and a population of 1,289,390 inhabitants (Census of 2007) distributed in 13 districts namely: Búzi, Caia, Chemba, Cheringoma, Chibabava, Dondo, Gorongosa, Machanga, Maringué, Marromeu, Muanza and Nhamatanda. Manica Province covers an area of 61,661 km² and a total population of 974,208 inhabitants (census of 1997) distributed in 9 districts namely: Bárue, Gondola, Guro, Machaze, Macossa, Manica, Mossurize, Sussundenga and Tambara and three Municipalities Catandica, Manica and Chimoio.

4.2. Climate

There are two distinct climatic seasons in the project’s area: a hot rainy season from December to March and a cooler drier season from April to November, with rainfall recorded in all months of the year).

The area stretches over two climate types, but local variations may occur: The highlands of Sussundenga, Bárue, Manica and Gorongosa have a temperate humid mountainous climate, where mean annual rainfall may be above 1,500 mm, and the mean annual temperature is significantly lower than the surrounding lowland areas (10ºC in July and 20ºC in January). In the lowlands of the target area the climate is classified as tropical humid to sub-humid, with a mean

15

rainfall ranging from 850-1,000 mm, with a temperature variation between 22ºC in July and 29ºC in January. The dramatic rise in altitude towards the Eastern Highlands (e.g Gorongosa) creates an orographic effect that produces high rainfall. Figure 3 presents the mean annual rainfall and evapotranspiration for all target districts.

3000

2500

2000

Evapotranspiration 1500 Potential (mm) Mean Annual Precipitation (mm) 1000

500 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)

0

a u a i a e e ga u m Cai Buz n Bar Manica nde Gondol amatand su Marro Goronogsa Nh Sus District

Figure 3. Mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration for all target districts.

4.3. Hydrology

The project area falls within three major river basins in Mozambique namely: Zambezi, Pungoe and Búzi. Zambezi River is Africa's fourth largest river (after the Congo, the Niger and the Nile Rivers). The catchment covers roughly 1,200, 000 km2 of the Africa continent. Of the catchments area, almost 10%, or 140,000 km 2, lies within Mozambican territory which occupies the most downstream position. The section of the Rift Valley south of the Zambezi River is drained by the Zangue River which flows northwards to meet the Zambezi River. Almost all the Zambezi-ward drainage entering this sector of the Rift valley are seasonal, large "sand rivers" rising from elevated ground to the west of the Rift. The flow of these rivers rises and falls in empathy with every rainfall change. Whereas the Zangue flows northwards in the Rift Valley the Urema River flows southwards to the Pungue River. Gorongosa Mountain is the most important perennial aquifer supplying water to this portion of Rift valley catchments. The Pungoe River drains an area of about 29,690 km 2 in the districts of Macossa, Manica, Gorongosa, Gondola, Nhamatanda and Bárue in Mozambique. Among its tributaries are the Vanduzi, Muda, Mossurize and Muazi rivers. Water pollution ad sedimentation from mining activities and agriculture on high slopes constitute the main environmental problem in these areas. The Búzi River which rises in the mountains of Zimbabwe dominates the hydrology of the Búzi District and, in its 437 km course to the ocean converges other two large flowing rivers: Lucite and Revué, whose hydrographic basins also extend partially to Zimbabwe but are mainly in Mozambique (Manica, Sussundenga and Gondola). Downstream, the Búzi River coils from West to East of the whole plain of the Búzi district, causing the typical phenomenon of erosion and accumulation. Close to the coast the water levels depend on tides varying many meters daily. During the rainy season, the precipitation causes in the district numerous small perennial tributaries.

16

4.4. Land use and land cover

The main land cover in the proposed area is miombo woodlands and grasslands, but montane forests also occur in highlands of Manica and Gorongosa Mountain. Medium to highly dense forest occurs mainly in all districts except Nhamatanda. According to the last forest inventory (Marzoli, 2007) natural cover comprises 95% and 90% of the land in Manica and Sofala, respectively. However, all the PROIRRI potential areas visited during the field campaign are under shifting cultivation cover (agriculture or fallow fields) and thus, no natural vegetation removal is expected.

Land use patterns are strongly influenced by the varied agroecological conditions and distribution of the natural resources in the proposed area. Agricultural sub-sectors in the three basins consist of small-scale traditional farming and large-scale commercial operations (Companhia do Vanduzi, Agriza, Ausmoz in Manica and Açucareira de Moçambique in Sofala). The former is largely subsistence with production focusing mainly on food crops, fruit and vegetables for sale. Commercial crops are grown in both provinces and include: cotton, tobacco and sesame in Sofala and banana and vegetables in Manica. Several outsourcing schemes have been developed for commercial agriculture such as for example Agriza and Vanduzi in Manica and Companhia Algodoeira Nacional (CNA) and Mozambique Leaf Tobacco (MLT) in Sofala.

Biofuel plantations are largely emerging the in the targeted areas, especially in Manica Province of which noteworthy are the 2,000 ha of Jatropha and the planned 20,000 ha of sugar cane in Gondola and Sussundenga districts, respectively. Forest plantation mainly Eucalyptus and Pinnus cover about 20,000 ha in each province.

4.5. Protected Areas and biologically important areas

The Gorongosa Mountain Rift Valley Complex The Gorongosa Mountain- Rift Valley Complex (in Sofala Province) occurs in the target districts and is worthy of mention as several rivers flow in the river valley from the surrounding ground at higher level. This area encompasses the isolated Gorongosa Mountain which rises to 1,863m and the southern-most, Mozambican sector, of the African Rift Valley. It is an isolated montane block, occurring 160km inland from the sea. Orographic rainfall provides the mountain with an annual rainfall of over 2,000mm per year. The mountain supports tropical to montane rainforest on its summits with heath grasslands. Endemic and near-endemic plants and animals occur within the mountain's habitats. Examples include the Greenheaded Oriole (Oriolus chlorocephalus) sub- species O.c. speculifer, characterized by a white wing patch is found on Gorongosa Mountain, the Dappled-mountain Robin (Modulatrix orostruthus), the Chirinda Apalis (Apalis chirindensis) a restricted range species, Swynnerton's Forest Robin (Swynnertonia swynnertoni) and separate subspecies of the Whitebreasted Alethe (Alethe fuelleborni). A variety of wetland habitats occur in the Rift Valley including rivers, lakes, temporary pans, reed swamps, floodplain grassland and palm savanna. The diversity of habitats in the Rift Valley makes it one of the finest wildlife grazing ecosystems in Africa as reflected by the spectacular wildlife that inhabited the Valley prior to the armed conflict.

As a result of being the most diverse area in Mozambique, this complex presents a cluster of conservation areas comprising Coutadas Oficiais (Wildlife Hunting Areas), a National Park (Gorongosa National Park) and a Wildlife Reserve (Marromeu Reserve). In 2004 Mozambique inscribed the District of Marromeu as a Ramsar site for the International Convention for Conservation of Wetlands – RAMSAR. Negative impacts that may arise from PROIRRI sub- projects are addressed in Chapter 8.

17

The Chimanimani Massif The Chimanimani Massif forms part of the great eastern escarpment along the Mozambique- Zimbabwe frontier. The Massif, although relatively small in area, has an exceptionally high diversity of habitats and species. Nearly 1,000 vascular plant species have been recorded for the area, of which 45 are endemic (Dutton and Dutton, 1975). Five Aloe species are endemic to the Chimanimani mountains and three species of Erica and two species of Protea are considered endemic. Large mammals are well represented although populations are depleted, meaning that their abundances are low even though the species occur in the area. Two amphibians and one reptile species are considered endemic. Over 160 bird species have been recorded for the Chimanimani (Dutton & Dutton 1975), some of which are considered endemic to the Afro- montane regions of eastern Africa. The massif belongs to the Chimanimani National Park in Sussundenga District. It also includes four forest reserves: Tsetsera, Moribane, Nhahezi and Mahate, which are embraced by the project of transboundary conservation area of Chimanimani along with the National Park.

4.6. Socioeconomic situation

The total population in both provinces is 1,695,016 inhabitants corresponding to an average density of 34 individuals per sq. km. Of these, about 867,486 inhabitants (or 51% of the population) are female. About 18% of the population in both provinces correspond to youth (age range between 15-24 years old) actively engaged in agriculture. Youth population is gender balanced (50% each) (INE, 2010). The population is distributed in 345,922 households, which are concentrated around the main villages and along the Beira Corridor, which is the major economic leverage in the area. The living conditions in the area do not deviate from the mean in the country: 90% have precarious housing and limited access to water with wells and surface waters from rivers and streams being the main sources of potable water. Informal gold mining/panning activity in the area is endangering water quality for human consumption especially in Manica Province.

The active population in the project area corresponds to 47% of the total population, but 36% are unemployed. Buzi and Gondola present the highest unemployment rate of 48%, while Caia presents the lowest with 15%. Agriculture (either formal or informal) employs about 84% of the population, followed by the commercial sector employing 10% of the population. The latter is basically informal and restricted to basic products (oil, soap, salt, fruits, and vegetables). Agro-processing is an emerging sector in the region with the following being the main companies: Açucareira de Mafambisse (Nhamatanda) Companhia do Búzi (Búzi), Companhia Nacional de Algodão (Caia), Açucareira de Marromeu (Marromeu), fertilizers factory (Gondola), Mozambique Leaf Tobacco (Gorongosa, Caia), Companhia Algodoeira (Bárue), IFLOMA, CA (Sussundenga), Ausmoz, Agriza, Vanduzi (Manica).

The road network in all districts is considerably good with the EN1 crossing the districts of Gorongosa and Caia and EN6 (cross the Beira Corridor) crossing Nhamantanda Gondola, Chimoio City and Manica. These are in relatively good shape but in some portions they are extremely unstable. The rest of the area is crossed by secondary and tertiary roads of bad to very bad conditions that need thorough maintenance or reconstruction.

The Railway network in the targeted area is not good but is expanding as part of the mining sector development in Tete Province. Currently the only active railway line of

18

Beira Corridor is the one linking the Port of Beira to Zimbabwe (Beira-Machipanda- Mutare), crossing the districts of Dondo, Nhamatanda, Gondola and Manica. The other important railway line is the line of Sena from Beira to Moatize crossing Dondo and Sena. The latter is being rehabilitated and will constitute a huge added-value to both Sofala and Manica farmers as this will ease/facilitate the transportation of their production/at least part of it and at a much lower cost for these poor farmers.

5. WORLD BAK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

In this section World Bank Operational Policies that can be triggered by the project are reviewed (Table 3). The purpose of this review is twofold:

1. Ensure that the proposed project concept is environmentally and socially sound, and 2. Assess the relevance and implementability of these policies to the proposed project.

Table 3. Safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project Safeguard Policy Yes o Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) [X] [ ] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [X] [ ] Pest Management (OP 4.09) [X] [ ] Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) [X] [ ] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [X] [ ] Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4. 10) [ ] [X] Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ ] [X] Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [X] [ ] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) [ ] [X] Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) [X] [ ]

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) The WB's environmental assessment operational policy establishes the fact that some level of environmental assessment is required for all Bank financed development projects.

According to OP 4.01 the Bank classifies proposed projects into one of three categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:

Category A: if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA).

Category B: if it's potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be readily designed. Category C: if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project.

The WB project category definitions do not completely concur with those from the National EIA regulation 45/2004 (see Chapter 6). According to that instrument irrigation projects whose

19

extension is equal or above 350 ha or that are located in ecologically sensitive areas are of Category A.

The project has been classified as an environmental assessment (EA) Category B Project as described in the project documentation ( Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet –ISDS and Project Information Document). The consultant concurs with this assignation insofar that all identified potential impacts for the sub-projects are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in all cases mitigation measures can be readily designed. However, there are some medium-scale developments that may fall within category A of the national EIA regulation. Thus, the consultant suggests the PROIRRI to finance only sub-projects of less than 350 ha and located outside ecologically sensitive areas. Regarding to the latter special attention should be given to Marromeu, Gorongosa and parts of Sussundenga (See chapters 4 and 7).

Depending on the nature and scope of EA, the following environmental and social factors may need to be taken into consideration, and in an integrated way:

* The natural environment (air, water, and land) * Human health and safety * Social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) * Transboundary natural resources and global environmental aspects * The findings of country environmental and social studies * The country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects * Obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements

Bank policy also requires that EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project.

The commissioning of EA work is the responsibility of the borrower and the Bank reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. OP 4.01 also determines that (a) before the Bank proceeds to project appraisal, the EA report must be made available in a public place accessible to affected groups and local NGOs and must be officially submitted to the Bank; and (b) once the Bank officially receives the report, it will make the report available to the public through its InfoShop. In commissioning the formulation of the ESMF (this document) and by making the document available to the public, the proposed project will be in compliance with OP 4.01.

PROIRRI intends to finance a variety of small-scale (e.g. small-scale irrigation, small dams, rural roads etc) sub-projects that can have adverse environmental and social impacts. This ESMF presents that checklists are designed to assist in identifying such potential impacts, and direct communities and extension teams to practical ways of avoiding or mitigating them. Should district or provincial government authorities determine that more detailed studies are required they can request that an environmental and social assessment be carried out and that an ESMP be prepared before the project application can be considered further in compliance with OP 4.01.

atural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) The Bank supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management.

20

In the context of PROIRRI implementation and development the following elements of Bank policy will apply:

1. Promotion and support to natural habitat conservation and improved land use and the rehabilitation of degraded natural habitats; 2. The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank's opinion, involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental and social assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g., strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area; 3. Wherever feasible, Bank-financed projects are sited on lands already converted (excluding any lands that in the Bank's opinion were converted in anticipation of the project).

For PROIRRI’s small-scale sub-projects the impact on natural habitats will be small, but for medium-scale sub-projects specially those located in Caia, Búzi, Marromeu and Gorongosa Mountain the impacts maybe considerable and thus, OP4.04 is triggered. However, proper planning is required regarding site selection which should always avoid areas requiring transformation of undisturbed natural habitat. The Project area encompasses a number of natural habitats and thus, some sub-projects may impact on natural habitats either through encroachment (e.g. new cropping areas), hydrologic interference (water extraction) or indirectly by improving access to natural habitats which did not previously exist (e.g. the rehabilitation or construction of access roads). To address this concern, the ESMF provides communities and extension teams with the appropriate environmental checklists and planning methods to identify any potential impacts of sub-projects on natural habitats and to develop appropriate mitigation measures to minimize or avoid damage.

Involuntary resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) OP 4.12 applies to all land acquisition and any changes in access to resources due to a sub-project. The policy applies whether or not affected persons must move to another location. The Bank's policy requires a full Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) if over 200 people must be relocated or if these people are not physically displaced but lose over 10% of their assets due to the project . If the impact is less than this an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan should be prepared instead.

The nature and scale of sub-projects proposed under PROIRRI means that only minimal displacement, and the subsequent need for relocation and/or compensation, is likely to occur as a consequence of project implementation. Nevertheless, the ESMF provides criteria for determining the need for resettlement in the form of Checklist (See Chapters 10 and 11 and Annex II of the ESMF). Additionally, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been also prepared for PROIRRI and completes this ESMF with regards to involuntary displacement.

Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) When the Bank finances a project that includes the construction of a new dam it requires that the dam be designed and its construction supervised by experienced and competent professionals. It also requires that the borrower adopt and implement certain dam safety measures for the design, bid tendering, construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam and associated works. For the

21

life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of the dam.

The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams: a) Small dams are normally less than 15 meters in height. This category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks; b) Large dams are 15 meters or more in height. Dams that are between 10 and 15 meters in height are treated as large dams if they present special design complexities-for example, an unusually large flood-handling requirement, location in a zone of high seismicity, foundations that are complex and difficult to prepare, or retention of toxic materials.

For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate.

PROIRRI will not fund any large dams as defined by OP4.37 but may fund small water diversion weirs and irrigation or water supply systems that will depend on existing or new dams or weirs hence OP 4.37 is triggered. The design, construction and operation of new small dams/weirs will use sound engineering as required by the OP 4.37. Nevertheless, should a small dam be proposed, it is still subject to World Bank and Mozambique EA and resettlement policies and regulations and the ESMF provides guidelines on how to incorporate environmental considerations into the planning and appraisal process.

Pest Management (OP/BP 4.09) The Bank supports strategies that promote integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. However, the Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach. In appraising a project that will involve pest management, the Bank assesses the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management .

The procurement of any pesticide in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the World Health Organization's Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification (Geneva: WHO 1994-95). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed projects: (a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects. (b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species. (c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. (d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.

The Bank requires that any pesticides it finances be manufactured, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards acceptable to the Bank. The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.

22

Sub-projects under PROIRRI dedicated to irrigated agricultural expansion may result in the introduction or expansion of pest management activities in certain areas. The ESMF implementation tools and procedures are designed to identify the potential for the introduction or expansion of pest management activities in sub-projects and, as needed, requires the preparation of a Pest Management Plan (PMP). Sub-projects involving the procurement of pesticides or pesticide application equipment, or increased pesticide use, will not be funded until experience demonstrates that the local capacity exists to adequately manage their environmental and social impacts in compliance with OP 4.09 as described above and the pesticide regulation as described in Chapter 6.

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) This policy applies to any river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states, whether Bank members or not. In addition, this policy applies the following project types: hydroelectric, irrigation systems, flood control measures, drainage among others. If such a project is proposed, the Bank requires the beneficiary state formally to notify the other riparians of the proposed project and its Project Details. OP 7.50 on International Waterways is considered triggered and the WB is fully supporting the GoM in taking care of the required notification.

The PROIRRI area straddles three major river basins namely, the Zambezi River, the Pungoe River and the Búzi River that flow through several upstream states. In addition sub-projects under PROIRRI may include the abstraction of water for small, medium and large-scale irrigation schemes. Through International Rivers Office of the National Directorate of Water (DNA) it is expected that upstream states are notified of the proposed developments in the three basins. According to the PROIRRI’s project coordinator the notification process for the Pungoe and Búzi rivers has been started and for the Zambezi River will be started soon.

Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) This policy addresses physical cultural resources (objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes) that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. They may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground.

The procedures to address impacts on physical cultural resources in projects proposed for Bank financing should follow the environmental assessment (EA) process (see OP 4.01 and EIA regulation –Decree 45/2004). The following projects are subject to the provisions of this policy: (a) any project involving significant excavations, demolition, movement of earth, flooding, or other environmental changes; and (b) any project located in, or in the vicinity of, a physical cultural resources site recognized by the borrower.

As an integral part of the EA process, the borrower develops a physical cultural resources management plan that includes measures for avoiding or mitigating any adverse impacts on physical cultural resources, provisions for managing chance finds, any necessary measures for strengthening institutional capacity, and a monitoring system to track the progress of these activities.

Some of PROIRRI target areas are located in or nearby natural features and landscapes (e.g. Gorongosa, Marromeu and Sussundenga) but at a small-scale. The RPF presents the guidelines for management of physical resources in the Environmental Assessment and provide a plan for chance finds approach. .

23

6. LEGAL AD ISTITUTIOAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL MAAGEMET I MOZAMBIQUE

6.1. Legal Framework

In 2004 Mozambique adopted a new Constitution in which the GoM is compromised to assure sustainable development by adopting policies and promoting initiatives that guarantee the ecological balance, conservation and preservation of the environment aimed at improving the quality of life of its citizens (Constituição da República de Moçambique, Article 117).

Mozambique has also acknowledged and adhered to international efforts in order to assure environmental sustainability. Some of them include: Vienna Convention on the protection of the ozone layer; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol (As a non-Annex I Party), Montreal Protocol on the substances that destroy the ozone layer and the respective London and Copenhagen amendments; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, UN Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD); Nairobi Convention for the protection, management and development of the East African marine and coastal areas; Basel Convention on the control of trans-border movements of dangerous residuals and their elimination; Bamako Convention on the prohibition of importation of dangerous waste and the control of trans-border movements of such waste in Africa.

In the context of the proposed PROIRRI sustainable irrigation Development Project the key elements of the national legal framework are:

• The National Environment Management Program • National Action Plan to Adapt to Climate Change (NAPA) • The Environmental Law • ESIA Regulation • Environmental Quality Standards and Effluents Emissions Regulation • Pesticide Regulations • Land Policy • Land Law • Forestry and Wildlife Law • Water Policy • Electric Energy Law

ational Environmental Management Program (PGA) The National Environmental Management Program (PNGA), approved by the Council of Ministers in 1995, seeks to promote and implement a sound environmental policy. The PNGA represents the culmination of a series of initiatives and activities coordinated by the Ministry for Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA). It is the master plan for the environment in Mozambique and contains a National Environment Policy, Framework Environmental Law and Environmental Strategy.

The PNGA consists of sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, for the medium and long term, which intends to lead Mozambique to sustainable development. Thus, its implementation will require a range of actions at all levels and across sectors. In accordance with the PNGA, MICOA, in close co-ordination with other ministries, private and civil groups, will work towards:

24

• Development of inter-sectoral policies for sustainable development • Development and promotion of integrated resource-use planning • Promotion of sector legislation and of establishment of norms and criteria for environmental and social management • Protection and sustainable use of the countries' natural resources • Creating conditions for law enforcement and environmental and social monitoring

ational Action Plan to Adapt to Climate Change (APA) In 2007 the Council of Ministers of Mozambique approved the NAPA plan that presents four important and urgent actions to adapt to climate change. MICOA has the responsibility of coordinating a multi- institutional group to implement such actions. The four main actions are:

1. Enhance the existing early warning system in order to assure that rural communities are previously informed about natural disasters in order to avoid human life losses. 2. Enhance farmer’s capacity to adapt to climate change by providing improved inputs, rehabilitation and/or construction of irrigation schemes, creation of alternative means of income generation such as agro-processing and promoting sustainable use of natural resources. 3. Reduce the impact of climate change on coastal areas by controlling land use and implementing erosion control activities in coastal areas. 4. Water resources management through multi-sectoral activities such as integrated watershed management, improve hydrometric network in the country and improve human capacity.

The plan has a time-span of 3 years (2007-2010) and is being updated for the next 3 years.

Environmental Law The Environmental Law was passed by the Mozambican Parliament in July 1997. It aims at providing a legal framework for the use and correct management of the environment and its components and to assure the sustainable development of Mozambique. It is applicable to all public or private activities, which may influence the environment either directly or indirectly. Salient features of the Law include:

• Those who pollute, or in any way degrade the environment, are liable and under obligation to rehabilitate the environment or to compensate for the resulting damage. • The Law forbids the pollution of the soil, subsoil, water or atmosphere by any polluting substances, or any other form of degradation of the environment, which fall outside the limits stipulated by the Law. • Projects and operations that are likely to have a negative impact on the environment are subject to an environmental impact assessment by independent assessors. • To protect environmental components that have a recognized ecological and socio- economic value, environmental protection zones can be created. • Licensing of activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts is required. The issuance of an environmental license is dependent on an appropriate level of environmental impact assessment being completed and accepted.

A National Commission for Sustainable Development (CNDS), linked to the Council of Ministers, was created by a provision in the Environmental Law in October 2000 to co-ordinate and integrate sectoral policies and plans related to environmental management at the highest level.

25

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Regulation ESIA Regulation were passed by the Council of Ministers in July 2004 (Decree 45/2004) and published in the Government Gazette (Boletim da Republica, I Série, Number 39 of 29 September 2004).

Three categories of project are defined by the Regulation (Article 3):

Category A: Activities presented in Annex I of the ESIA Regulation are considered to have significant adverse impacts on the environment and are subject to an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).

Category B : Activities listed in Annex II of the ESIA Regulation are those for which potential environmental impacts are less adverse than those of Category A projects and are subject to a Simplified Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (SESIA).

Category C : Activities listed in Annex III of the ESIA Regulation are exempt from an ESIA and/or SESA but still require observance of good management practices.

Selected activities relevant to the proposed project and considered to be Category A include the following:

Infrastructures: • All activities implying population resettlement; • All main roads outside urban zones, construction of new roads; • Dams and weirs with an inundated area equivalent or greater than 5 ha.

Forest Harvesting: • All activities of deforestation with more than 50 ha.

Agriculture: • Activities of parceling land for agriculture of more than 350ha with irrigation and of 1,000 ha without irrigation; • Reconversion of areas of more than 100 ha of agricultural land without cultivation for more than 5 years to intensive agriculture; • Introduction of new crops and exotic species; • Irrigation systems for areas of more than 350ha;

In addition projects that may affect directly or indirectly, sensitive areas are classified as Category A , including among others: a) Natural forests b) Zones of potential erosion, including dunes along the coastline c) Conservation or protected zones or areas d) Wetlands e) Zones where the habitats and ecosystems are in danger of extinction f) Zones of outstanding landscape beauty g) Zones of archaeological, historical and cultural value that should be preserved h) Zones where plant or animal species threatened with extinction are located i) Ground waters used for public consumption j) Areas for the protection of spring and water sources.

26

A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are reversible and in most cases mitigation measures can be easily defined. All activities that do not appear in Category C or in Category A are considered to be Category B .

Selected activities considered to be Category C include the following:

• Transformation or removal of indigenous vegetation with areas between 100 and 200 hectares without irrigation; • Irrigation schemes with an individual or cumulative area between 50 and 100 ha; • Industries of conservation of fruits and horticultural products equal or greater than 300 ton/day;

An ESIA (for Category A) must be approved at the central level (Direcção Nacional de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental - DNAIA), while a SESIA (for Category B) should be approved at the provincial level (Direcção Provincial de Coordenação Ambiental - DPCA). In order to register the EIA process (Instrução de Processo) following the procedures on EIA regulation. For all three categories MICOA issues an environmental license on completion of the EIA process. The EIA process in Mozambique is shown in the flow diagram shown in Figure 4.

See Chapter 5 for synergies among this regulation and the OP 4.01 regarding to sub-projects classification and EIA procedures.

Environmental Quality Standards and effluents emission Regulation Regulation related to Environmental Quality Standards and Effluents Emissions was approved by the Council of Ministers in May 2004 (Decree 18/2004) and published in the government’s gazette (Boletim da República number 22 of 2 of June 2004). It aims at controlling and maintaining the level of concentration of pollutants at an admissive level. MICOA is responsible for ensuring compliance with this Regulation.

Article 12 refers to water quality standards for agriculture, livestock production, irrigation and aquaculture and these water quality parameters are given in detail in Annex IV of the Regulation. Parameters for irrigation water quality include water salinity (electrical conductivity), pH, Sodium Absortion Rate (SAR) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

Article 18 refers to parameters to maintain soil quality which include agricultural practices (crop rotation, fertilization, etc.) and permitted practices according to the slope of the terrain to avoid soil erosion.

27

Procedures for participation Licensing

Request license for land use and utilization Temporary License or special license to the MINAG/DNTF

Present the project to CPI or the institution responsible for the activity

Submit the project to MICOA for Pre- evaluation

Registration of the EIA process by MICOA

Elaboration of pre-viability study and EPDA approval by MICOA Terms of Reference by the proponent

Elaboration of ESIA by the proponent

Environmental and Social ESIA approval by MICOA License

Approval of executive project by responsible institution Construction License

Approval of the activity by the responsible Operational License ministry

Construction by th e proponent

Environmental and Social Monitoring by the proponent

Environmental Auditing by MICOA

Figure 4. Flow of activities to be carried out for the ESIA process in Mozambique (source: Directiva Geral de AIA, DAIA, 2001).

28

Pesticides Regulation Ministerial Diploma 153/2002 of 11 September 2002 regulates the use of pesticides in Mozambique. In terms of this regulation only those pesticides registered with the National Directorate of Agricultural Services (DNSA) may be used. DNSA has established a Registration Unit (RU) for the registration of the pesticides and the issue of permits for their use. All substances with a pesticide action or regulators of plant growth and which are to be imported, produced, commercialized and used in Mozambique must be registered. The request for registration must be submitted together with the pesticide's process according to the Standards for Registration and Handling of Pesticides published by DNSA.

Concurring with OP 4.09, the composition and physical-chemical characteristics of the pesticides proposed for registration shall conform to the specifications from the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and must appear on the label.

Article 9 provides the toxicological classification in Classes I, II and III:

Class I: Highly toxic (red label) Class II: Moderately toxic (yellow label) Class III: Slightly toxic (green label)

For sub-projects financed under PROIRRI, selection and use of pesticides must follow the above classification as well as the Bank’s criteria for selection and use of pesticides (see chapter 5).

Any company legally established in Mozambique may obtain a title for the registration of pesticides, after approval by the Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Agriculture, Coordination of Environmental Affairs and Health. Registered companies must assume full technical and environmental responsibility of the pesticides. The validity of the title is 2 years, after which it can be renewed.

Pesticides that are not registered but are considered effective in the control of an emergency situation due to an outbreak of epidemics or a plague, can be used with a Permit for Emergency Use, given by the RU according to the Standards for the Registration and Handling of Pesticides. These permits have the validity of the emergency period.

Vehicles transporting pesticides must be authorized if they transport quantities similar or greater than:

• 200 kg or liters of Class I pesticides; • 1000 kg or liters of Class II pesticides; • 2500 kg or liters of Class III pesticides

The authorization can be temporary (valid for 15 days) or "permanent" (valid for 2 years).

Forestry and Wildlife Law In 1997 the GoM adopted a new Forestry and Wildlife Policy and Strategy. The Policy and Strategy overall objective is: "To conserve, utilize and develop forest and wildlife resources for the social, ecological and economic benefit of the present and future generations of the Mozambique people ".

29

In accordance with this objective, a new Wildlife and Forestry Law was passed in 1999, which confirms the rights of the state over natural forest and wildlife resources in the country. A key principle of the Forestry and Wildlife Law is that local communities must be more involved in the conservation and sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources. The GoM also encourages private sector participation in the management of protected areas. The articles referring to this situation are presented below:

Article 3(b) states that policies for the conservation of biodiversity must involve local communities, the private sector and civil society;

Article 3(e) recognizes the need to act in harmony with local communities and to promote the conservation, management and use of forest and wildlife resources without prejudice to customary practices.

Article 6 states that the faunal heritage comprises all wildlife occurring in Mozambique and will be classified on the basis of its rarity and economic and socio-cultural value; these species will be officially listed and protected by law.

Article 10 recognizes three types of protected zones for the conservation of biodiversity and fragile ecosystem: a. ational Parks b. Hunting controlled areas c. Historical Cultural Use Zones

Historical-Cultural Use Zones is a new category for Mozambique reflecting the new policies to ensure that local communities are involved in natural resource management. The forestry and wildlife resources within these zones may be used in accordance with customary norms and practices.

Article 31. Emphasizes participatory management of resources by local communities, private sector, associations and local authorities and the sharing of benefits resulting from such use.

Land Law In accordance with the Constitution and the Land Policy, the Land Law (No. 19/97) confirms that all land in Mozambique belongs to the State. Individuals (and associations) may acquire, by default or through application, the right to use and occupy land through a variety of mechanisms such as customary tenure, continuous occupation of a piece of land for a number of years or official authorization. Official title may also be granted on application but the lack of official title or registration of the land does not affect the land rights of bona fide right holders and they are deemed to enjoy the same benefits as holders of official titles. Although land may not be transferred (i.e. sold) and there is no "land market" per se, holders of land rights are able to transfer improvements, such as buildings, from one party to another.

The Land Law provides all Mozambican nationals, corporate persons (e.g. associations and companies) and local communities the right to use and benefit from land. Certain land belongs to the public domain in which no rights of land use and benefit can be acquired, except where special licenses have been issued for specific activities. Such land includes zones of total and partial protection, such as national parks, coastal zones and the banks of navigable rivers. Land occupied by, among other infrastructure, aerial, surface, subterranean and underwater installations

30

and conductors of electricity, including a strip of land of 50 m on each side, are considered to be zones of partial protection.

The right to use and benefit from land is obtained either through "Occupation" or through "Authorization" of an application. Those who hold a right by virtue of "Occupation" may either be:

• Individual persons and local communities who occupy and use land in accordance with customary norms and practices, provided that such norms and practices do not contradict the Constitution; or • Mozambican nationals who have been using land in good faith for at least ten years.

In all cases official title may be applied for and granted, and the rights registered in the national cadastre but the absence of an official title to use and benefit from land and absence of registration does not affect the rights of individuals and local communities over the land. All that a community needs to do is offer verbal proof that it has been occupying and using the land. The rights of a community to use and benefit from the land are considered to be the same as if a title has been granted under a form of joint co-title. The vast majority of family sector farmers, living in rural farming areas as members of communities based on traditional norms and practices have full rights to the land on which they have developed their economic activities, whether or not they hold a title to the land.

Individual families are decision makers with regards to allocation and usage of land within the family. At the local level land allocation and arbitration of any disputes is the responsibility of the bairro (ward or quarter) secretaries or traditional leaders. Local people may also gain access to land through borrowing agreements which are made within the family. Those who lend land are usually the old, who are no longer able to work on their full allocation and who want to help landless friends or relatives. The borrower only has security as long as the agreement lasts.

For purposes other than settlement and cultivation the land and natural resources are usually considered to be common property. Such areas include livestock grazing areas, the surrounding bush and woodland areas where people collect or exploit natural resources, such as fuel wood, poles, thatching grass, medicinal plants, honey, wildlife, etc., and open water bodies which are used for fishing.

Individuals and associations may acquire rights to use and occupy land in both rural and urban areas by "Authorization". Official authorization for the right to use and benefit from land may be either in the form of:

• Provisional authorization, which has a maximum duration of five years for nationals or two years for foreign persons; or • Final authorization and respective title for land use and benefit, issued after an exploitation plan submitted with the original application has been fulfilled, and subsequent registration in the National Land Cadastre.

"Authorization" is the mean whereby people and associations are able to acquire the right to use and benefit from land for "economic" activities. In the rural areas such activities generally include farming (on a commercial rather than subsistence basis), retail trading and religious purposes. Authorization to use and benefit from land for the purpose of undertaking economic activities is granted for a maximum of 50 years, renewable for an equal period of time.

31

Water Policy In august 2007 the Cabinet Council approved the new National Water Policy published in the official Gazette nr. 43/Serie I, supplement 5 of 30 of October 2007. This new policy is a review of the Water Policy of 1995 (Boletim da República, I Série Number 34 of 23 of August 1995), which emerged from the Water Law of 1991.

The new Water Policy intends to achieve in the medium-term (2015) and long-term (2025) the following main objectives: a) Satisfaction of basic needs of human water consumption. b) Improvement of sanitation in urban and rural areas. c) Water efficiently used for economic development. d) Water for environmental conservation. e) Reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts. f) Agreements on water allocations and management coordination for international river basins.

Objective (c), (d) and (e) are particularly pertinent to the proposed project:

Water efficiently used for economic development: Mozambique has a large water potential for water development to serve its economic development, in the form of water for irrigation, hydropower, industry and other uses. The Water Policy shall promote the use of water as a resource and a tool for economic development. At the same time, more efficient use of available water resources will also be promoted.

The main objective of the use of water for irrigation is to widen the basis for economic development, to generate wealth and create better living conditions, namely:

- To improve food security, increase household income and create job opportunities; - To improve sustainability and minimize environmental impacts by using water more efficiently in the irrigated perimeters and by improving the capacity of users in managing irrigation schemes; - To produce agricultural products for export and for development of national agro- industry.

Water for environmental conservation: While many rivers in Mozambique are under intense pressure from various uses, particularly those that are part of international river basins, many others are in almost pristine state. The Water Policy shall promote water conservation in the management of water resources, considering ecological flows for the rivers and estuaries, standards of water quality for effluent discharges in receiving water bodies and introducing measures to prevent pollution or mitigate its effects.

Reduced vulnerability to floods and droughts: Mozambique is vulnerable to extreme events because of its locations (long coastline and a downstream of main international rivers). Thus, a better coordination and planning, use of structural and non-structural measures, hearing and preparation of people, communities and institutions in cyclically affected areas.

Electric Energy Law The Electric Energy Law (Law nr. 21/97) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1 st of October of 1997 and published in the official Gazette nr. 40, I Série of 7 of October 1997.

According to this law any electric energy concession/permit must among others:

32

(a) Guarantee the maintenance of all components of the energy system; (b) To return water used for electric energy production in good quality conditions (temperature, salinity, turbidity); (c) To repair any damage to roads and other infrastructures that were done during construction, repair and improvement of electric energy facilities; (d) To observe water, fisheries and environmental laws and regulations in Mozambique

Article 31 refers to the safety and protection of patrimony and environment and indicates that any electric energy station should endanger people and infrastructures nor block free circulation of vehicles and people. It also indicates that electric energy stations must be located in appropriate places taking into account environmental conditions and the ecological systems crossed by the energy system. Historic and cultural patrimony as well as areas of scientific, ecological or architectural value must be respected and appropriate measures should be taken to avoid their damage.

6.2. Institutional Framework

The implementation of the ESMF will need to take place at all levels of the PROIRRI (Central to local), taking into account the coordination and implementation arrangements set out for the project.

Environmental and Social Management

Central Level MICOA is responsible for implementing the PNGA and associated environmental policy and legislation. The Ministry has primarily a co-coordinating role in order to ensure the integration of environmental variables in the process of planning and managing socio-economic development. In this regard MICOA must co-operate with the other ministries and sectors (see Table 4 for ministries/sectors that should be involved in this project).

Table 4. Ministries with environmental and Socialrelated responsibilities in PROIRRI Institution Environmentrelated responsibilities for PROIRRI MICOA Environmental and Social Management, ESIA approval, auditing MINAG (DNSA, DEA, ER, CEPAGRI, DNTF) Sub-project approval, ESIA review, environmental screening review and monitoring, MOPH (ARAs and GOH) Emit water licenses and guarantee sustainable water use MITUR (DNAC) ESIA and environmental and social screening review and monitoring (for developments in Gorongosa, Marromeu and Sussundenga districts) District administration Road rehabilitation authorization ME (DNEE) Approve electric energy concession/permits and monitoring

MICOA is also responsible for regulating Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) procedures in Mozambique through the National Directorate for EIA (DNAIA). As indicated above (section 6.1. Legal Framework), all projects likely to have adverse environmental and

33

social impacts are obliged to register the project with MICOA for determination of its Category (A, B or C) and issuing an Environmental and Social License.

MICOA is also responsible for enforcement of Environmental Quality Standards and of Emissions and Effluents legislation and for territorial planning.

MICOA is member of the Technical Support Team (at both central and provincial levels) within institutional arrangements for PROIRRI’s implementation.

Provincial and District levels MICOA has established Provincial Directorates (DPCA) in all Provinces. DPCAs are responsible for approve and monitor the EIA process with regards to Category B and C projects, inspect project’s conformation with environmental regulations and promote coordination among all sectors in the province. The level of organization and capacity varies from province to province. In this regard DPCA-Sofala promotes regular multi-sectoral meetings to discuss environmental issues in the province. However, this kind of initiative was not observed in Manica Province.

Major limitations at DPCAs in Sofala and Manica provinces are limited human, material and financial resources. These, hold back full completion of DPCA’s tasks especially monitoring and inspection activities.

At the district level the environmental activity is based in the District Services of Patrimony and Infrastructures (SDPI) through a Section of Environmental Management. This institution is responsible for several environmental activities including monitoring and inspection, which they should report to DPCA. However, this is a newly created structure and all visited districts have none or limited staff and resources to carry out their activity.

Pesticide use, registration and management

Central Level According to Pesticides Regulations Ministerial Diploma 153/2002 DNSA of the MINAG, through its Registration Unit is the official agency responsible for the registration of the pesticides and the issue of permits for their use, after approval by the National Directorate of Health (DNS/MISAU), the National Directorate for Environmental Impact Assessment (DNAIA/MICOA) and the National Institute for Agrarian Research – Department of Animal Science (IIAM/DCA).

MINAG has established a Technical Advisory Committee which provides advice on issues related to the Pesticide Regulations. This Committee includes representatives from various departments within MINAG and other Institutions (MICOA, MISAU, the National Institute for Standardization and Quality-INNOQ) as well as the private sector.

Within PROIRRI arrangements DNSA is the project coordinator institution and thus, responsible for making sure that this issue follows the formal procedures.

Provincial and District Levels DPA through Agricultural Services is the institution with the responsibility of inspecting if users have a use, handling or transportation permit. It also should monitor the use and impact of pesticides from agricultural activities and report to DPCA.

34

At the district level pesticide use, handling and transportation is controlled by SDAE, which works with an extension team in providing training for farmers and other individuals/institutions in this matter. However, the number of extension workers in each target district is low and they face several limitations (material and financial). A strategy that is being adopted in some districts (Bárue, Caia, Gorongosa and Búzi) is the selection of a Contact Farmer who is trained by SDAE/extension worker and has the responsibility of transferring information to the rest of the community. Also, several NGO’s and private companies have their own extension teams that collaborate with government in providing extension services. A list of existing NGOs and private companies with extension workers per district is presented in Table 5.

Table 5. Extension network in PROIRRI target areas. District Extension etwork SDAE (number GO Private Companies of extension workers) Chimoio n/a ITC Vodagold Forum Terra ADIPSA Manica 10 ITC Agriza ADIPSA Ausmoz ORAM Companhia de Vanduzi Kulima American Friends Kuendza Simucare Bárue 7 ORAM CLUSA AFRICARE MLT Companhia de Vanduzi PAPRICA Gondola 11 ACIDIVOCA CLUSA AFRICARE ORAM Sussundenga 9 FDC CLUSA ORAM Nhamatanda 7 ORAM Kulima Gorongosa 9 FHI, RITA, GPZ Caia 6 - CNA Marromeu 6 WWF Açucareira de Marromeu Búzi 7 ORAM Companhia Búzi

Land management

Central level At the central level the National Directorate of Land and Forests (DNTF) which is part of MINAG is the institution responsible for ensuring that the national land policy is implemented. The Department of Agri-measurement must co-ordinate, promote, develop, supervise and monitor activities related to mapping, large-scale land surveying, satellite imaging and mapping, while the Department of Cadastre must deal with land registration and land title accreditation.

Provincial and District Levels

35

Provincial Services of Geography and Cadastre are represented in each country's Provinces. The responsibilities of the Provincial Geography and Cadastre Services include:

• Produce land-use maps (based on title rights) and documenting all the procedures in the process of authorizing land use and utilization rights. The Provincial Geography and Mapping Services do not authorize/allocate land use and utilization rights, but simply prepares and channels the respective documentation. • Responsibility for the land law and regulations, the resolution of disputes, the transfer of land use and utilization rights and the collection of land use fees. • Registration of community land acquired under customary law and documenting the rights acquired by individual persons under customary law. • Sharing and providing information relevant to economic planning in the Province by supplying information about areas occupied or abandoned. It also prepares master plans for land occupation in co-ordination with other institutions

At the district level land management is under the responsibility of the District Services of Economic Activities (SDAE) through a Land Section.

The Initiative of Community Land (ITC) ITC is a newly created institution funded by European Union but with legal autonomy that operates at provincial but especially at district levels in some provinces including Manica but not Sofala. Regarding to land management, its main tasks are to collaborate with the government institutions in implementing land law and regulations, resolving disputes, creating community committees for natural resources management, guaranteeing local communities’ rights and training. Currently, for Sofala Province those tasks are being carried out by ORAM in collaboration with the Provincial Government through DPA. However, ITC is intending to expand their activities into Sofala Province in the next three years.

Agriculture development

Central level At central level all activities related to agriculture development are the entire responsibility of MINAG through several departments including DNSA, DE and CEPAGRI. Its main tasks are the development of familiar and private sectors through dissemination of improved technologies and promotion of agribusiness among others. DNSA is the institution responsible for chairing the PROIRRI’s Steering Committee composed also by two other departments of MINAG namely: CEPAGRI and Agrarian Economy (DE). Thus, DNSA’s main responsibility is to review, approve and monitor all sub-projects within PROIRRI context.

Provincial and District levels At provincial level DPA through its Agrarian (SPA) and rural extension (SPER) services is the institution responsible for defining priorities, organize farmers associations and decide the best options for agriculture development. DPA/SPA will chair the Project Coordination Team at provincial level with the main tasks of review, approve and monitor all subprojects and report to the central level.

DPA has a Department of Rural Extension (DER) composed of extension workers and their supervisors who are responsible for implementing several activities for rural development such as training on: application of appropriate agriculture techniques (crop rotation, test and introduce

36

resistant varieties, crop consociation among others), use and handling of pesticides and fertilizers, among others

At the district level SDAE will be the institution directly involved with PROIRRI which through its extension team will identify and select site for development, prepare sub-projects for submission and conduct monitoring field activities.

Irrigation

Central level At the central level, the Services for Agricultural Hydraulics under DNSA at MINAG assumes the responsibility of authorizing irrigation schemes but the issuance of a license for water use and payment thereof falls under the responsibility of DNA/ARA-Zambeze and ARA-Centro.

At the provincial level irrigation is under responsibility of DPAs through an irrigation supervisor. This works in close relationship with extension teams at the district level. At the district level irrigation is under responsibility of SDAE through an extension team that covers each Administrative Post.

Roads Rehabilitation and Construction

Central level At the central level the National Roads Administration (ANE) under Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH) is responsible for overseeing the planning and management for the rehabilitation and construction of National Roads. A Social Affairs and Environmental Unit (UASMA) has been created within ANE. The role of UASMA is to ensure that environmental and social considerations are incorporated into all road projects within Mozambique in accordance with the environmental guidelines for roads (i.e. Social and environmental clauses in bidding documents).

Provincial and District Level At the provincial level the Department of Roads and Bridges (DEP) under Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) is responsible for secondary and tertiary roads. However, rehabilitation and construction of access roads are under the responsibility of the district administration. In theory DEP should be responsible for environmental and social considerations in road projects but currently do not have the capacity to do so. This task is currently carried out by UASMA. Through a program of capacity building in environmental management UASMA intends to strengthen the capacity of DEP in this regard.

Inland Water Management

Central Level The National Water Directorate (DNA) in the MOPH is responsible for water resources in Mozambique. DNA's responsibilities are:

• Carry out inventories of hydrological resources and water needs at national, regional and catchment levels and establish and operate an information system; • Promote the formulation of policies for development, hydrological resources use, water supply and sanitation; • Promote water legislation and supervise water legislation enforcement;

37

• Promote studies for short, medium and long term planning on water utilization and hydrological resource development; • Ensure investment for studies, projects and works on water supply and sanitation in accordance with adequate and efficient management.

Provincial and District Levels At provincial level MOPH is represented by the Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) and the Department of Hydric Resources represents DNA. This department is responsible for the measurement of water flow in the three major target rivers (Pungoe, Búzi and Zambezi) of this project and, theoretically for ensuring adequate management of hydrological resources and guaranteeing a potable water supply and sanitation for all the population while maintaining environmental integrity.

At district level the District Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DDOPH) respectively represents DNA.

Regional Water Administrations The regional water administrations (ARAs) are regional structures, created within the decentralization process for water resources management. They are under the MOPH/DNA supervision. The jurisdictional area of ARAs coincides with one or a group of catchments basins. ARAs have economic, administrative and patrimonial autonomy. They have the responsibility of operational management of water resources at regional scale. Another competence of this institution is the issuing of licenses and concessions for the public use of water and effluent discharge. They have also to inspect and monitor the operators under their area of jurisdiction.

For the target area of PROIRRI two ARAs can be recalled: ARA – Centro and ARA – Zambeze. The latter is responsible for water management and the issuing of licenses in the project area (Marromeu and Caia Districts, Sofala Province). It is currently being strengthened and once fully functional this agency will have an important role to play in management of the Zambezi River basin. ARA-Centro is also responsible for water management and the issuing of licenses for most of the target areas of PROIRRI (all districts in Manica Province and Nhamatanda, Búzi and Gorongosa in Sofala).

ARA-Centro is implementing a joint Pungoe Programme II (PPII) with Zimbabwe, which aims to manage the hydric resources of the Pungoe basin in a sustainable way for the socio-economic benefit of local communities. PPII was built upon a phase I (PPI) that produced a monograph of the basin. PPII is being implemented through seven critical development projects:

- Strategy for the development of small and medium dams; - Salinity control around the Mafambisse Sugar company - Mitigation and management of gold panning affecting water quality (especially in Manica and Sussundenga districts) - Early warning and mitigation of drought and floods - Management and maintenance of sustainable water flows in Gorongosa National Park and Lake Urema in Gorongosa - Integrated strategy for water and land use (to be finalized by the en of July) - Assist on integrate water resources management through a smallholder grant

ARA-Centro is also member of the Technical Advisory Team of PROIRRI and through PPII may contribute for environmental management including aspects of water and soil quality.

38

Electric Energy

Central Level At the central level the Department of the National Directorate of Electric Energy (DNEE) at the Ministry of Energy (ME) is responsible for the study, conception and execution of policies. Its main tasks include:

- Promote diversification and rational use of several electric energy sources; - Promote the maximization of the national energy potential, counting on local capacities; - Regulate the activity and monitor regulations implementation - Promote the efficient use of electric energy; - Elaborate norms and safety techniques and environment protection - Promote activities aiming at expanding the national network of energy transportation - License electric infrastructures and keep its cadastre - License individuals or associates responsible for the elaboration, direction, execution and exploration of electric projects and keep the cadastre.

Provincial and District Levels At the provincial level energy is under the auspices of the Provincial Directorate of Mining and Energy (DPEM) and the National Fund of Energy (FUNAE) whose main tasks are among others: - Monitoring and evaluation, assessment, supervision and scouting of sector activities; - Expand the access of electric energy to population, reducing the environmental impact of non- renewable energy sources; - Guarantee the access of energy at provincial level; - Fund and install energy systems

DPEM and FUNAE work through a Service Provider – Electricidade de Moçambique (EDM) – through their provincial and district representations – the provincial and district distribution zones. These have the following attributions:

- Operation and Maintenance of the transport and electric energy network; - Coordination and development planning of the national transportation and electric energy network; - To guarantee contracts with all concessionaires and consumers; - Import and export electric energy.

7. EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL COCERS OF TARGETED AREAS

Selected districts in Sofala (Nhamatanda, Gorongosa, Marromeu, Búzi and Caia) and Manica (Gondola, Chimoio, Sussundenga, Bárue and Manica) were visited between 29 th of March and 14 th of April 2010. The visit aimed at consulting local authorities and communities regarding the implementation of this ESMF and to screen environmental and social conditions of selected places. In this Chapter we present the main environmental and social concerns that should be considered when selecting sites and/or implementing this ESMF.

Sofala Province

In the PROIRRI target areas, a wide range of environmental conditions were observed from the Zambezi and Búzi floodplains of Marromeu and Búzi, respectively to the highlands of Gorongosa Observations were made with regard to the area’s great potential for irrigated agriculture while at

39

the same time having high ecological sensitivity. Main environmental concerns in selected areas are:

Marromeu: it is located in the Zambezi River floodplain and was registered as a RAMSAR site by the GoM in 2004, meaning international obligations for conserving its distinctiveness as a wetland. The Ramsar Site comprises 80% of the district and include the protected Marromeu Buffalo Reserve, four surrounding hunting concession areas, one buffer area to the south-western side and a further zone to the north-east. The field visit to Chueza - a potential area for PROIRRI - located in Sede Administrative Post , revealed that several streams and rivers are drying up. For the last 5 years local communities are experiencing several challenges associated with water shortages. For example, one of the interviewed men used to pump water from a stream (Nhamiambo River) for irrigation but the stream is now dry so he switched to rainfed based agriculture. This situation was also reported by WWF for the Salone River (one of the main arms of the Zambezi River). WWF has a program to rehabilitate the Salone and other rivers in the district. Marromeu has a very bad access, being the only access road in very bad conditions especially during the rainy season. People are highly dependent on water from the Zambezi River and its branches for fishing, drinking water, laundry, etc. Thus further water extraction may impose additional changes to the water flux and consequently water availability for people. With regards to PROIRRI implementation this ESMF recommends careful selection of the sites for irrigation agriculture to avoid adding to the environmental issues of concern and further interference with the hydrological flux. A detailed study on the hydrologic flux is recommended.

Gorongosa : the district is part of the Pungoe Basin and the visited areas have medium to very high slopes (5 to more than 10%) and high rainfall levels of about 1,000 mm a year. The area is within the Gorongosa-Rift Valley complex that comprises the Gorongosa Mountain, Lake Urema (see Chapter 4) and some of the most diverse forests of the country. This concurs with the district’s good potential for agriculture but also its high conservation potential, which may be conflicting sometimes. In fact, one of the areas identified as potential site for PROIRRI (Chitunga – Sede Administrative Post) is located in very irregular topography in the base of Gorongosa Mountain. The mountain has a high conservation value since it represents the headwaters of the watershed for Lake Urema, which is the core conservation spot in Gorongosa National Park (GNP). It is very steep in many places, while there is only a gradual climb in others; but always, there is a slope. Deforestation has become critical in this area. Local farmers are clearing the land of its natural vegetation around the base of the Mountain by slash-and-burn agriculture. They are also moving up the Mountain, clearing the land for agricultural purposes as they go. Thus, Gorongosa Mountain is in a unique and precarious situation and the GNP management authority is already taking action on this, through a plantation of indigenous tree species. Further agricultural development in the Chitunga area should consider this environmental issue and the ongoing rehabilitation efforts. Access to the area is fairly good although in steep areas such as Chitunga it can be critical during the rainy season. For the visited areas farmers are not organized in associations and don’t seem to have a good networking organization among themselves. The district is frequently assaulted by red locust pest that devastates large areas of crops.

Búzi: the district is located in the floodplains of the Búzi River and is characterized by a soft topography and very heavy soils. Main environmental concerns in the district are related to high levels of erosion in the river margins and saline intrusion up to 30 km from the sea (Ferguson, 2006). In fact, saline intrusion was referred by Companhia do Búzi to be the main limitation for sugar cane production. However, tests on water conductivity at the potential area for PROIRRI (Chicumbwe – Sede Admistrative Post) did not show signs of salinity (Electric Conductivity = 0.01 ms/seg) but water has high turbidity. The place has clayey heavy soils with low drainage capacity. Although no environmental concern is observed in this area, developing large areas for

40

rice production (2,000 ha were referred) may have several environmental impacts (see Chapter 8). The other potential site for PROIRRI (Estaquinha – Estaquinha Administrative Post) is located in a place where salinity is reported to be high. Erosion may endanger Búzi River ecology and infrastructure in this District. In the margins of the river deep and long ravines were observed, which are already endangering some human assets (buildings and land). The d istrict is frequently assaulted by red locust pest that devastates large areas of crops including rice. This district is also vulnerable to floods and droughts (Ferguson, 2006). No other major social concerns were observed. Farmers are very well organized in associations and some of them belong to District Farmers Union (UDAC). In the PROIRRI target area there are 10 associations all affiliated to UDAC. Access to and from the district is limited by a very bad road (that gets flooded during the rainy season and therefore inaccessible). Currently people sell their products in Beira, which is mostly accessible by boat thus limiting the amount of product that ca be transported.

hamatanda : no major environmental concerns were observed in PROIRRI’s target areas. However the area is flat, with heavy soils of poor drainage and therefore the development, operation and management of large-scale irrigation schemes must take this issue into consideration. The d istrict is frequently attacked by red locust pest which destroy large areas of crops.

Manica Province

In Manica, all potential sites for PROIRRI have medium to high slopes (2 to more than 7%) and a very good river network, which confer to the area high potential for irrigated agriculture. However, medium to high slopes confer high erosion potential for most of the PROIRRI areas. With regards to PROIRRI the following environmental concerns are raised:

Manica : the district is located in medium to high slopes in the border with Zimbabwe. Several places were visited in this district namely: Belas and Xitundo ( Vanduzi Administrative Post) and Xinhadombe ( Sede Administrative post). In the former the main environmental concern is the high slopes (all above 3%) associated with inappropriate agriculture techniques (no terraces or contour cropping is practiced). Low levels of erosion were observed (small gullies) but no major water and soil degradation have occurred. Xinhadombe is located very near the border with Zimbabwe in an area with high gold panning activity that has caused siltation of several streams that feed the Pungoe River. In fact, in this area the river presents a reddish-brown color, which means high level of sediment deposition. However, water salinity is not too high (Electric Conductivity = 0.20 mS/cm – no restriction for irrigation according to the Environmental Quality Standards and effluents emission Regulation ). Main problems observed in the area include channel obstruction and infrastructure destruction due to high level of sediments. Other areas in the district with high gold panning activities include Chazuca and 3 de Fevereiro, Penhalonga, Chua, Nhamachato, and Nhamucuarara. Main recommendation for PROIRRI include avoiding further development in Xinhadombe until a GoM has taken a formal/legal position on the gold mining issue and develop terrace and contour cropping techniques in Belas and Xitundo. There is a good potential for developing outgrower schemes as farmers are organized in associations and several private companies operate in the area (Companhia do Vanduzi, Agriza and AusMoz). However, Vanduzi and Agriza indicated that the main problem with this kind of system is the poor quality of the product offered by small farmers. However, promoting farmers associations and enhance their organizational capacity may help overcome the poor quality of produce.

Sussundenga : the district is also located close to the border with Zimbabwe and presents very high slopes (above 5%). It has several areas of conservation value (Tsetsera, Moribane and

41

Chimanimani TFCA) due to the high variety and diversity of habitats and species (Chapter 4). In Tsetsera ( Rotanda Administrative Post) and as in other places of the province agriculture is practiced on high slopes with no appropriate techniques. This is actually the only environmental concern in this area. Farmers have a very good organization with several associations working in close collaboration to each other. The accessibility to the area is relatively good.

The rest of the target districts (Bárue, Gondola and Chimoio) do not present major environmental concerns. However, in all districts PROIRRI should apply appropriate agriculture techniques such as terraces and contour cropping to avoid erosion and promote good management practices of agrochemicals. Accessibility is not a main constrain to any of these areas and the farmers are relatively well organized in association.

8. POTETIAL EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL IMPACTS AD MITIGATIO MEASURES

Since the actual irrigation project sites are as yet unknown, potential impacts described below are general and serve as a guideline for a thorough assessment once the sites have been selected. These were adapted from a guide for environmental and social impact assessment of irrigation and drainage projects by Dougherty et al. (1995). The impact assessment will have to take into account the scope of potential interventions: largescale rice production , Upland irrigation systems, Flatland irrigation systems and Smallholders’ engagement in outgrowers schemes (see section 2.2. for details) . Over and above the proposed mitigation measures, additional mitigation measures, where applicable, will be considered when ESMPs are prepared for sub-projects. Impact assessment has also to take into consideration the possible cumulative impacts by considering other irrigation projects and developments in the area.

8.1. Potential adverse environmental impacts

HYDROLOGY

Low flow regime Changes to the low flow regime may have significant negative impacts on downstream users, whether they abstract water (irrigation schemes, drinking supplies) or use the river for transportation or hydropower. For target areas issues to consider are:

• Minimum demands from both existing and potential future users need to be clearly identified and assessed in relation to current and future low flows; • The quality of low flows according to the Environmental Quality Standards and effluents emission Regulation (Decree 18/2004) is also important; • Return flows are likely to have significant quantities of pollutants. Low flows need to be high enough to ensure sufficient dilution of pollutants discharged from irrigation schemes and other sources such as industry and urban areas. A reduction in the natural river flow together with a discharge of lower quality drainage water can have severe negative impacts on downstream users, including irrigation schemes. • Habitats both within and alongside rivers are particularly rich, often supporting a high diversity of species. Large changes to low flows (±20%) will alter micro-habitats of which wetlands are a special case (this is especially important in Marromeu, Caia and Búzi

42

Districts). It is particularly important to identify any endangered species and determine the impact of any changes on their survival. Such species are often endangered because of their restrictive ecological requirements.

Mitigation measure: integrating low flow release strategies into dam operation protocols or watershed management plans is the best mechanism for mitigating the potential negative impacts of changes to low flows. This can be achieved through the strategic partners namely: ARA- Centro, PPII and the GPZ.

Flood and sediment transport regimes It is important that new irrigation infrastructure does not adversely affect the natural drainage pattern, thus causing localized flooding or altering the hydrologic flux. This is particularly important for places such as Marromeu and Caia where the hydrologic flux is changing. In these places, radically altered flood regimes may have negative impacts thus, the following should be considered:

• Flood waters are important for fisheries both in rivers and particularly in estuaries. Floods trigger spawning and migration and carry nutrients to coastal waters. • Controlled floods may result in a reduction of groundwater recharge via floodplains and a loss of seasonal or permanent wetlands. • Changes to the river morphology may result because of changes to the sediment transport regime of flood waters. This may be either a positive or negative impact, as dams typically interrupt the natural sediment transport regime and can cause downstream scour for many hundreds of kilometers; and • Sediment accumulation in the reservoir can reduce the storage capacity and affect the operational life of the reservoir.

Mitigation measure: as with low flows, the operation of dams offers excellent opportunities to mitigate the potential negative impacts of changes to flood flows and sediment transport. The protection of flood plains may also be a useful measure as they function as groundwater recharge zones and also attenuate peak discharges downstream. These are additional positive functions of wetlands.

Fall of water table Lowering the water table by the provision of drainage to irrigation schemes with high water tables brings benefits to agriculture. However, lowering the groundwater table by only a few meters adversely affects existing users of groundwater whether it is required for drinking water for humans and animals or to sustain plant life. For example, wetlands are particularly affected, especially at dry times of the year. Springs are fed by groundwater and will finally dry up if the level falls. Similarly, normal flows in rivers will be reduced. In all PROIRRI targeted areas about 80% of people use water from wells and boreholes and from surface waters. Thus, any change in the availability of groundwater for drinking water supply needs to be assessed in terms of the economics of viable alternatives. People may be forced to use superficial water sources that carry health risks, particularly guinea worm infection and schistosomiasis.

A number of negative consequences of a falling water table are irreversible and difficult to compensate for example salt water intrusion (already a problem in Búzi) and land subsidence.

Mitigation measure: Ground and surface water abstractions need controlling either by licensing, other legal interventions or economic disincentives.

43

Rise of water table In the long-term, one of the most frequent problems of irrigation schemes is the rise in the local water-table (waterlogging). Low irrigation efficiencies (as low as 20 to 30% in some areas) are one of the main causes of rise of water table. Poor water distribution systems, poor main system management and archaic in-field irrigation practices are the main reason. Ground water rising under capillary action will evaporate, leaving salts in the soil and makes the soil difficult to work and not suitable for some crops. Waterlogging may also imply increased health risks. Most of the visited areas in which irrigation schemes exist the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) is carried out by the farmers with limited supervision by the extension team.

Mitigation measures: good irrigation management, closely matching irrigation demands and supply, can reduce seepage and increase irrigation efficiency, thereby reducing the groundwater recharge. The provision of drainage will alleviate the problem locally but may create problems if the disposal water is of a poor quality. Apart from measures to improve water management, two options to reduce seepage are to line canals in highly permeable areas and to design the irrigation infrastructure to reduce wastage.

WATER AD AIR QUALITY

Solute Dispersion The changing hydrological regime associated with irrigation schemes may alter the capacity of the environment to assimilate water soluble pollution. In particular, reductions in low flows result in increased pollutant concentrations already discharged into the water course either from point sources, such as industry, irrigation drains and urban areas, or from non-point sources, such as agrochemicals leaking into groundwater and soil erosion. Reduced flood flows may remove beneficial flushing, and reservoirs may cause further concentration of pollutants. Where low flows increase, for example as a result of hydropower releases, the effect on solute dispersion is likely to be beneficial, particularly if the solutes are not highly soluble and tend to move with sediments.

Mitigation measures : measures proposed for low flow impacts are also applied to mitigate the impacts of solute dispersion.

Agrochemical pollution A high nutrient level is essential for productive agriculture. Under the PROIRRI irrigable land will increase production of cotton, maize, sesame, sunflower, sorghum, rice, sugar-cane, fruits (bananas and citrus) and vegetables. The use of both natural and chemical fertilizers may result in an excess of nutrients, which can cause problems in water bodies and to health. During the field visit it was observed that agrochemicals are used by 90% of farmers, even though at a small-scale and with controlled application by the extension teams. However, there are some private companies with large-scale commercial agriculture that intensively use agrochemicals in all target areas except Marromeu and Caia. It is most likely that part of the used agrochemicals is usually drained into the surface and groundwater systems, but DPA and DPCA have poor capacity for monitoring/control agrochemicals use. The use of these sources for drinking water supply is at risk due to the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus salts. This run-off of fertilizers and pesticides may lead to eutrophication and upset aquatic biota and ecosystems.

Mitigation measure: Pesticides and chemicals used for agriculture must be assessed and monitored as part of the environmental management process and measures to ensure compliance with the WB OP 4.09 and the National Pesticide Regulation (Ministerial Diploma 153/2002). To

44

achieve this, a general Pest Management Plan (PMP) is presented in Annex VIII and should be strictly follwed.

Anaerobic effects Most anaerobic conditions in water bodies are the result of an over-supply of nutrients, as discussed above, resulting in eutrophication. In reservoirs, anaerobic conditions may occur in deeper areas as organic material on the bed decays in an environment with progressively less oxygen. Anaerobic conditions also occur when water is so polluted as to kill most aquatic life. Anaerobic decomposition should be avoided as it produces gases such as hydrogen sulphid, methane and ammonia all of which are poisonous and some of them (methane) contribute to the greenhouse effect. Methane emission may also arise from large rice paddies such as the ones planned from Búzi (about 2,000 ha were referred), Caia and Marromeu. Considering that a rice paddy may emit between 5 and 100 g/m 2 of methane depending of water and soil conditions, rice varieties used and water management efficiency it can be roughly estimated that, emissions in Búzi developments may vary between 10 8 and 2*10 9 g of methane.

Mitigation measures : Reservoirs should be cleared of organic matter, prior to impoundment to limit anaerobic decomposition of once the dam is filled. Methane and other gases emissions from rice paddies can be reduced by using varieties with low water needs, higher yield per ha thus reducing the extent of waterlogged area. Methane emissions may also be reduced by proper irrigation management.

SOIL PROPERTIES AD SALIITY EFFECTS

Soil salinity and properties The increased use of agrochemicals, needed to retain productivity under intensification, can introduce toxic elements that occur in fertilizers and pesticides. Also, on irrigated lands salinization is the major cause of land being lost to production and is one of the most common adverse environmental impacts associated with irrigation. No major soil salinization problems were observed during the field visit.

The accumulation of salts in soils can lead to irreversible damage to soil structure essential for irrigation and crop production. Effects are most extreme in clay soils where the presence of sodium can bring about soil structural collapse. This makes growing conditions very poor, makes soils very difficult to work and prevents reclamation by leaching using standard techniques. All PROIRRI target areas have clayey soils but Marromeu, Caia, Búzi and Nhamatanda have the heaviest soils with very low permeability in a flat topography. These areas are at risk from salinization as they are difficult to leach.

High water losses through the soil profile will result in useful cations may be washed out from the soil-complex, resulting in a general lowering of pH. This may in turn result in an increased availability/release of heavy metals. Similarly, organic material in the soil may decrease leading to a degradation of soil structure and fertility.

Mitigation measure: careful management can reduce the rate of salinity build up and minimize the effects on crops. Management strategies include: leaching; altering irrigation methods and schedules; installing sub-surface drainage; changing tillage techniques; adjusting crop patterns; and, incorporating soil ameliorates. All such actions, which may be very costly, would require careful study to determine their local suitability.

45

Reducing salt inputs is one way of improving drain water quality. Groundwater drains, either from pipe (tile) drains or deep ditches, carry out the dual task of controlling the water table and through leaching, counteracting the build up of salts in the soil profile. Normally water is applied in excess of the crop water requirement and soluble salts are carried away in the drainage water although in some areas leaching can be achieved during the rainy season. The safe disposal of salts is of prime importance, either to the sea (using dedicated channels if river quality is threatened) or to designated areas such as evaporation ponds where the negative impacts can be contained.

Erosion and sedimentation Upstream erosion may result in the delivery of fertile sediments to delta areas. However, this gain is a measure of the loss of fertility of upstream eroded lands. A major negative impact of erosion and the associated transport of soil particles is the sedimentation of reservoirs and abstraction points downstream, such as irrigation intakes and pumping stations. The increased sediment load is likely to change the river morphology which, together with the increased turbidity, will affect the downstream ecology.

Soil erosion rates are greatest when vegetative cover is reduced and can be 10 to 100 times higher under agriculture compared with other land uses. Moreover, the method of irrigation profoundly affects the vulnerability of the land to erosion. Because irrigated land is wetter, it is less able to absorb rainfall and runoff will therefore be higher. Field size, stream size (drop size), slope and field layout are all difficult to change and all significantly affect erosion rates. The micro- topography of a field will thus be disturbed. Unavoidably, this effect creates disproportionate water distribution over the irrigated field. In addition it might create disputes between water users.

Soil erosion by water is an old problem in Center of Mozambique, especially Manica Province and Gorongosa District in Sofala. The prevalence of mountainous and undulating landscapes, coupled with the expansion of arable farming on steep areas (without appropriate cultivation techniques) due to population pressure have aggravated the soil erosion problem in that region. Soil erosion from uncontrolled mining activity is a serious problem particularly in Manica and Sussundenga districts’ highland areas, threatening the agricultural sector (crop and infrastructure damage) and causing increased sedimentation of reservoirs and streams. Thus, PROIRRI is advised to carefully study and implement agricultural techniques to avoid adding on this problem. Archaic in-field water management practices involving poor cut and fill operations through watercourse embankments can result in serious local erosion at the head end of the irrigated field and in sedimentation at the mid or tail-end locations of the field.

Mitigation measures: there are a wide range of management and design techniques available to minimize and control erosion. Desilting intakes and irrigation canals is often the major annual maintenance cost on irrigation schemes. Both actions can be prevented by erosion control techniques which disperse erosive energy and avoid concentrating it. These are for example: - Providing good vegetative cover to dissipate water energy; - Contour drainage to slow down surface runoff; - Terrace and contour cultivation (land-leveling) and the construction of field bunds; - Careful design of irrigation scheme can avoid the occurrence of erosion problems; - Improved water management practices related to surface irrigation methods (for example by using gates, siphons, checks). - Irrigation infrastructure needs to be designed to ensure that localized erosion, e.g. gully formation, does not occur. Construction activities generally expose soil to erosion. Following the completion of construction work, vegetation should be established around structures so that bare soil is not exposed to erosive forces.

46

Hinterland effect The development of irrigation schemes in developing countries is often associated with an increase in intensity of human activity in areas surrounding the scheme. This may be due to people moving into the area as a result of the increased economic activity or may be carried out by farmers and their families who are directly engaged in irrigation activities. In either case typical activities are: more intensive rain fed agriculture; an increase in the number of livestock; and, greater use of forests, particularly for fuel wood. All these activities are liable to increase erosion in the area by decreasing vegetative cover which will have a detrimental effect on the local fertility and ecology as well as contribute to sediment related problems.

Clearing higher non-irrigated parts of the catchment can result in a rising downstream water table. In areas where the groundwater is saline the higher recharge may cause higher salinity levels in the rivers and cause pressure levels in the lower irrigated areas to rise thus impeding leaching.

Mitigation measures: mitigating actions can be put in place relatively easily with forethought as to problems that might arise. Some of the actions are: - Planting deeper rooting crops and trees in the higher lands; - Allowance should be made for livestock, fuel wood or vegetable gardens within the layout of an irrigation scheme; - Alternatively, protection of vulnerable areas maybe necessary.

River morphology Reductions in low flows and flood flows may significantly alter the river morphology, reducing the capacity to transport sediment and thereby causing a build up of sediments in slower moving reaches and possibly a shrinking of the main channel. Increasing flows will have the reverse effect. Where the sediment balance changes over a short distance, perhaps due to a reservoir or the flushing of a sediment control structure, major changes to the local river morphology are likely to occur. The release of clear water from reservoirs may result in scour and a general lowering of the bed level immediately downstream of the dam, the reverse of the effect that might be expected with a general reduction in flows. Changes to the river morphology may effect downstream uses, in particular navigation and abstraction for drinking, industry and irrigation. The river ecology may also be adversely affected.

Mitigation measures: changes to the sediment transport regime caused by dams or check dams are very difficult to mitigate. One possible technique is to periodically flush the reservoir by opening a bottom gate (this gate must be installed during construction such that its invert is close to the original invert of the stream channel, e.g., the lowest point of the channel) and allowing the accumulated sediment to wash out. This is best done on a regular basis and with flows sufficient to distribute the sediment fairly evenly downstream. If done irregularly, the released sediment can choke the channel, reducing channel capacity and causing localized flooding.

The most important mitigation measure is to determine a minimum flow (often termed an “environmental flow” or “ecological flow”), and assure that this minimum flow is maintained, especially during seasonal low flow periods. There are a number of methods for determining the minimum ecological flow, but many of these are simplistic. A recommended approach is the “holistic Instream Flow Need (IFNs)” developed by Anderson et al. 2006 or the Scenario Based Holistic Approach to Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers (King et al. , 2003).

Flushing the sediment and maintaining a functional minimum flow will in combination mitigate the adverse impacts to the sediment transport, hydrologic and hydraulic regimes of the affected river or stream.

47

Channel structures The susceptibility of channel structures to damage is strongly related to changes in channel morphology and changes in sediment regime. Increased suspended sediment will cause problems at intake structures in the form of siltation as well as pump and filtration operation. Abstraction structures may become clogged with sediment or left some distance from the water. Degradation of the river bed is likely to threaten the structural integrity of hydraulic structures (intakes, headworks, flood protection etc.) and bridges. In fact, this is already happening in Xinhadombe area (Manica district) as a result of uncontrolled gold mining (referred in Chapter 7).

Mitigation measures: the best mitigation measure is to maintain the river’s pre-existing hydrologic, hydraulic and sediment transport regimes as described above.

Sedimentation Irrigation schemes can fail if the sediment load of the water supply is higher than the capacity of the irrigation canals to transport sediment.

Sedimentation is already a disturbing problem for all the visited areas. Some reservoirs are filled with sediment within two to three years i.e. a much less time than from their economic life (20 to 25 years). Sedimentation from within the scheme itself can also be a problem, for example, wind- blown soil filling canals. In all visited areas, farmers need to clear canals form sediments every year.

Reservoir siltation shortens the active life of the reservoir and must be given careful consideration at the design stage. The increase in erosion due to the economic activity prompted by the reservoir and its access roads needs to be taken into account. Upstream erosion prevention, particularly within the project’s catchment is an important consideration of an EIA. However, this may not be sufficient to significantly reduce reservoir sedimentation, especially in view of the time delay between soil conservation activities and a reduction in river sediment loads.

Mitigation measures: Canal desilting is an extremely costly element of irrigation maintenance and design measures should minimize sediment entry. Soil erosion measures on a watershed wide basis are the recommended best management practice. This should include basic agricultural techniques including contour farming, and crop rotation. Additional methods include maintaining grassed swales (elephant and vetiver grass are being used in the region) in areas where runoff concentrates, maintaining brush or forest buffers along all stream courses of all types (e.g., channels or swales with ephemeral, intermittent or perennial flow). Special attention should be given to preventing rill/gully formation as this is a major slope process that produces significant sediment. If rills of gullies are present such as in Manica and Sussundenga districts, then measures to combat or eradicate should be implemented. The US Department of Agriculture provides extensive guidance in the form of manuals and reports to address rill and gully prevention and remediation. Sediment excluders/extractors at the headworks can mitigate the overload of sediment in supplied water.

BIOLOGICAL AD ECOLOGICAL CHAGES

The main impacts associated with irrigation projects are a consequence of the change of land and water uses in the project area but effects on the land around the project and on aquatic ecosystems that share the catchment are also likely. The overall habitat as well as individual groups (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects etc.) and species need to be considered. Rare and endangered species are often highly adapted to habitats with very narrow ranges of environmental

48

gradients. Such habitats may not be of obvious economic value to man and therefore current knowledge of the biota may be poor and a special study may be required.

Under the PROIRRI, environmentally sensitive areas such as Marromeu, Caia, Búzi and Gorongosa should be considered as important ecological areas. Gorongosa lowlands are directly linked with highlands in the Gorongosa Mountain as explained before (Chapter 7), while Marromeu and Caia are both wetlands on the Zambezi Delta. In 2003 the GoM signed Marromeu as a Ramsar Site because of its wetland characteristic and high diversity of plant and animal species. Caia and Búzi also have large areas of wetlands. Wetlands usually support a wide range of species and are particularly important for water fowl and as staging areas for migrating birds. Also wetlands contribute as buffer to reduce flood peaks, as low-cost water purification system and as a protection from coastal erosion. These places also have specialized and important habitats providing grazing for cattle and wildlife and vital spawning grounds for many fish species. Flood flows trigger migration and breeding in a large number of species. This high environmental and socio-economic value of wetlands makes their study and preservation of key importance in an EIA.

The consumption of water for irrigated agriculture and the reduced quality of return flows is likely to adversely impact on downstream ecosystems. Reduced flows, increased salt concentrations, lower oxygen levels, higher water temperatures and increased pollution and silt loads all tend to favor vigorous, tolerant species (aquatic weeds). The demands of different ecotypes will change through the year both in quantity and quality.

It is important to consider the biological and ecological changes that may occur in the surrounding areas of irrigation schemes. Irrigation may have positive impacts by for example settling migrant slash and burn farmers or a negative impact by for example raising the demand for fuel wood due to increases in local populations (see impacts on soils).

Mitigation measures: The creation of compensation areas or habitat enhancement within and/or outside the irrigation command area may be useful mitigation measures where the natural habitat change is assessed as detrimental, likely in Marromeu and Gorongosa. The creation of reservoirs and channels provides the possibility of enhanced aquatic habitats. In particular, reservoirs and channels offer the opportunity of pisciculture and aquaculture and favorable habitats for water fowl, both permanent and migrating, but may also offer favorable habitats for disease transmitting insects and snails. Bird sanctuaries and wildlife parks can be created around reservoirs.

8.2. Potential adverse socioeconomic impacts

The major purpose of irrigated agriculture is to increase agricultural production and consequently improve the economic and social well-being of the area of the project. Although irrigation schemes usually achieve this objective, changing land use patterns are a common cause of problems. The failure to recognize people as partners in the planning and implementation processes is a major characteristic of irrigation and drainage development projects. The impacts and mitigation measures presented below should be assessed together with the Resettlement framework Policy (RPF) which provides quantification and strategies to deal with some impacts.

Impacts on land rights Modern water development schemes have often become arenas of multiple conflicts, of which the following are worth noting: a) there is conflict among water users over water allocation, land rights, or maintenance issues; b) conflict may arise between users and the authority responsible for the project over inappropriate design of infrastructure, peasant relocations, water charges, or

49

management issues; c) conflict between project beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries is often inevitable. The latter often question the justice of being excluded from the benefits of water projects. Indeed, project beneficiaries are frequently considered enjoying special privileges that are denied other households without any justification; and d) finally, there is conflict between donor agencies and the recipient country over design, management, environmental impact, and financial issues.

Small plots, communal land-use rights, and conflicting traditional and legal land rights all create difficulties when land is converted to irrigate agriculture. Land tenure/ownership patterns are almost certain to be disrupted by major rehabilitation work as well as a new irrigation projects. Access improvements and changes to the infrastructure are likely to require some field layout changes and a loss of some cultivated land. Although this is not likely to occur in PROIRRI target areas it may imply “losers” tailored compensations best designed with local participation (See RPF).

Mitigation measures : user participation at the planning and design stages of both new schemes and the rehabilitation of existing schemes, as well as the provision of extension, marketing and credit services, can minimize negative impacts and maximize positive ones. Consultations with local communities and the assistance of NGOs can also greatly minimize adverse socio-economic impacts. The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) that is part of the RPF should be followed whenever necessary.

Population change Irrigation projects tend to encourage population densities to increase either because they are part of a resettlement project or because the increased prosperity of the area attracts incomers. Major changes should be anticipated and provided for at the project planning stage through, for example, sufficient infrastructure provision. Impacts resulting from changes to the demographic/ethnic composition should also be considered.

Income generation In general the demand driven approach of PROIRRI will promote income generation. However, some socio-economic problems may reduce the income generating capacity of irrigation schemes including:

• The social organization of irrigation operation and maintenance (O&M): who will carry out the work (both operation and maintenance); when will irrigation take place (rotation schedules); how will fair delivery be determined (communication and measurement). Poor O&M contributes significantly to long-term salinity and water-logging problems and needs to be adequately planned at the design stage. • Reduced farming flexibility. Irrigation may only be viable with high-value crops thus reducing activities such as grazing animals, operating woodlots; • Insufficient external supports such as markets, agro-chemical inputs, extension and credit facilities; • Increased inequity in opportunity, often as a result of changing land-use or water use patterns. • Changing labor patterns that make labor-intensive irrigation unattractive.

Mitigation measures : Improved planning, with user involvement, has the potential to reduce if not remove the above problems for both new and rehabilitation projects. Extension services, with training and education, also offer much scope to improve the income and amenity of irrigation schemes.

50

Human migration Large, new irrigation schemes attract temporary populations both during construction and during peak periods of agricultural labor demands and provision for their accommodation needs to be anticipated. The problems of displacement during project construction or rehabilitation can usually be solved by providing short-term support.

Human health Dams and impoundments can create a variety of health risks, in part because of ecological change (mosquito and snail propagation along shallow shorelines, associated with aquatic weeds) and in part because of demographic changes.

Mitigation measures : Depending on the ecological requirements of local vector species any of a range of interventions may be successfully applied; periodic reservoir fluctuation, steepening of the shorelines, controlling aquatic weeds, and siting settlements away from the reservoir.

Cultural property New irrigation schemes should avoid destroying and/or downgrading sites of value whether that value is aesthetic, historical, religious, mineral, archaeological or recreational. A change in water table, associated with well-established schemes, can threaten buildings.

Mitigation measures: appropriate measures (Chance Finds Approach) for prevention and protection of cultural property during civil works will be implemented as part of the EMP.

Issues related to involuntary resettlement The exact numbers of project affected people, the degree of impact on the families’ livelihoods (their losses, ownership status, tenancy status etc.) are not determined yet and must be done during the process of developing the RAP . However, acquisition of land for the rehabilitation/construction of irrigation infrastructure, pumping stations and access roads may affect an estimated 3,000 households, without, however, physical displacement. At this stage, and according to the DNSA, the GoM is not intending to bring in farmers from outside the scheme, and the decision as to whether or not allocate land to private investors is not defined. The creation of Irrigation Organizations (IOs) might or might not necessitate the restructuring and consolidation of the land.

If no land is allocated to outside farmers and to private investors, then the impact on farm sizes will not be significant. If, to the contrary, outside farmers and/or private investors are brought in, then the size of the farms will be significantly reduced and will be considered as a dispossession. In this case, perhaps more than 1,000 households might be affected.

Mitigation measures: the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) outlines the mechanism and tools for addressing the potential scope of resettlement and land acquisition outlined above. RAPs will be required for PROIRRI investments that affect 200 people or more, otherwise an ARAP will be sufficient as is explained in detail in the RPF.

Gender issues Changing land use patterns and work loads resulting from the introduction or formalizing of irrigation are likely to affect men and women, ethnic groups and social classes unequally. Historically and due to cultural habits it has been men from the more powerful and settled group that have had the greatest access to benefits and increased income from irrigated agriculture. Women, migrant groups and poorer social classes have often lost access to resources and gained

51

increased work loads. Conversely, the increased income and improved nutrition from irrigated agriculture benefit women and children in particular.

Mitigation measures : inclusion of disadvantaged groups (women, youth, and minor ethnic groups) into the all (planning and implementation) process may be time-consuming but should be considered an important aspect of the ESIA since PROIRRI gives emphasis to local communities organizations and in most of them men dominate the decision-making process. Gender issues are also required to be considered by OP 4.01 and OP 4.12 . The RPF also gives strategies to deal with gender issues in the PROIRRI areas such as for example Resettlement Committees that are gender balanced.

Regional effects As with ecological impacts, the socio-economic impacts from irrigation projects will be significant outside the project area. New project will both place demands on the region (marketing, migration, physical infrastructure) and contribute to regional development. For irrigation schemes to be economically viable they need to complement other activities in the region and the EIA should consider the effects of any other development may have adversely affect irrigation schemes by competing for water and reducing the quality of water available.

Mitigation measures : a regional planning is essential to minimize conflicts and coordinate development.

8.3. Potential positive impacts

Reduced flood and drought vulnerability Uncontrolled floods can cause tremendous damage and flood control is therefore often an added social and environmental benefit of reservoirs built to supply irrigation water.

To guarantee this positive impact it is necessary to maintain and manage efficiently the infrastructures and the whole system.

Increase in agriculture productivity Increased water availability all year round and use of agro-chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) will contribute to improved crop productivity.

To achieve this impact it is suggested to promote better agriculture techniques such as contour crops and terraces in all PROIRRI target areas, especially those in slopes. The use of pesticides should follow the best practices according to OP 4.09 (see Chapter 5).

Reduced deforestation. Improved crop production will likely settle the farmers, which will reduce the need for new crop areas and thus deforestation. This is important in all PROIRRI areas but with emphasis in Gorongosa, Gondola and Sussundenga where high levels of deforestation were observed.

This effect will be accomplished as farmers realize the benefits of permanent cultivation plots and efficiently manage and operate the irrigation scheme.

Improved livelihoods

52

PROIRRI is a demand-driven Project based on rehabilitation and/or construction of new irrigation schemes and access roads. Thus one of the potential positive impacts is income generation and reduced food insecurity in the region.

9. GUIDELIES FOR SUBPROJECT PREPARATIO, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AD MOITORIG

This chapter describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social potential impacts are adequately addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by PROIRRI for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of sub- projects.

As stated in Chapter 5, PROIRRI is a category B project and thus most of the sub-projects will fall within this category. However, the consultant recommends PROIRRI to avoid sensitive areas and observe the 350 ha threshold to ensure that sub-projects stay within category B. To safeguard environmental and social components in this section the consultant recommends procedures for small-scale and medium-scale sub-projects separately.

9.1. Project identification and preparation

9.1.1. Smallscale subprojects

The main focus of the project will be at the district level and project planning will be integrated into the annual district development planning process. The District Consultative Committee (DCC) has a key role in assisting the district administration to develop district plans which are approved at the Provincial level.

The proposed project is demand-driven so it will be the communities themselves who will identify sub-projects for implementation together with contact farmers and/or trained extension workers. The service provider hired to implement the PROIRRI will help the extension teams and communities in preparing their sub-projects applications to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. They will use the ESMF checklist (see Annex II) together with information on typical sub-projects impacts and mitigation measures (see Annex III Resource Sheets). The aim of the checklist is to assist communities and extension teams in identifying potential impacts based on field investigations. The Resource Sheets provide advice on how to avoid or minimize them and cover a range of possible sub-projects namely:

• Small Dams and Reservoirs • Small Irrigation Schemes • Rural Roads • Food Processing • Buildings (especially markets and grain storage facilities) • Electric Energy

Project preparation teams must bear in mind that these lists are not exhaustive and thus, should be open minded to other impacts and mitigation measures that may arise during project preparation.

The checklist contains a certification by the community and extension team that the application includes all measures required to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts.

53

The sub-projects application identifies the potential impacts of the sub-projects, describes the measures built into the sub-projects to address these impacts and annexes the completed checklist. For some sub-projects, mitigation measures and implementation of these measures will need to be specified in more detail in the ESMPs and this should be presented as an annex to the application. Training will be provided to extension teams and communities to adequately addressing these situations when preparing their applications. There may, however, be situations where the advice of DPCA or PROIRRI-funded technical assistance, is required. These include:

1. Land must be acquired for a sub-project or someone's access to resources they are accustomed to use is restricted or denied: The need for a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) must be determined and, if needed, prepared according to procedures detailed in the RPF Document. 2. A sub-project will involve the use of pesticides: a Pest Management Plan (PMP) will be prepared in line with Annex VIII for the PROIRRI areas that will cover PMP needs for sub- projects that trigger the policy i.e. all subprojects with PMP requirements will draw from the main PMP.

In case additional planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP, and PMP) must also be prepared together with the sub-project application, sub-project cannot be finally approved and funded until such reports are received, approved and disclosed.

Wherever possible communities and extension teams should attempt to avoid the need for special planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP or PMP) since they require extra resources to prepare and this may require amendments to the sub-project design. Nevertheless, in the event of communities and extension teams identifying good sub-projects that will significantly contribute to local development these additional studies must be carried out and reports prepared. In these cases, DCC must confirm the need and the service provider contracted to implement the PROIRRI must assure the necessary technical and financial resources to carry out the work.

9.1.2. Mediumscale subprojects

Under the proposed PROIRRI arrangements and the EIA regulation (Decree 45/2004), the DNSA/MINAG will be responsible for preparation of the SEIA for medium-scale sub-projects. They will most probably procure the services of an environmental consulting firm to prepare the ESIA.

The format for the SEIA will follow the requirements under the Decree 45/2004 and the OP 4.01 requirements. In addition, medium-scale sub-projects that also require the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) or an Abbreviated RAP (ARAP) should refer to the RPF for clear guidelines.

The Terms of Reference (ToR) for a SEIA of irrigation and drainage projects is attached as Annex I.

9.2. Appraisal and Approval of subprojects application

9.2.1 Smallscale subprojects

The completed ESMF checklists along with any additional planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP or PMP) are forwarded together with the overall application to the review authority – SDAE and SDPI. These institutions may require consultation with relevant technical personnel and must be

54

trained in proposal evaluation and environmental screening. In the present situation SDAE and SDPI in all PROIRRI target areas also needs human resources to carry out any environmental activity.

The first step in the approval process is a desk appraisal to determine if all the relevant information has been provided, and if it is adequate. SDPI/SDAE will then determine if it is satisfied that the community and extension team have thoroughly considered all environmental and social issues with regards to the identification of potential adverse effects arising from the sub-project as well as mitigating measures to adequately address negative impacts. If required, DPCA or PROIRRI-funded technical assistance may assist in this process. If the desk appraisal indicates that the proposed sub-project may have environmental or social concerns that are not adequately addressed in the application, or if the application meets certain criteria (see Table 6), the review authority requires a field appraisal before the application can be considered further. An example of a format for a field appraisal report is provided in (Annex IV).

Table 6. Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal Criteria Field Appraisal 1. Land must be acquired for a sub-project, an Determines the scale and level of impact. An individual or community's access to land or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) may then be available resources is restricted or lost, or an required according to procedures detailed in RPF individual or family is displaced Document. 2. A sub-project may-affect a protected area or a Determines if the sub-project will adequately natural habitat avoid adverse effects on the protected area or natural habitat, as provided for in Chapter 10 of the ESMF 3. A sub-project may have an impact on A field appraisal determines the scale and level of ecologically sensitive ecosystems (e.g. of impact impact. The application may need to be revised to wetland in Marromeu or montane forests in describe how the sub-project will avoid or Sussundenga or Gorongosa) minimize adverse impacts to ecologically sensitive areas. This may require a distinct Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as outlined in chapter 10 of the ESMF 4. A sub-project will involve or introduce the use A field appraisal determines the scale and level of of pesticides the concerns. If needed, a Pest Management Plan is prepared according to the requirements of Chapter 10 of the ESMF. 5. A sub-project may involve, or result in: A field appraisal determines the scale and * Diversion or use of surface waters; potential adverse effects, and may include an * Production of waste (e.g slaughterhouse waste); ESMP as outlined Chapter 10 of the ESMF. * New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage * Small dams, weirs, reservoirs, wells, or water points. ote: these criteria should be updated based on field experience in implementing sub projects .

Based on the desk appraisal and, if needed, the field appraisal, SDPI/SDAE refers the application to an approval authority – Provincial Review Panel (PRP) - with recommendations for approval conditions and implementation supervision (e.g. erosion control, waste management, human safety). For most of the sub-projects under the PROIRRI final approval will be taken by the PRP of which the project’s coordination team (PCT) is part. PRP must finally submit the proposal to MICOA for the issuing of an environmental license.

55

9.2.2. Mediumscale subprojects

Under the implementation arrangements for PROIRRI and the EIA regulation in Mozambique, DNSA will submit the SEIA to DPCA/MICOA for review and approval. DPCA will coordinate with the DNA, ARAs, DPOH, DPEE and DPAs on any technical questions regarding the design and potential environmental and social issues related to the sub-projects. In regards to specific land use issues, DPCA will consult with the DPA how to address potential displacement and resettlement of project affected parties (this is discussed in more detail in the RPF). DPCA will then grant an Environmental License or reject the ESIA and request for more information.

As emphasized in the World Bank’s safeguard policies, projects financed by the World Bank cannot be approved and funded until ESIA (and RAPs) are also received and approved by the Bank, and then disclosed.

9.3. Disclosure of subprojects information

In compliance with World Bank guidelines, before a sub-project is approved, the applicable documents (SEIA, ESMP and/or RAP) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. at a local government office, at the DNAIA/DPCA/SDPI), and in a form, manner, and language they can understand. They must also be forwarded to the Bank for disclosure at the Public Information Center in Maputo.

9.4. Annual Monitoring Reports and review

Monitoring of the compliance of project implementation with the mitigation measures set out in its ESMP, PMP and/or RAP will be carried out jointly by communities, extension teams and assisted by a service provider responsible for implementing the PROIRRI. District authorities (SDPI) should supervise the monitoring activities and are required to report annually on sub- project activities during the preceding year. The information to be included in these annual reports to capture experience with implementation of the ESMF procedures is shown in Annex V. PROIRRI-funded technical assistance may assist in this process. An annual monitoring report must be submitted to the PCT and the WB by the district authorities. Monitoring of Category A sub-project should be the entire responsibility of DNSA, through most probably a consultant firm.

Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of activities to verify that measures identified in the ESMP, PMP and/or RAP are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the normal tasks of a supervising engineer whose task is to ensure that the Contractor is achieving the required standards and quality of work. MICOA, through DPCA and DNAIA (or a consultant) will have the responsibility of conducting the environmental inspection. An annual inspection report must be submitted (together with the monitoring report) to the DNSA and WB for review and approval.

Annual reviews may be carried out by an independent local consultant, NGO or other service provider that is not otherwise involved with PROIRRI. Annual review should evaluate the annual monitoring report from district authorities and the annual inspection report from DPCA/DNAIA. The purpose of the reviews is two-fold:

1. To assess compliance with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future ESMF performance; 2. To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to project-funded and other development activities.

56

The annual reviews will be a principal source of information to PCT for improving performance, and to Bank supervision missions. Thus, they should be undertaken after the annual report on monitoring has been prepared and before Bank supervision of the project. Guidance on undertaking annual reviews is provided Annex VII of this ESMF.

9.5. Environmental and Social Audit

An independently-commissioned environmental and social audit will be carried out on a tri- annual basis. The audit team will report to the DNSA and the World Bank, who will lead the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. An audit is necessary to ensure (i) that the ESMF process is being implemented appropriately, and (ii) that mitigation measures are being identified and implemented. The audit will be able to identify any amendments in the ESMF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness.

An Audit Report will include: • A summary of the environmental performance of the PROIRRI, based on the ESMPs; • A presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the sub-projects ESMPs; • A synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual sub-projects monitoring measures (as set out in the sub-project ESMPs).

The main tasks of the audit study will be: • Consideration of the description of the project; • Indicate the objective, scope and criteria of the audit; • Verify the level of compliance by the proponent with the conditions of the ESMP; • Evaluate the proponent’s knowledge and awareness of and responsibility for the application of relevant legislation; • Review existing project documentation related to all infrastructure facilities and designs; • Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and corrective actions in case of emergencies; • Examine records of incidents and accidents and the likelihood of future occurrence of the incidents and accidents; • Inspect all buildings, premises and yards in which manufacturing, testing and transportation takes place within and without the project area, as well as areas where goods are stored and disposed of and give a record of all significant environmental risks associated with such activities; • Examine and seek views on health and safety issues from the project employees, the local and other potentially affected communities; and • Prepare a list of health and environmental concerns of past and on-going activities.

9.6. Summary of preparation, appraisal, approval and implementation procedures

In summary process for sub-projects identification, preparation, evaluation, approval and monitoring is presented in Figure 5.

57

ACTIVITY RESPOSIBILITY

Service Provider jointly with DCC assist on Sub-project identification, extension teams, IOs and project preparation and submission farmers associations identification

Assisted by DPCA ou

SDAE/SDPI PROIRRI funded Sub-project review and pre-approval technical assistance

Sub-project approval and pre- PRP/PCT categorization

World Bank approval and public disclosure procedures

Final sub-project review and approval DPCA for both category B (Environmental License) and C

Service Provider jointly with Project implementation and extension teams, IOs and monitoring farmers associations

Assisted by DPCA or PROIRRI funded SDPI/SDAE Supervision and annual monitoring technical assistance report

DPCA Annual Inspection for category B and C sub-projects.

Annual monitoring report review WB and PCT and approval

independently-commissioned tri -annual auditing

Figure 5. Proposed flow for subprojects identification, submission, evaluation and monitoring.

58

There are two basic scenarios for small-scale sub-projects preparation and approval with regards to environmental screening:

Scenario 1: The environmental checklist does not trigger any additional environmental management measures.

Scenario 2: The environmental checklist triggers the need for additional environmental measures [ESMP/PMP/(A)RAP] and communities/extensions workers to prepare these (with technical assistance if required).

In all cases appraisal involve the SDAE and SDPI at the district level and final approval involve PRP/PCT. PCT will also ensure that all sub-projects implementation are in compliance with Mozambican EIA Regulations (See Section 6.2). In some sub-projects relevant government agencies must provide inputs for the appraisal (Table 7) and approval process.

Table 7. Government agencies to be involved on a case by case Subprojects Agency involved Rural roads District Administration Dams DPOPH Irrigation ARAs/DPA/SDAE Land acquistiton DNTF Water Abstration ARA-Zambeze/ARA-centro Pest management DNSA/DPA Electric Energy DNEE/DPEE

It cannot be emphasized sufficiently that the successful incorporation of environmental safeguards are contingent upon three fundamental prerequisites:

1. The preparation, appraisal and approval process detailed in the ESMF must be an integral part of the PROIRRI’s Operations Manual.

2. Training, capacity building and technical assistance must be provided at all levels from the community level to project management level.

3. Annual and mid-term review must fully evaluate compliance with the ESMF and the Operations Manual.

Failure to comply with these prerequisites will result in environmental management procedures being sidelined or overlooked.

10. GUIDELIES FOR EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL MAAGEMET PLA AD MOITORIG REQUIREMETS

This chapter of the ESMF describes the additional management actions that may be required as determined by the checklist and the OPs that are triggered by this project.

The additional management actions may include the preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), Pesticide Management Plans (PMPs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs).

59

Since the PROIRRI’s exact target areas and detailed activities are not known yet the following section (and Annex VII) only present guidelines for the design of a comprehensive ESMP. Annex VIII presents a detailed PMP that should be strictly adopted by sub-projects but should be adjusted to the particular situation of each site.

10.1. Environmental and Social Management

The environment is broadly defined to include the natural environment (air, water, soil, land and the associated fauna and flora), and human health and safety. In the case that a sub-project is of Category A (according to the Decree 45/2004) or the checklist indicates that more explicit impact mitigation measures are required for a sub-project, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is required. For guidance the contents of a typical ESMP are given in Annex VII.

The ESMP should meet the requirements for a sub-project and be easy to use. There is no standard format or length. For many small and medium-scale sub-projects, it may be no more than a few paragraphs or perhaps just a table. On sub-projects with more significant environmental concerns (e.g. rehabilitation of a road that passes through a wetland), a more substantive ESMP may be warranted to highlight its importance and in this case technical assistance may be required to prepare the ESMP.

The basic elements of an ESMP are: • A description of the possible adverse effects that the ESMP is intended to deal with; • Addresses the requirements of OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; • A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented; • A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the project both positive and negative; • A description of who will be responsible for implementing the EMP; and • A cost estimate and source of funds.

The service provider implementing the PROIRRI together with the extension team will prepare the ESMP, but communities should participate in preparing the ESMP since local knowledge is important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation of practical mitigation measures. It is especially important where the success of an ESMP depends on community support and action, both in implementing mitigation measures and in monitoring their success.

10.2. Pest Management

Pest management issues can be raised on a variety of agriculture sub-projects such as: • New land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area; • Expansion of agricultural activities into new areas; • Diversification into new agricultural crops, particularly if these tend to receive high usage of pesticide - e.g. cotton, sugar cane, vegetables and rice; • Intensification of existing low-technology agriculture systems; • As indicated in Chapter 5 the Bank supports strategies that promotes integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The purchase of pesticides may be permitted when their use is justified under an IPM approach.

60

• In addition to agricultural insect pests and plant diseases, pests also include weeds, birds, rodents, and human or livestock disease vectors.

Mozambican regulation on pesticides and OP 4.09 conforms to the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and FAO. There are no specific policies with regards to pest management and crop protection in the context of IPM approaches in Mozambique. Research into plant health and to a certain extent IPM approaches are carried out by IIAM (National Agrarian Research Institute) and Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry (FAEF) of Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM). Under these agencies research in IPM will continue and the knowledge passed on to extension services. Currently IPM approaches in PROIRRI target areas are at an early stage with reliance more the use of conventional pesticides.

Major problems in the targeted areas regarding the use of pesticides : * Excessive or inadequate use, which may result in problems for the human health and the environment, especially the contamination of soils. Signs of soil contamination/depletion were observed in Gondola (Quinta das Laranjeiras), where the farmers association is no longer able to cultivate the assigned area. Here soil salt accumulation was also observed; * Use of out-of-date pesticides (observed in most of areas); * Use of non-authorized and/or non-labeled pesticides or the re-packaging of pesticides; * Application without the adequate equipment, with an increase of the risk of contamination; * Use of empty pesticide's packages, washed in rivers and leading to their contamination. * No adequate monitoring of pesticides use and handling is carried out.

If pest management issues are raised by sub-projects interventions as outlined above a PMP must be adopted. As capacity to prepare PMPs is weak at the District level, the PMP is given in Annex VIII.

The PMP minimizes reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, and promote the use of biological or environmental pest control methods, such as integrated pest management (IPM) based on prevention, surveillance and monitoring, and ultimately intervention in accordance with OP 4.09 (see Chapter 5). PROIRRI strategic partners such as private companies (Vanduzi, Agriza and Ausmoz) may contribute for the development of IPMs, especially for those involved in outgrowers schemes.

10.3. Involuntary resettlement

The World Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12) applies to all land acquisition and any changes in access to resources due to a sub-project are described in Chapter 5. The Bank's policy requires a full Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) if over 200 people must be relocated or if these people are not physically displaced but lose over 10% of their assets due to the project. If the impact is less than this an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan should be prepared instead. A separate Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared and must be used in conjunction with this document. In addition the Environmental and Social Checklist (Annex II) indicates when a RAP is needed.

11. TRAIIG AD CAPACITY BUILDIG REQUIREMETS

This section outlines the types of training and capacity building that is required to support implementation of this ESMF. These recommendations result from observation and discussions

61

made during field visits carried out as part of the preparation of this ESMF. Training and capacity building is the key to the successful implementation of the ESMF.

11.1. Institutional Capacity Assessment

Institutional capacity to address environmental and social management issues, and consequently to implement most of the measures outlined in this ESMF, is considered weak. Although most agencies have some experience in environmental management they have limited capacity especially the DPCAs, SDAEs and SDPIs and require some form of capacity building.

Generally Mozambique has good environmental laws and regulations but the capacity to enforce them is weak across all sectors.

11.2. Proposed Training and Awareness Programs

In order to successfully implement the guidelines and recommendations in the ESMF, it is important to ensure that target groups and stakeholders who play a role in implementing the ESMF are provided with the appropriate training and awareness provisions. These include:

Central Level project management: • Steering Committee • Project Coordination Team

Provincial level project management: • Provincial Review Panel • Provincial Services for Agricultural Services (DPA) • Provincial Directorate for Environmental Coordination (DPCA) • Provincial Directorate for Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) • Provincial Directorate of Mining and Energy (DPME)

District level project management: • District Services of economic Activities (SDAE) • District Services of Patrimony and Infrastructures (SDPI) • District Consultative Council (DCC)

Local level project implementation: • Extension workers • Contact farmers • Service providers (NGOs or other) • IOs, farmers associations and leaders

These stakeholders have different training needs in terms of raised awareness, sensitization to the issues, and detailed technical training:

• Awareness -raising in which the participants acknowledge the significance or relevance of the issues, but are not required to have technical or in-depth knowledge of the issues; • Sensitization in which the trainees become familiar with the issues to a sufficient extent that allows them to demand their precise requirements for further technical assistance; and

62

• Indepth technical training to a level that allows trainees to go on to train others, including technical procedures and take action;.

The objective of the training under this ESMF is to:

• Support representatives and leaders of community groups and associations to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of their sub-projects; • Ensure that provincial and district government officials are able to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of sub-projects; and • Strengthen local NGOs and extension teams to provide technical support [including basic ESMPs, (A)RAPs, and PMPs] to communities in preparing their sub-projects.

Table 8 sets out the general training requirements of each of the groups and Table 9 presents details of the training to be carried out and the chronological order of training. For each training session, the value of inviting participation of other stakeholders, such as those from local authorities and the local private sector, should be considered.

Table 8. Training and sensitization requirements Training component Central Central management level project Provincial level management project District management level project Extension workers/contact farmers/GOs IOs/farmers associations/leaders Integrating Environmental and Social T T S A - Management into Development Planning Linkages between environmental, social and A T T S S natural resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods EA legislation and relevant environmental A A T S A policies (national and international) ESIA procedures and methods for impact A T T S S assessment and monitoring Potential impacts of sub-projects and suitable A A T T T mitigation measures Addressing land acquisition and access to A T T T S resources through resettlement planning and compensation Participatory Public Consultation T T S S A Use of this ESMF, its procedures, resources A T T T T and forms (including the PMP) Methods of community involvement A A T T A Inter-community lesson-learning and review A A T S - Legend: T =Technical training, S =Sensitization, A = Awarenessraising

63

Table 9. Proposed specific training packages and timing Target audience Training component Length Timing Central PM In-depth training in 1 day Quarterly for integrating environmental 3 years to management into developing update planning and Public consultation Awareness on EIA 1 day One-off at procedures, legislation, use PROIRRI of this ESMF, potential kick-off impacts, community involvement, Linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods and land and resources acquisition Provincial PM In-depth training in 3 days in each One per year Integrating Environmental province during three Management into years Development Planning (tailored to each province’s situation), Linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods, land and resources acquisition; EIA procedures, Public Consultation and Use of this ESMF.

Awareness in environmental 1 day in each One-off at the legislation, potential impacts province PROIRRI and community involvement kick-off and one refresher in the middle District level PM In-depth training in Linkages 3 days in each One per year between environmental, province during three social and natural resource years management and sustainable rural livelihoods, EIA procedures, legislation, use of this ESMF, potential impacts, land acquisition and community involvement;

64

Sensitization in Integrating 1 day in each Once at the Environmental Management province kick-off of into Development Planning PROIRRI and and public consultation a refresher in the middle Extension workers/Contact In-depth training on potential 3 days in each One per year Farmers/NGOs impacts, ESMF district during three implementation, land years acquisition and community involvement Sensitization in EIA 1 day in each Once at the procedures, legislation, province kick-off of Linkages between PROIRRI and environmental, social and a refresher in natural resource management the middle and sustainable rural livelihoods and public consultation IOs/farmers In-depth training on potential 3-days in each One per year associations/Leaders impacts and use this ESMF district during three years Awareness in legislation, 1 day in each once at the public consultation and district kick-off of community involvement; PROIRRI Sensitization in EIA process, 1 day in each Once at the land acquisition and district kick-off of Linkages between PROIRRI and environmental, social and a refresher in natural resource management the middle and sustainable rural livelihoods

The most profitable strategy would be to run workshops and refresher courses. Communities exchange visits, training of trainers (contact farmers) and on-job training of extension workers should also be considered. The training materials developed for the workshop should include at least the following components:

• Case studies (where possible developed by the workshop participants) based on the scope of work of the sub-projects interventions that can be used to demonstrate the basic principles of EA; • Workshopping the sub-projects preparation guidelines developed and presented in Chapters 8 and 9 above should also be a training component; • An overview of environmental assessment (scoping, screening, EA methodologies, impacts and mitigation measures, public participation, monitoring and evaluation); • Review of relevant environmental legislation but with emphasis on regulations regarding EIA; • Designing effective public awareness campaigns.

A provisional program for a three-day workshop is presented in Box 1.

65

Box 1. Proposed agenda for a 3day workshop Introducing ESMF Day One: (a) Introduction Environmental and Social Management (b) Legal and institutional arrangements for ESM (including WB operational policies) (c) ESIA procedures in Mozambique (including public consultation and Community Support) (d) ESMF procedures (environmental screening and community involvement) (e) The Environmental and Social Management plans (IPM, ARAP, EMP) and contractor responsibilities Day two: (a) Overview of sub-projects (b) Descriptions of the areas of influence and possible constraints to project implementation (c) Identification of potential impacts (d) Monitoring and evaluation Day three: (a) Fieldtrip to selected sub-projects sites (b) Environmental and social screening checklist testing (c) Proposal’s preparation and submission

The focus of this proposed training will mainly be NGOs, contact farmers and extension officers who will in turn train community members to implement components of the ESMF at the community level.

11.3. Technical Assistance (TA)

Technical assistance will be provided for government officials, extension teams and communities in order to prepare sub-projects proposals and implement the ESMF. Two types of technical assistance will be provided:

1) General TA to ensure that local government authorities and extension teams receive, on a reliable basis, experienced advice and mentoring to assist them in carrying out their responsibilities. This component of the TA will also assess training effectiveness and recommend further training needs, based on information gleaned from regular interaction with project participants.

2) Specific TA to support local authorities, service providers, extension teams and communities in preparing and approving more challenging sub-projects where specific technical knowledge is needed (e.g. the design of a weir, a water supply system, IPM, monitoring) or where thorough ESMPs, PMPs, RAPs, etc. may be required.

The General TA will be delivered on a regular, programmed monthly schedule by professionals with strong training experience in environmental and social analysis and management, as well as community-based development. The Specific TA will be contracted on a "standing offer" basis so it can be mobilized quickly, as it is needed, by professionals with the relevant technical skills and experience for preparation and/or implementation of ESMPs, PMPs and RAPs, and other specialist inputs. General and Specific TA service providers must keep detailed records for use in compiling the annual reports and for undertaking annual reviews.

66

12. ESMF MOITORIG REQUIREMETS

This chapter also sets out requirements for monitoring of this ESMF implementation. Monitoring of the indicators set out here will be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for the project.

Indicators of ESMF implementation are:

• Number of national, provincial, district levels staff trained in implementation of this ESMF; • Number staff attending training course in ESIA and ESMF implementation; • Number of sub-projects correctly submitted for approval; • Number of mitigation measures implemented; • Number of written warnings of violation of ESMPs issued to project proponents; • Number of recommendations from the Audit that have been implemented; • Number of performance contracts signed between DNSA and IOs/associations.

The indicators are deliberately very simple. Despite their simplicity, the integration of these indicators into the PROIRRI project M&E system provides a guarantee that the ESMF will be implemented in full.

13. PROPOSED IMPLEMETATIO BUDGET

This Chapter presents the estimated budget needed to implement the ESMF. The budget includes:

• Institutional development activities; • The training program for communities, extension teams and local authorities to implement their ESMF responsibilities; • Technical assistance to local authorities and extension teams; • Allowances for the preparation and/or implementation of sub-projects ESMPs, RAPs, PMPs, etc. The costs of implementing these plans are included in the sub-projects budgets. Sub-projects will only be approved as from year two; • Annual reviews and tri-annual audits; • Service provider.

The overall budget for implementation of the ESMF is estimated at USD$1,853,000 and is presented in Table 10.

67

Table 10. Estimated implementation budget for PROIRRI.

Component Activity Annual amount (*USD$1000) Total otes (*USD$1000) 1 2 3 4 5 6 SESIA Preparation and 75 25 100 Implementation PMP Implementation and 50 40 40 53 40 30 253 monitoring ESMF Service provider 10 20 20 20 20 20 110 implementation contract (sub-project identification, preparation and monitoring assistance) General technical 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 assistance Specific technical 7 7 7 7 7 35 assistance Monitoring 15 15 15 15 15 75 Inspection 14 14 14 14 14 70 Annual review 4 4 4 4 4 20 Tri-annual Audit 30 30 60 Training Central level Project 21 17 17 55 3 times a year during 3 years in-depth training and one (includes Management awareness training at kick-off trainer fee, Provincial level Project 50 40 50 140 one per year during 3 years in-depth training and one course material Management awareness training at kick-off and one awareness preparation, refresher (in each province) implementation District level Project 55 45 55 155 One per year during three years in-depth training and one of different Management sensitization at kick-off and one refresher (in each types of province) training) Extension 125 100 125 350 1 per year during three years in-depth training in each teams/NGOs/Contact district, 1 sensitization at the kick-off and 1 sensitization farmers refresher IOs/leaders/Associations 150 100 150 400 1 per year during three years in-depth training in each district, one awareness training at kick-off , 1 sensitization at the kick-off and 1 sensitization refresher Total 571 376 471 74 74 74 1,853

68

AEX I: ToR FOR A SIMPLIFIED EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMET (SEIA) OF MEDIUMSCALE IRRIGATIO SCHEMES

Consultants are required to carry out a SESIA and prepare an EA report according to the Mozambique’s legislation and World Bank standards (OP 4.01). The report should include the sections:

• Executive summary • Introduction • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework • Project Objectives and Description • Characterization (socio-economic and biophysical) of the reference area • Potential Environmental Impacts (follow Chapter 8) • Analysis of Alternatives • Environmental and Social Management Plan (Follow Annex VII)

Specific aspects under the above components of the ESIA that should be addressed in an ESIA of a project combining both irrigation and drainage are described below.

Project Objectives and Description: this section should describe the need for the project in the context of the local and national agricultural strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the project area, country and region when the project influences transboundary rivers, aquifers, coastal zones or other issues, If the project is an element of an overall irrigation and drainage or agricultural sector development program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented.

A physical description of the project should be provided, including the physical location and area of influence, the schedule of works and implementation program, the materials and equipments needed, the source of irrigation water, the disposal strategy for drainage waters and the projected effects including volume and flow of irrigation and drainage water

Characterization of the reference area : key parameters for area characterization include: hydrology and hydrogeology, water quality, demand and allocation, soils, existing land-uses, ecology, ecologically sensitive habitats, protected areas, forested areas, socio-economic environment, significant natural, cultural and historic sites.

Potential environmental and social impacts : a prediction of the changes on the environment (social and biophysical) resulting from the project construction and operation must be considered and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological and human systems should be considered. The engineering design plan should reflect “best practices” in terms of construction and operation activities to ensure that potential environmental impacts are minimized. Special attention should be given to issues raised in Section 8.2 about potential impacts.

Analysis of alternatives : alternatives should be clearly presented (including the “alternative zero” of no-action). For irrigation projects, alternative sources of water and demand reduction through conservation and re-use and project management and monitoring should be considered. For drainage, alternative methods, overall project concept, management and monitoring programs should be thoroughly analyzed.

69

Environmental and Social Management Plan : This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the construction and operational phase of the project (irrigation, drainage or a combination). The EMP will need to account for monitoring of environmental parameters and the influence of mitigation measures on environmental impacts. It should include the following basic components:

Institutional Component • Institutional responsibilities for management of the irrigation and drainage sector and/or the agricultural sector; • Institutional responsibilities for health and socio-economic issues management; • Responsibilities for monitoring, reporting and enforcement for water quality, water balance and salt balance and related issue management; • Identification of any needs for capacity building, training or equipment

Environmental and Social Mitigation Component Chapter 8 presents key mitigation measures for an irrigation/drainage project.

Environmental and Social Monitoring Component Monitoring should address all potential issues listed in Section 8.2 and any others which are considered relevant to the project and the location. For Bank-financed projects the results of the monitoring and analysis including interpretation and recommendations, if any, should be reported to the Bank on a quarterly basis during the construction phase and annually during the operational phase for at least three consecutive years following the completion of construction.

General monitoring parameters and their suggested monitoring frequency for irrigation and drainage projects are presented in Annex III.2. It is important to note that these parameters apply in general to such projects and that it may be necessary to include additional parameters for individual projects. The parameters listed do however provide a benchmark for the environmental and social management plan, which will need to be geared toward the specific project circumstances.

70

AEX II: CHECKLIST FOR EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL SCREEIG

ame of the Project:

Subprojects ame:

Subprojects Location:

Community Representative and Address:

Extension Team Representative and Address:

Site Selection: When considering the location of a sub-project, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects.

Site Sensitivity Issues Rating Low Medium High atural No natural habitats No critical natural Critical natural habitats present of any kind habitats; other natural habitats present habitats occur Water Water flows exceed Medium intensity of Intensive water use; quality and any existing water use; multiple multiple water water demand; low water users; water users; potential for resource intensity of water quality issues are conflicts is high; availability use; potential water important water quality issues and use use conflicts are important expected to be low; no potential water quality issues atural Flat terrain; no Medium slopes; some Mountainous hazards potential erosion potential; terrain; steep slopes; vulnerability, stability/erosion medium risks from unstable soils; high floods, soil problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ flood/ erosion potential; stability/ volcanic/seismic/ hurricanes volcanic, seismic or erosion flood risks flood risks Cultural No known or Suspected cultural Known heritage property suspected cultural heritage sites; known sites in project area heritage sites heritage sites in broader area of influence

71

Site Sensitivity Issues Rating Low Medium High Involuntary Low population Medium population High population resettlement density; dispersed density; mixed density; major population; legal ownership and land towns and villages; tenure is well- tenure; well-defined low-income families defined; well- water rights and/or illegal defined water rights ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights

Completeness of Subprojects Application: Does the sub-project application document contain, as appropriate, the following information?

Yes o /A Description of the proposed project and where it is located Reasons for proposing the project The estimated cost of construction and operation Information about how the site was chosen, and what alternatives were considered A map or drawing showing the location and boundary of the project including any land required temporarily during construction The plan for any physical works (e.g. layout, buildings, other structures, construction materials) Any new access arrangements or changes to existing road layouts Any land that needs to be acquired, as well as who owns it, lives on it or has rights to use it A work program for construction, operation and decommissioning the physical works, as well as any site restoration needed afterwards Construction methods Resources used in construction and operation (e.g. materials, water, energy) Information about measures included in the sub-projects plan to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts Details of any permits required for the project

72

Environmental and Social Checklist Yes o ESMF Guidance A Type of activity – Will the subprojects : 1 Involve the construction or rehabilitation of any small dams, Annex IV.1 weirs or reservoirs? 2 Support irrigation schemes? Annex IV.2 3 Build or rehabilitate any rural roads? Annex IV.3 4 Build or rehabilitate any electric energy system? 4 Involve food processing? Annex IV.4 5 Build or rehabilitate any structures or buildings? Annex IV.5 6 Support agricultural activities? 7 Be located in or near an area where there is an important RPF historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site? 8 Be located within or adjacent to any areas that are or may be protected by government (e.g. national park, national reserve, world heritage site) or local tradition, or that might be a natural habitat? 9 Depend on water supply from an existing dam, weir, or other Annex IV.1 water diversion structure? If the answer to any of questions 19 is “Yes”, please use the indicated Resource Sheets or sections(s) of the ESMF for guidance on how to avoid or minimize typical impacts and risks B Environment – Will the subprojects : 10 Risk causing the contamination of drinking water? 11 Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water-related diseases such as malaria or bilharzia? 12 Harvest or exploit a significant amount of natural resources such as trees, soil or water? 13 Be located within or nearby environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, mangroves, wetlands) or threatened species? 14 Create a risk of increased soil degradation or erosion? 15 Create a risk of increasing soil salinity? 16 Produce, or increase the production of, solid or liquid wastes (e.g. water, medical, domestic or construction wastes)? 17 Affect the quantity or quality of surface waters (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands), or groundwater (e.g. wells)? 18 Result in the production of solid or liquid waste, or result in an increase in waste production, during construction or operation? If the answer to any of questions 1018 is “Yes”, please include an Annex VII Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP) with the subprojects application. C Land acquisition and access to resources – Will the subprojects : 19 Require that land (public or private) be acquired (temporarily or permanently) for its development? 20 Use land that is currently occupied or regularly used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening, farming, pasture, fishing locations, forests) 21 Displace individuals, families or businesses? 22 Result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees or household infrastructure such as granaries, outside toilets and

73

Yes o ESMF Guidance kitchens? 23 Result in the involuntary restriction of access by people to legally designated parks and protected areas? It the answer to any of the questions 1923 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF RPF and and, if needed, prepare an Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Chapter 8 D Pesticides and agricultural chemicals – Will the subprojects : 24 Involve the use of pesticides or other agricultural chemicals, or increase existing use? If the answer to question 24 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF and, if needed, Chapter 10 prepare a Pest Management Plan (PMP). and Annex VIII F Dam safety – Will the subprojects : 25 Involve the construction of a dam or weir? 26 Depend on water supplied from an existing dam or weir? If the answer to question 2526 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF Annex III.1

CERTIFICATIO We certify that we have thoroughly examined all the potential adverse effects of this sub-projects . To the best of our knowledge, the sub-projects plan as described in the application and associated planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP, PMP), if any, will be adequate to avoid or minimize all adverse environmental and social impacts.

Community representative (signature): ………………………………………….……………

Extension team representative (signature): ……………………………………………………

Date: …………………………………………………

74

FOR OFFICIAL USE OLY

Desk Appraisal by Review Authority:  The subproject can be considered for approval. The application is complete, all significant environmental and social issues are resolved, and no further sub-project planning is required.

 A field appraisal is required.

ote: A field appraisal must be carried out if the subproject: • eeds to acquire land, or an individual or community’s access to land or available resources is restricted or lost, or any individual or family is displaced • May restrict the use of resources in a park or protected area by people living inside or outside of it • May affect a protected area or a critical natural habitat • May encroach onto an important natural habitat, or have an impact on ecologically sensitive ecosystems (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands) • May adversely affect or benefit an indigenous people • Involves or introduces the use of pesticides • Involves, or results in: a) diversion or use of surface waters; b) construction or rehabilitation of latrines, septic or sewage systems; c) production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste, medical waste); d) new or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems; or e) small dams, weirs, reservoirs or water points.

The following issues need to be clarified at the sub-project site:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A Field Appraisal report will be completed and added to the sub-project file.

ame of desk appraisal officer (print): …………………………………………………………...

Signature : …………………………………………………

Date : ………………………………

75

AEX III: RESOURCES SHEET

AEX III.1. SMALL DAMS AD RESERVOIRS

Scope of Projects Small dams and reservoirs can have many purposes, for example to provide water for irrigation, water supply and aquaculture, to control erosion or floods, and to generate micro-hydropower. They may involve relatively low structures (weirs) to divert water to other uses without creating a reservoir. Higher structures raise water levels and flood land upstream, and can significantly alter the timing and perhaps temperature of downstream flows. The latter may require resettlement of people, land clearing, and the relocation of roads. Structures that divert water to other uses reduce downstream flows with consequent effects on surface and groundwater hydrology, aquatic habitats, and water users. Even small dams can have complex and significant environmental effects. Planning and design need to be comprehensive and thorough, and will likely involve specialists in a variety of fields (e.g. engineering, hydrology, aquatic ecology, soil and water conservation, sociology, economics).

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for small dams and reservoirs that may apply to PROIRRI target areas. Potential environmental Adverse effects Mitigation measures Human Environment * Loss of productive land (e.g. agriculture, • Consider alternatives to a new dam and grazing and forestry) reservoir for example: Upgrading and renovating * Displacement of people and families existing water supply and irrigation systems; * Loss of local livelihoods Alternate locations and/or dispersed smaller dams in less sensitive areas; Watershed improvement program to enhance retention of precipitation in soils (see below) • Compensate for taken land and structures, and resettlement (including re- housing, reestablishment of livelihood activities, water and sanitation, training) • Avoid areas of significant economic or cultural value to local people

* Reduction of water available to downstream • Ensure that downstream water users water users (e.g. water supply, irrigation, livestock watering) are partners in planning the dam and mitigation/compensation measures Human Health * Creating habitats for disease carriers such • Assess the ecology of disease carriers in as mosquitoes and snails the watershed * Increases in water-related diseases such as • Employ suitable prevention and malaria, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), mitigation measures, including education of local onchocerciasis (river blindness), and people, construction workers, e.g.: Ensure all dysenteries, fevers and worms) construction sites, borrow pits and quarries are properly drained, Finish and manage reservoir

76

margins for proper drainage, Vary the reservoir water level Proper design and operation of dam spillway s and gates (timing and volume of discharges) • Monitor disease and public health indicators, during and after construction, and take corrective measures (e.g. education, medical) as needed atural Environment (General) * Loss of natural areas, important habitats, • Avoid: Protected natural areas and number and variety of species (biodiversity); Critical habitats or areas with significant biodiversity (e.g. wetlands)

* Threatened water source(s) for the reservoir • Assess state of the watershed, and plan (sedimentation) the reservoir (e.g. siltation, evaporation losses) to implement appropriate water conservation program, perhaps including: Watershed improvement measures (e.g. revegetation, reforestation, afforestation, controlled use) to reduce erosion and increase infiltration of precipitation, Training to ensure effective tending of improvement measures (e.g. watering, protection from grazing), Agricultural methods that maximize soil moisture conservation (e.g. mulching, terracing, contour cropping, maintaining soil cover) Aquatic Environment River/Stream * Reduced or altered timing, quantity, • Ensure thorough analysis and assessment of quality and temperature of downstream potential impacts to develop and plan, as part of water flows the project, an acceptable combination of: water * Altered rates and locations of bed and bank releases required to sustain habitats and fish erosion and deposition downstream production, habitat improvements to sustain * Reduction in quantity and quality of production and fisheries, development assistance aquatic habitats and fish production to people de pendent on reduced fisheries * Reduction/loss of downstream subsistence or commercial fisheries * Consider alternate dam locations and possibility * Blockage of fish migration and access to of fish around dam upstream spawning areas by dam; decreases in fish populations downstream

Aquatic Environment reservoir * Conversion of aquatic species in reservoir from *Assess fish production potential of reservoir, those that require flowing water to those that need and implement feasible measures to enhance still water, and resulting effects on fishing production (e.g. habitat design, stocking, activities aquaculture) * Provide development assistance to local people to benefit from reservoir fisheries * Deterioration of reservoir water quality * Provide areas for bathing, laundering, and animal watering away from reservoir * Ensure local sanitation facilities do not release pollutants to surface or roundwaters reaching the

77

reservoir * Prevent livestock access to reservoir

* Deterioration of reservoir water from: * Clear vegetation from reservoir area before - Decomposition of flooded vegetation flooding; - * Train farmers in soil and water conservation, Nutrients in eroded soils and agrochemicals agricultural fertilizers and in appropriate use of fertilizers Terrestrial Environment * Raised water table around the reservoir, * Project support to improve agricultural land waterlogging and salinization of soils, and drainage and production around reservoir lowered agricultural productivity * Develop tolerant fodder and crop species around reservoir

EVIROMETAL STADARDS EVIROMETAL QUALITY IDICATORS * National legislation on protected areas (natural Pollution : Fish deaths, concentrations of cultural and built environments) suspended sediments and contaminants (e.g. * National legislation on protecting natural pesticides) in surface reservoir, Reservoir oxygen resources (e.g. fish, wildlife, forest cover) levels * International environmental conventions (e.g. Environmental Health: pesticides and waters and heritage, wetlands) herbicides, Degree of biodiversity (numbers of * National water quality standards and controls plant, fish, animal and bird species) in the * National controls on use of fertilizers watershed, Extent of critical habitats * Health and safety standards for construction Human Wellbeing : Incidence of human and activities animal illness or disease, Poverty levels

78

AEX III.2: SMALL IRRIGATIO SCHEMES

Scope of projects Small irrigation schemes can serve a few families or an entire community. They can involve new irrigation for existing rain-fed agriculture, the development of uncultivated areas, and changes or expansions to existing schemes. Water may be pumped from lakes, ponds or underground, or be diverted from streams or rivers. Pipes, channels or ditches carry the water to farmers' fields where it is distributed to crops by gravity on the soil surface, by hand, or by other means.

Irrigated agriculture involves complex soil-water-plant relationships, and should not be undertaken without thorough informed planning, even at a small-scale. While the benefits of irrigation can be obvious and impressive, the adverse environmental effects can be significant, long-term, and perhaps permanent.

The most significant environmental issues with small irrigation schemes concern threats to human health and soil productivity. Health effects arise from stagnant water in canals, ditches or fields that provide habitats for water-borne disease carriers. Losses of soil productivity result from over- irrigation or poor soil drainage. These lead to waterlogging and salinization of the soils, and a reduction or complete loss of their usefulness for cropping. Salinization is the build-up of mineral salts in the soil as water evaporates from the soil surface.

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for small irrigation schemes that may apply to PROIRRI target areas. Potential environmental Adverse effects Mitigation measures Human Environment * Upsetting existing social and economic * Avoid sites that require: Resettlement, community management relationships, land Displacement of other important land uses, or tenure system, security of livelihoods and gender Encroachment on historical, cultural, or division of labor traditional use areas.

* Conflicting demands on surface or * Locate and size irrigation schemes: groundwater supplies - Where water supplies are adequate and the scheme will not conflict with existing human, livestock, wildlife or aquatic water uses, especially during dry seasons - So that withdrawals do not exceed "safe yield" from groundwater resources * Encourage crops with lower water demands * Ensure effective community organization for equitable distribution of water Human Health * Creating habitats in canals and ditches for * Assess ecology of disease carriers in the project disease carriers such as mosquitoes and area, and employ suitable prevention and snails responsible for spreading diseases mitigation measures, e.g.: - Site and orient water such as malaria and schistosomiasis works, fields and furrows to ensure adequate (bilharzia) natural drainage of surface water, - Use lined * Spreading infection and disease through canals and pipes to discourage vectors - Avoid the inappropriate use of irrigation canals unsuitable gradients, and creating stagnant or for water supply, bathing or human waste slowly moving water, - Construct straight or only

79

disposal slightly curved * Health effects from improper storage, canals, - Install gates at canal ends to allow handling, use or disposal of agro-chemicals complete flushing, - Ensure adequate sub-surface (pesticides and herbicides) drainage of fields, - Avoid over-irrigation, - Maintain water works, and clear sediment and weeds regularly * Provide/ensure alternate facilities for domestic water supply, bathing and human waste disposal * Provide education and training for farmers and other community members on: - Irrigation health risks, - Efficient use of irrigation water, - Maintenance of irrigation and drainage works, - Proper storage, handling, use and disposal of agro-chemicals, - Integrated pest management * Monitor disease/infection occurrence and public health indicators, and take corrective measures (e.g. physical changes to irrigation scheme, education, medical) as needed Soils * Waterlogging * Thoroughly assess project soils and their management needs under irrigated agriculture * Apply water efficiently. Consider drip or dawn/evening sprinkler irrigation. * Install and maintain adequate surface and subsurface drainage * Use lined canals or pipes to prevent seepage

* Salinization * Avoid waterlogging (above) * Mulch exposed soil surfaces to reduce evaporation * Flush irrigated land regularly * Cultivate crops having high tolerance to salinity

* Erosion * Design and layout of furrows appropriately * Avoid unsuitable gradients * Avoid over-irrigation * Install sediment traps in fields and canals to capture sediment for return to fields * Minimum tillage, contour cropping, terracing and other methods of conserving soil moisture Water Bodies and Aquatic Ecosystems * Loss or damage to wetlands and their * Avoid: - Locating irrigation schemes on or near environmental services, biodiversity, and important wetlands (Special attention should be ecological productivity given to Marromeu), - Developing irrigation water sources that may reduce wetland water supply, - Draining irrigated fields into wetlands

* Follow Soils mitigation measures (above) to * Reduced quality of surface and minimize risks of waterlogging and groundwaters receiving excess irrigation * Use agro-chemicals appropriately (see Human

80

water or drainage (nutrients, agro- salinization Health above) chemicals, salts and minerals) * Prevent surface drainage of fields into nearby water bodies (streams, ponds, etc.)

EVIROMETAL STADARDS EVIROMETAL QUALITY IDICATORS National legislation on protected areas (natural, Pollution: Water quality (nutrients, agro- cultural and built environments) chemicals, pH, Conductivity, turbidity, Sodium National legislation on protecting natural Absorption Rate -SAR) in water supply and resources (e.g. fish, wildlife, forest cover) drainage canals, and wells; Physical and chemical International environmental protection properties of irrigated soils; Environmental conventions (e.g. RAMSAR, Biodiversity) Health: Water table levels in project area National water quality standards and controls (including wetlands); Rate of extinction of National controls on storage, handling, use and existing resources (e.g. fish, wildlife, forest disposal of agro-chemicals cover); Rate of occurrence of disease carriers Human Wellbeing: Incidence of human and animal illness or disease; Poverty levels

81

AEX III.3. RURAL ROADS

Scope of Projects Rural roads can have substantial economic and social benefits as well as have significant negative and long-term impacts. Many of these impacts can be avoided or minimized through careful and comprehensive planning and design. Roads that involve relocation of existing routes, or new access into previously inaccessible areas, can create particularly difficult impacts on communities and land use, both directly and indirectly.

Indirect impacts include the economic, social and environmental effects, whether planned or spontaneous, induced by the improved access and lower transportation costs a road creates. Such new roads and relocations are large projects beyond the scope of this resources sheet.

PROIRRI-supported rural roads will involve upgrading existing roads or tracks to improve access to markets. They will be built with local labor, unpaved, and will be narrower and can have tighter curves and steeper grades than highways. They may be all-weather or seasonal. Close management of construction work is important to avoiding most construction impacts. Adequate road maintenance is essential to avoid environmental problems, and is often inadequate due to lack of funds or well-trained personnel.

The most important direct impact of rural roads is typically erosion -- during construction and then operation. Because traffic intensity is low, air and water pollution and noise are generally not significant problems. Indirect impacts need to be considered, but are unlikely to be as significant as those caused by new roads or relocations.

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for Rural Roads that may apply to PROIRRI target areas. Potential environmental Adverse effects Mitigation measures Human Environment * Negative social and economic effects on * Work with affected communities to anticipate local people and communities, such as: and plan for enhanced access to and demand on - Unplanned commercial development local public infrastructure and services - Demand for local public infrastructure * Provide project funds to strengthen local public and services increases beyond capacities existing infrastructure and services (e.g. health - Disruption of traditional lifestyles clinics, markets, schools) * Induced population movements and natural * Avoid creating congested and unsafe road resource exploitation activities, due to improved conditions at intersections, and in villages and access (e.g. conversion of forest to pasture, or of towns sustainable land use to unsustainable, short-cycle cropping; illegal or unsustainable hunting). Human Health * Social disruption during construction (e.g. * Comprehensive community participation in enhanced transmission of STDs, HIV/AIDS and construction planning and management TB) * Education on avoiding communicable diseases

* Assess ecology of disease carriers in road * Creation of stagnant water in construction corridor, and employ suitable mitigation borrow pits and quarries, and on road sides, that measures (e.g. proper drainage of construction breed disease carriers areas and road sides, effective

82

road maintenance)

* Minimize use of road-side herbicides * Health risks during road use due to herbicides used to control road-side weeds Soil and Vegetation * Loss of natural areas, important habitats, *Avoid infringing on: - Protected natural sites biodiversity and wilderness areas, - Critical habitats or areas with significant biodiversity (e.g. wetlands).

* Landslides, slumps and slips * Avoid: - Areas of soil, slope or geological instability, - Unstable river crossing sites

Design: * Increased soil erosion leading to sediment in - Use surface drainage controls and mulch on runoff and, possibly, gully formation from: vulnerable surfaces and slopes - Construction activities such as grading, - Size and locate roadside drainage and culverts excavations, and borrowing/quarrying to handle maximum anticipated flows - Inadequate design of culverts and drainage - Line receiving surfaces with stones or concrete controls flows - Locate and design borrow/quarry sites for - Inadequate maintenance of road surface, erosion control during road construction ditches, burrow/quarry sites and, drainage and and future maintenance operations erosion control measures Construction: - Limit earth movement and soil exposure to the dry season - Balance cut and fill for minimum deposition of earth - Provide sedimentation basins - Resurface and revegetate exposed surfaces - Ensure proper and timely maintenance of erosion control and drainage measures along the road and at borrow/quarry sites Surface and Groundwater * Disruption of natural surface and subsoil * Minimize soil compaction and time that soil drainage patterns, especially in flood-prone surfaces are exposed or wetland areas * Provide adequate surface drainage control for * Increased runoff from road surface both construction and operation * Size and place culverts and bridges correctly

* Contamination by spills oil, fuels and * Establish measures to avoid accidental spills, lubricants from construction equipment and contain them if they do happen * Collect and recycle used lubricants Aquatic Environments Soil erosion leading to: * Follow Soil and Vegetation and Surface and - Increase in the turbidity of water courses surface Groundwater mitigation measures above - Temporary or permanent covering of * Install culverts and bridges in dry season riverbed organisms and habitats

* Ensure adequate maintenance of: - Culverts and * Watercourse and drainage blockages at bridges,- Roadside slopes, drainage control culverts and bridges measures and vegetation, * Erosion of embankments and roadside slopes - Road surface

83

Animals and Wildlife * Blocked animal and wildlife movements * Avoid fencing across known animal and * Animal/wildlife road kills wildlife movement routes * Animal/wildlife crossing warnings, night time speed limitations or perhaps closures

EVIROMETAL STADARDS EVIROMETAL QUALITY IDICATORS National legislation on protected areas (natural, Pollution : Concentrations of suspended cultural and built environments) sediments in surface waters, water turbidity, International environmental protection salinity and pH. conventions (e.g. RAMSAR, Biodiversity) National water quality standards and controls Environmental Health : Degree of biodiversity Health and safety standards for road (numbers of plant, fish, use animal and bird construction and use species) in road vicinities; Extent of critical habitats;

Human Wellbeing: Occurrence of illness or disease, Frequency of traffic accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians; Poverty levels

84

AEX III.4. FOOD PROCESSIG

Scope of Projects Small-scale food processing may be home-based or small enterprises that use a wide variety of processes and technologies to convert animal and plant products into human food.

Food processing of all kinds can create environmental problems if not managed properly. Solid and/or liquid wastes can be highly polluting and create offensive odors. Water use can place excessive demands on local supplies. Wastewater containing organic and other wastes can degrade streams and rivers, and contaminate groundwater. Stagnant pools of polluted water can be highly odorous and provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for food processing that may apply to PROIRRI target areas. Potential environmental Adverse effects Mitigation measures Human Environment * Water supply conflicts: * Minimize water use by use "dry cleanup" (e.g. - Negative social and economic effects sweeping, wiping down) of solid wastes before on existing community water management washing, regulate water flows (e.g. valves, high practices relationships pressure nozzles) and reuse water - Conflicting demands on surface or * Develop supply sources: - Where water groundwater supplies quantities are adequate and the project will not conflict with existing human, livestock, wildlife or aquatic water uses, especially during dry seasons; - So that withdrawals do not exceed "safe yield" from groundwater resources Human Health * Illness or disease due to pollution of water * Follow General Measures above to minimize sources from food processing wastes water use and provide good management of solid and liquid wastes * Damaging worker health * Provide/strengthen health and safety training, accident prevention and equipment (e.g. face masks, rubber gloves, boots, ear plugs, good ventilation) * Practice good housekeeping (e.g. clean floors regularly, install drip trays) * Repair and maintain machinery for safe and quiet operation Water Quality * Degradation of groundwater, streams and * Follow General Measures above to minimize rivers from solid and liquid wastes; and water use and solid and liquid wastes consequent * Screen waste liquids to remove solids * Deterioration and contamination of aquatic * Install grease traps and skim tanks. habitats and resident species from waste * Locate waste disposal sites away from surface discharges and groundwater sources, watercourses, housing and town centers * Ensure receiving waters for liquid wastes are able to absorb and naturally decompose the

85

effluent * Ensure waste that is stored before transport to treatment facility or landfill cannot leak into the ground

EVIROMETAL STADARDS EVIROMETAL QUALITY National/local standards and regulations for the IDICATORS Pollution discharge of industrial wastewater to i) sewers Quality (nutrients, chemicals, salinity) of liquid and ii) streams and rivers effluent and receiving waters National water quality standards and controls Environmental Health Workplace health and safety regulations Surface water flows and groundwater table levels in project area Productivity of aquatic environments receiving liquid waste Human Wellbeing Incidence of human illness or disease

86

AEX III.5. STRUCTURES AD BUILDIGS

Scope of Projects Sub-projects may include the construction of buildings notably markets and grain storage facilities. Markets will include ancillary facilities such as sanitation, drainage, and access. Although the envisaged construction is small-scale and likely to have localized environmental impact, there are some precautionary measures requiring consideration in the planning, construction and operational phases of the project cycle.

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for structures and buildings that may apply to PROIRRI target areas. PHASE POTETIAL MITIGATIO MEASURE EVIROMETAL IMPACTS Planning Phase Loss of indigenous vegetation Locate site in order to avoid or sensitive habitats destruction of indigenous vegetation or sensitive habitats. Loss of productive inhabited * Locate site on uninhabited land and/or assets due to land when possible. If location of site inhabited, follow guidelines found in Resettlement Policy Framework and in Operational Manual. * Locate site on least productive or degraded land Loss, of vacant or unused Locate project on least productive land resources and productive or degraded land other assets on any site Loss of inhabited or used land, When possible locate site on resources and assets, by people vacant or unused land with no without officially usage rights issues OR affected recognized usage rights for the people may site voluntarily give up land and assets on the site and be provided with replacement or restoration of losses (see RPF and Operational Manual) Loss of rights and used or When possible locate site on unused land, resources and vacant or unused land with no assets by people without or fewer usage rights issues OR officially recognized usage affected people may voluntarily rights for the site give up rights, land and assets on the site and be provided with replacement or restoration of losses (see RPF and Operational Manual) Construction Phase Soil erosion (note steep areas, Locate site on level ground lack of vegetation cover and high rainfall)

87

Removal of intact vegetation Wherever possible avoid such as trees, stream bank removal of trees or other intact vegetation etc. vegetation Unforeseen damage to Ensure that construction neighboring property (e.g. workers vehicles and materials damage to vegetable garden) do not enter neighboring property Localized soil/water pollution Carefully selected storage area from incorrect storage and for handling of fuels to prevent handling of diesel fuel. localized pollution of soils Localized soil/water pollution Used engine oil should be from used engine oil. properly stored in drums and returned to the supplier for recycling or should bedisposed of in proper disposal sites. Accumulation of solid wastes (i)Remove and dispose of solid creating health risks and waste in pits and cover with top negative aesthetic impact. soil on closure; (ii) recommended: mount awareness campaigns for the workforce. (iii) where possible use building debris for back- filling and construction of drains, soak-awaysand paved walk ways Operational phase Accumulation of non-hazardous (i) Remove and dispose of solid solid wastes creating health waste in dedicated land fill site risks and negative aesthetic or dig pits and cover with top impacts.. soil (ii) Design, promote & conduct public hygiene awareness campaigns focusing on adverse health impacts arising as a consequence of indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes poorly maintained latrines and Establish a routine maintenance drainage channels drainage & cleaning service through caretaker or community action. Through public health education campaigns, raise awareness about the dangers of exposed sewage and blocked channels Lack of shade Plant shade trees and shrubs

88

AEX III.6. ELECTRIC EERGY

Scope of projects Some sub-projects may include the rehabilitation and/or establishment of electric energy to feed electric pumps. This would be performed most likely through the national electric system. This will not only feed in electric pumps for irrigation schemes but can also provide energy for local population.

Although the envisaged sub-projects are of small-scale and likely to have localized environmental impact, there are some precautionary measures requiring consideration especially during construction/rehabilitation and operation of the electric energy system.

Some of the environmental impacts and mitigation measures that can apply to the target areas are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures for electric energy systems. Potential environmental Adverse effects Mitigation measures Human Environment Risks of accidents for local population delimitation and signalization of the risk area (electrocution) Awareness regarding to the risks Biophysic Environment

Landscape modification *Vegetation removal only in justified situations; *Vegetation recuperation whenever the risk of Ecosystem loss and fragmentation erosion is high; *Avoid ecological sensitive areas; Fauna perturbation *Establish the system along the existing roads to Avoid further ecosystem/vegetation loss; Increased erosion due to vegetation removal *Design the system according to the local topography

EVIROMETAL STADARDS EVIROMETAL QUALITY IDICATORS Land Law (areas of partial protection and extension of protected area and/or ecosystem compensations due to construction) crossed or removed

Roads Law Number of species (fauna and flora) lost

National legislation on protected areas (natural, Number of properties lost and compensation cultural and built environments) Amount of soil loss due to erosion Electric Energy Law

89

AEX IV: EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM

AME OF PROJECT Application umber:

(PROIRRI sustainable irrigation development Project)

PART 1: IDETIFICATIO

1. Project ame: (for example: Rehabilitation of the Estaquinha road, Búzi District)

2. Project Location: (for example: Búzi District, Sofala Province)

3. Reason for Field Appraisal: Summarize the issues from the ESMF Checklist that determine the need for a Field Appraisal.

4. Date(s) of Field Appraisal:

5. Field Appraisal Officer and Address:

6. Extension Team Representative and Address:

7. Community Representative and Address:

PART 2: DESCRIPTIO OF THE PROJECT

8. Project Details: Provide details that are not adequately presented in the sub-project application. If needed to clarify sub-project details, attach sketches of the sub-project component(s) in relation to the community and to existing facilities.

PART 3: EVIROMETAL AD SOCIAL ISSUES

9. Will the project : Yes o * Need to acquire land? * Affect an individual or the community's access to land or available resources? * Displace or result in the involuntary resettlement of an individual or family? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP/ARAP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action required.  The RAP/ARAP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further.  An RAP/ARAP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.

10. Will the project : Yes o * Encroach onto an important natural habitat? * Negatively affect ecologically sensitive ecosystems? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action required.

90

 The EMP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further.  An EMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.

11. Will this project involve or introduce pesticides? Yes o

If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The Pest Management Plan (PMP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action is required.  The PMP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further.  A PMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.

12. Will this project involve or result in : Yes o

* Diversion or use of surface waters? * Production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste)? * New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The application describes suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. No further action required.  The application does not describe suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

13. Will this project require the construction of a small dam or weir? Yes o If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The application demonstrates that the structure(s) will be designed by qualified engineers, and will be built by qualified and adequately supervised contractors. No further action is required.  The application does not demonstrate that the structure(s) will be designed by qualified engineers, and will be built by qualified and adequately supervised contractors. The application needs to be amended before it can be considered further.

14. Will this project rely on water supplied from an existing dam or weir? Yes o If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:  The application demonstrates that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. No further action is required.  The application does not demonstrate that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. A dam safety report must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

15. Are there any other environmental or social issues that have not been adequately addressed? Yes o

If "Yes", summarize them:

91

and tick one of the following boxes:  Before it is considered further, the application needs to be amended to include suitable measures for addressing these environmental or social issues.  An ESMP needs to be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

PART 4: FIELD APPRAISAL DECISIO

• The subproject can be considered for approval. Based on a site visit and consultations with both interested and affected parties, the field appraisal determined that the community and its proposed project adequately address environmental and/or social issues as required by the ESMF.

• Further subproject preparation work is required before the application can be considered further. The field appraisal has identified environmental and/or social issues that have not been adequately addressed. The following work needs to be undertaken before further consideration of the application:

All required documentation such as an amended application, ESMP, RAP/ARAP, or PMP will be added to the subprojects file before the subprojects is considered further.

ame of field appraisal officer (print): ......

Signature: ...... Date: ……………………………………

92

AEX V: GUIDELIES FOR AUAL REPORT

ame of the Project: Application umber: (PROIRRI Sustainable irrigation development Projects)

1. ame of District or Local Government:

2. ame and Position of Review Authority Completing the Annual Report:

3. Reporting Year:

4. Date of Report:

5. Community Subproject (s):

Please enter the numbers of sub-projects in the following table.

Types of Activities Approved this year year this Approved Application included an ESMF checklist Appraisal Field EMP PMP RAP/ARAP TA Specific Water Supply Water point rehabilitation Earth dam rehabilitation Community reservoirs Small dams Water harvesting facility Gravity water schemes Roads and Energy Tertiary/secondary roads Tertiary/secondary road culverts/bridges Footpaths Rural electrical distribution Agriculture and markets Terracing Agro-processing facilities Post harvest handling facilities Market places atural resources management Anti-erosion interventions and soil fertility restoration Demonstration/nutrition gardens Stream and river bank protection Wetland development

93

6. Were there any unforeseen environmental or social problems associated with any sub- project approved and implemented this year? If so, please identify the sub-project (s) and summarize the problem (s) and what was or will be done to solve the problem (s). Use a summary table like the one below.

Subproject Problem(s) Actions taken Actions to be taken

7. Have any other environmental or social analyses been carried out by other public or private agencies in your district/province? If so, please describe them briefly. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Have you noticed any particular problems with implementing the ESMF in the past year (e.g. administrative, communications, forms, capacity)? If so, please describe them briefly. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Training: Please summarize the training received in your district/province in the past year, as well as key areas of further training you think is needed.

Group Training Received Training eeded Review Authority

Approval Authority

Extension Teams

IOs/Associations

94

AEX VI: GUIDELIES FOR AUAL REVIEWS

Objectives: The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold: a) To assess Project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and b) To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to PROIRRIfunded and other development activities.

The annual reviews are intended to be used by PROIRRI management (PCT) to improve procedures and capacity for integrating natural resources and environmental/social management into project operations. They will also be a principal source of information to Bank supervision missions.

Scope of Work: ESMF Performance Assessment The overall scope of the performance assessment work is to: a) Assess the adequacy of the sub-project approval process and procedures based on interviews with project participants, project records, and the environmental and social performance of a sample of approved sub-projects; b) Assess the adequacy of ESMF roles and responsibilities, procedures, forms, information resource materials, etc.; c) Assess the needs for further training and capacity building; d) Identify key risks to the environmental and social sustainability of sub-projects; and e) Recommend appropriate measures for improving ESMF performance.

The following tasks will be typical: a) Review provincial and district records of sub-projects preparation and approval (e.g. applications; screening checklists; ESMPs, RAP/ARAPs and PMPs appraisal forms; approval documents), monitoring reports as well as related studies or reports on wider issues of natural resources and environmental management in the country; b) On the basis of this review, conduct field visits of a sample of approved sub-projects to assess the completeness of planning and implementation work, the adequacy of environmental/social design, and compliance with proposed mitigation measures. The sample should be large enough to be representative and include a substantial proportion of sub-projects that had (or should have had) a field appraisal according to established ESMF criteria (see Section 9.2 Appraisal and Approval). Sub-projects in sensitive natural or social environments should especially be included. c) Interview project and district officials responsible for sub-projects appraisal and approval to determine their experience with ESMF implementation, their views on the strengths and weaknesses of the ESMF process, and what should be done to improve performance. Improvements may concern, for example, the process itself, the available tools (e.g.guidelines, forms, and information sheets), the extent and kind of training available, and the amount of financial resources available. d) Develop recommendations for improving ESMF performance.

Cumulative Impacts Assessment This part of the annual review assesses the actual or potential cumulative impacts of sub-projects with other sub-projects or development initiatives on the environment, natural resources and community groups. Cumulative impacts result from a number of individual small-scale activities

95

that, on their own, have minimal impacts, but over time and in combination generate a significant impact. For example:

* Decline in groundwater levels or quality due to the construction of numerous wells and the introduction of numerous small-scale irrigation works; * Overwhelmed or illegal waste and dumping sites due to the inappropriate disposal of increasing amounts of waste materials; * Illegal poaching of wildlife due to expansion of land under cultivation or increased proximity and access to protected areas through construction of small access roads; and * Attraction of large migrant populations to communities that have successfully introduced improve social infrastructure (such as schools, health centers or water sources) resulting in overcrowding, depletion of resources (e.g. space, supplies, water), etc.

The function of this assessment is primarily as an "early warning" system for potential cumulative impacts that might otherwise go undetected and unattended to. It will be largely based on the observations of people interviewed during the field work, and trends that may be noticed by district or regional officials. Where cumulative impacts are detected or suspected, recommendations will be made to address the issue, perhaps through more detailed study to clarify matters and what should or can be done about them.

Qualifications for Undertaking Annual Reviews: The reviews should be undertaken by an individual or small team with training and experience relevant to the likely issues to be encountered (e.g. environmental and natural resources management and land acquisition and resettlement). They should also be familiar with the methods and practices of effective community consultation, and with typical methods and processes for preparing, appraising, approving and implementing small-scale community development projects.

Timing: Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual monitoring report has been prepared and before Bank supervision of the project, at the closing of each year of the project. It is expected that each review would require 3-4 weeks of field work (interviews, examination of sub-projects), and that the review report would be completed within 2 weeks of completing the field work.

Outputs: The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address: a) ESMF performance and b) cumulative impacts. Annexes should provide the detailed results of the field work, and summarize the number of approved sub-projects by district and their characteristics according to the annual report format (see Annex V). Copies of the annual review report should be delivered to PROIRRI Steering Committee, to each district/provincial office responsible for appraisal, approval and implementation of sub-projects, and to the World Bank. The Provincial Review Panel may also want to host national or district workshops to review and discuss the review findings and recommendations.

96

AEX VII: GUIDELIES FOR A ESMP

When a sub-project includes distinct mitigation measures (physical works or management activities), an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) needs to be included with the sub-project application.

ESMP Contents: An ESMP usually includes the following components: • Description of adverse effects : The anticipated effects are identified and summarized. • Description of mitigation measures : Each measure is described with reference to the effect(s) it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures are described. • Description of monitoring program : Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of environmental effects. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental effects are monitored is discussed below. • Responsibilities : The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies. • Implementation schedule : The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall sub-project schedule. • Cost estimates and sources of funds : These are specified for the initial sub-project investment and for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a sub-project is implemented. Funds to implement the EMP may come from the sub-project grant, from the community, or both. Government agencies and NGOs may be able to assist with monitoring.

Monitoring Methods: Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental effects should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information (see example below) and that community members can apply themselves. For example, they could just be regular observations of sub-project activities or sites during construction and then use. Are fences and gates being maintained and properly used around a new water point?; does a stream look muddier than it should and, if so, where is the mud coming from and why?; are pesticides being properly stored and used? Most observations of inappropriate behavior or adverse effects should lead to commonsense solutions. In some cases (e.g. unexplainable increases in illness or declines in fish numbers), there may be a need to require investigation by a technically qualified person.

97

Table 1. Example of monitoring water quality from a drainage project Item Monitoring Sampling Monitoring Parameter Frequency Location Operation Phase Ground water pH Monthly tube wells, tile quality salinity drain outfalls Alcalinity and/or monitoring conductivity wells ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorus Pesticide scans BOD COD

Surface water pH weekly above and below quality – salinity project influence receiving water Alcalinity and at strategic conductivity stations below ammonia and above Total nitrates drainage outfalls Phosphorus at minimum 500 Pesticide scans meters; if the BOD river exceeds 3 COD meters depth, Coliforms samples at all stations should be at surface and 60- 80% of depth Drainage quality pH Weekly At point of salinity discharge Alcalinity conductivity ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorus Pesticide scans BOD COD Coliforms

98

AEX VIII: PEST MAAGEMET PLA (PMP)

1. ITRODUCTIO

Increased extent of irrigated crop area associated with PROIRRI may lead to an increase in pest populations and subsequently a raise in chemicals usage to control these pests in the region. Any increase in pest populations may be detrimental to agricultural productivity or human/animal health which in turn will augment the dependency on pesticides. Any subsequent increase in the use of chemicals has the potential to cause harm to users, to the public and to the environment.

In the context of this project a pest may be defined as any organism whose presence causes economic loss or otherwise detracts from human welfare. The term covers a broad range of organisms (plant, animals and micro-organisms) that reduce productivity of agriculture. Pest management issues can be raised on a variety of smallholder agriculture subprojects such as:

• New land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area; • Expansion of agricultural activities into new areas; • Diversification into new agricultural crops, particularly if these tend to receive high usage of pesticide - e.g. sugar-cane, vegetables and rice; • Intensification of existing low-technology agriculture systems.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) based pest management is a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on chemicals pesticides. It involves: i) managing pests (keeping them below economically changing levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; ii) relying, to the extent possible, on non-chemical measures to keep pest populations low; and iii) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans and the environment (World Bank Pest Management Guidebook – http://go.worldbank.org/JORIVUFLRO ).

This annex presents the Pest Management Plan (PMP) to manage potential pest problems that may develop and help ensure that the use of all pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer and other chemicals associated with the PROIRRI will be handled properly and in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 – Pest Management. According to this policy the PMP is based on the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, which promotes good agricultural practice through the use of responsible and sustainable activities that will result in a reduction in pesticide use. This PMP is focused particularly on three main crop systems to be developed by the PROIRRI: flatland mediumscale rice , flatland mediumscale sugarcane and flatland and upland smallscale horticulture .

2. POLICY AD ISTITUTIOAL FRAMEWORK

Mozambique has enacted good pesticide legislation (Ministerial Diploma 153/2002 of 11 September 2002) but the capacity to enforce the legislation is weak (see Chapter 6 for detailed description). According to this legislation only pesticides registered with the National Directorate of Agrarian Services (DNSA) can be used in Mozambique. These include a list of pesticides products that are classified according to their toxic potential (Article 9). Of the 188 registered pesticides, 109 are class III; 67 class II and only 12 class I (being Class I being the most toxic ones). Composition and physical-chemical characteristics of the pesticides proposed for registration conform to the specifications from the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and must appear on the label. The

99

regulation requires also proper packaging and handling which meet the necessary requirements regarding occupational safety. For details regarding to this regulation consult Chapter 6 of the main document.

Emphasis is currently placed on the identification, classification, proper storage and disposal of obsolete pesticides of which c 900 tones are believed to be stored under poor conditions throughout Mozambique.

Another legal instrument that is mentioned in this PMP is the Environmental Quality Standards and Effluents Emissions Regulation approved by the Council of Ministers in May 2004 (Decree 18/2004) and published in the government’s gazette (Boletim da República number 22 of 2 of June 2004). It aims at controlling and maintaining the level of concentration of pollutants at an admissive level. The Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) is responsible for ensuring compliance with this Regulation.

There are no specific policies with regards to pest management and crop protection in the context of IPM approaches in Mozambique. Research into plant health and to a certain extent IPM approaches were carried out by National Agrarian Research Institute (IIAM) and the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM). Currently IPM approaches in the field are at an early stage in Mozambique with reliance more the use of conventional pesticides.

Institutional capacity is represented at central, provincial and district levels. At the central Level and according to Pesticides Regulations Ministerial Diploma 153/2002 DNSA of the MINAG, through its Registration Unit is the official agency responsible for the registration of the pesticides and the issue of permits for their use, after approval by the National Directorate of Health (DNS/MISAU), the National Directorate for Environmental Impact Assessment (DNAIA/MICOA) and the National Institute for Agrarian Research – Department of Animal Science (IIAM/DCA).

MINAG has established a Technical Advisory Committee which provides advice on issues related to the Pesticide Regulations. This Committee includes representatives from various departments within MINAG and other Institutions (MICOA, MISAU, the National Institute for Standardization and Quality-INNOQ) as well as the private sector.

The Provincial Directorate of Agriculture (DPA) through the Agricultural Services is the institution with the responsibility of inspecting if users have a use, handling or transportation permit. It also should monitor the use and impact of pesticides from agricultural activities and report to DPCA. At the district level pesticide use, handling and transportation is controlled by SDAE, which works with an extension team in providing training for farmers in this matter.

Overall the capacity to deal with pesticides is weak in Mozambique. The above mentioned institutions face limited human, material and financial resources to carry out their activities. For example, pesticide residues are not being monitored on export crops and crops for the domestic market; poisoning statistics by pesticides are not available; and medical staff at rural clinics is not trained to recognize and treat pesticide poisoning and antidotes are not available in rural areas.

In the context of the PROIRRI the consultant suggests to rely on some of the strategic partners such as private companies (Companhia do Vanduzi, Agriza, Ausmoz and others) and NGOs to successfully implement this PMP. A strategy that is being adopted in some districts (Bárue, Caia, Gorongosa and Búzi) is the selection of a Contact Farmer who is trained by SDAE/extension worker and has the responsibility of transferring information to the rest of the community. Also,

100

several NGOs and private companies have their own extension teams that collaborate with government in providing extension services. A list of existing NGOs and private companies with extension workers per district is presented in Table 5 of the main document.

3. PEST MAAGEMET APPROACH

This section presents the current and anticipated pest problems relevant to the PROIRRI, relevant IPM experience within the project area, assessment of proposed or current pest and pesticide management approach and recommendations.

3.1 Current and anticipated pest problems

In general pest attack is low in the PROIRRI targeted areas, but there is a range of pests, diseases and weeds reported by farmers, officials and the literature. Table 1 summarizes the current pests for rice, sugar-cane and vegetables present or suspected to be present in the targeted areas. The current impact from these pests is low (sometime unknown), except perhaps the red locust that attacks some of the areas (Gorongosa, Nhamatanda and Búzi) every year. However, the expected increase in rice, sugar-cane and vegetables crop area extent in the PROIRRI sites will likely reverse that situation and some pests may become a major economic problem, especially for medium-scale projects and, thus an increase in pest control measures will be needed for this project. Table 1 summarizes some control measures (chemical, cultural and biological) for each crop that can be used in case an outbreak is observed.

Flatland rice production (medium-scale sub-projects in Búzi, Nhamatanda, Marromeu and Caia) In all areas current pest occurrence and pesticide use is currently low but increase in crop area may result in a raise of pest occurrence, especially birds (especially for rice production areas), red locust and rats. These are currently reported to be the major pests in these areas. However, pesticide use is expected to be kept at minimum levels as a result of poor access to low priced and generic pesticides.

Rehabilitation of the irrigation schemes in the above referred districts will increase dry season irrigation. This may cause the following potential impacts: • Stalk borers, brown plant hopper and armyworm could increase but the result should not be more insecticide application than currently exists in the command area since less than half the farmers apply only one or more sprays per season; • Rice diseases are unimportant at the moment but because of the increased cost base of the irrigated rice, farmers will be more willing to apply a fungicide to protect their investment. Blast and brown spot could increase in two rice crops per year are grown. There is no reason to believe that fungicide use will be greater than the very low levels that already exists in the area. • The same consideration applies to weeds as to diseases.

Flatland sugar-cane production (medium-scale in Búzi, Nhamatanda, Marromeu) Current pest occurrence and pesticide use is low in all PROIRRI sites. The crop area is likely to stay at the current extent level, but an increase in crop production is expected as a result of irrigation. Thus pest incidence and pesticides use is not expected to be considerably higher than the current levels.

However, rehabilitation of irrigation schemes in these sites will guarantee all year round irrigation and if not well managed waterlogging may result in the following potential impacts:

101

• Some stalk borers could increase but the result should not be more insecticide application than currently exists in the command area; • Some diseases such as red rot and pineapple disease may entry through stalk damaged by borers, rat damage or any such injuries. • Purple nutsedge and broad leaf weeds may also develop.

Flatland and upland small-scale horticulture (Susundenga, Manica, Bárue, Gondola, Chimoio, Nhamatanda and Gorongoza) Given the variety of crops, pests and sites to be developed with small-scale horticulture, the specific consequences for each individual pesticide in the long-term are difficult to predict but also expected to be minimum. Overall, the intensification of vegetable production will tend to result in general increase in the use of pesticides. In the first few years after irrigation schemes improvement and/or construction there could be sporadic outbreaks, especially insects and diseases not normally considered pests, as the ecology of the crops and resident insect/pathogen population find a balance. The rotation and juxtaposition of crops are important influences on pest and diseases attack and these will need to be monitored. If outbreaks on a particular crops occurs repeatedly the best solution may be avoid cultivating it.

3.2. Relevant IPM experience within the project area

There is a fair amount of knowledge regarding to IPM in the PROIRRI command area, but it is rarely put into practical use. This is because farmers believe that chemicals are more efficient than any other cultural practices they may adopt. However, farmers in the districts of Gondola and Manica (Manica Province) refer crop rotation (tomato is rotated with sprouts and beans or onions every two years) and intercropping (vegetables and legumes) as being efficient in controlling some pests specially insects and fungus. There is a good chance that these techniques are also applied in other places within the PROIRRI command area.

3.3. Current pest management practices

At present pest and disease control is limited by a combination of lack of knowledge, lack of equipment and supplies and lack finance. Smallholder farmers in the command area take various measures to minimize or avoid pest infestations such as weeding and application of insecticides and herbicides. Weed control is generally achieved through a combination of tillage-seedbed preparation by several passes of the traditional ox-drawn plough (or manually) and subsequent inter-row weed control cultivations in row crops. Comprehensive data on pesticides use are not available, but most farmers referred Cypermethrin, Mancozeb, Cobox and Teodan as the main pesticides they use. Pesticides are purchased from private vendors. Applications are conducted without proper equipment and according to some conversations expiration date is not always observed. However, the extension service of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture (DPA) provides training in the area which includes among others: type and amount of pesticide per crop and poisonous effects of pesticides on humans, animals and the environment. However the extension network is poor and the worker face several limitations to properly conduct their work.

Control of birds and wild animals (scarce in the targeted area) are mainly done by using the traditional way of scaring (the use of scarecrow in very common especially in rice production areas), chasing and guarding of animals.

102

Table 1. Common pests, diseases and weeds in the PROIRRI targeted area. Crop Pests Diseases Weeds otes Common Scientific name Control methods* Common Pathogen Control measures* Common Scientific Control name name Scientific name name name methods* Solanacea Root rot Pythium, Chemical : Benomyl e (tomato, Rhizoctonia, (0.5g /l), cupric pepper) Sclerotium e hydroxide (2.5g/l of Fusarium water) applied in the Chemical : Brown rot Pseudomonas nursery, Captab (2ml/kg Cypermethrin (1ml/l), solanacearum of seed). deltamethrin (1ml/l), Cultural : avoid high lambda-cyhalothrin humidity in the field, (1ml/l). destruction of crop Chemical : American Helicoverpa(=H Cultural : destruction of residues. metribuzin ( 1- Bollworm eliothis) crop residues and well 2kg/Ha), (Fruit worm) armigera spaced plants. metachlor ( 1- Echinochloa Biological : Bacillus Early blight Alternaria solani Chemical : Mancozeb 2kg/ha), colona, thuringiensis var. (2g/l) doing preventive cycloxydim ( 0.5- Eleusine aizawai or var. kurstaki application (can’t 1l/ha). indica, (500g/ha) exceed 2) or Cimoxanyl Cultural : Annual grasses Digitaria + propineb (2-3 g/l) transplantation in spp., when the infestation a clean field, use Dactylocteni begins and repeat in 14 of non infested um days. seeds, fertilization aegyptium Leaf miner Liryomisa sp. Chemical :Cypermethri Late blight Phytophthora Cultural : (See Root at the right time, n (0.5-1ml/l), infestans rot ). crop rotation (with abamectin (1ml/l), other family dimethoate. crops). Cultural : (see American Bollworm). Aphids Aphis gossypii Chemical : Diazinon Fusarium wilt Fusarium (1.5ml/l), dimethoate oxysporum (2ml/l), imidacloprid f.sp.lycopersici (380ml/100l of water). Cultural : (see American Bollworm). Thrips Thrips tabaci Chemical :Cypermethri Bacterial spot Xanthomonas Chemical : Cupric Bermuda grass Cynodon Chemical : Lind. n (0.5ml/l), vesicatoria hydroxide (2g/l) when dactylon cycloxydim ( 1- deltamethrin (0.5ml/l), the infestation begins 2l/ha) diazinon (1.5ml/l). and repeat if necessary Cultural : (See Cultural: (see (with intervals of 7-14 Annual grasses ). American Bollworm) days) Cultural : (See Root rot ). White fly Bemisia tabaci Chemical :imidacloprid Anthracnose Colletotrichum sp. Chemical : Mancozeb Nutsedges Cyperus Chemical : Bemisi

103

(0.05ml/100ml), (2g/l) applied in the rotundus imazapyr (2- a dimethoate, pyrethrum nursery and repeat (purple 8l/Ha), MSMA tabaci Cultural : (see within 7 days if it’s a nutsedge), (6l/ha), ETPC. is very American Bollworm). raining season. C. esculentus Cultural : (See importa Cultural: (See Root rot ). (Yellow Annual grasses ). nt as a nutsedge). virus disease vector. Cutworm Agrotis spp. Chemical :Cypermethri Mosaic and leaf Tobacco mosaic Chemical : only by n (1ml/l), chlorpyrifos curl virus and other control the disease (2ml/l), diazinon virus vector. (2ml/l). Cultural : destruction of Cultural : weed crop residues, use destruction, flooding resistant cultivars. the infested field and drain quickly, deep ploughing. Semi-looper Plusia sp. Chemical : lambda- Broad leaf Solanum Chemical : (plusia cyhalothrin (1ml/l), weeds nigrum, metribuzina (1- looper) chlorpyrifos (3-4ml/l). Datura 2kg/Ha), Cultural : (see stramonium, metachlor ( 1- American Bollworm ). Portulaca 2kg/ha ). Biological : Bacillus oleracea, Cultural : (See thuringiensis var. Bidens Annual grasses ). aizawai or var. kurstaki pilosa, (500g/ha) Ipomoea Nematodes Meloidogyne Chemical :Dazomet spp., spp. (50g/m 2) in the nursery Trianthema before seedling (2-3 portulacastr weeks), fenamiphos um, (1kg/100 m row), Amaranthus aldicarb (300g/100 m spinosus, row) Parthenium Cultural : resistant hysterophoru varieties (with N in the s, Argemone name) mexicana Red Spider Tetranychus Chemical : diazinon mite evansi (2ml/l), dicofol (2g/l), abamectin (1ml/l). Cultural : (see American Bollworm) Biological : use of natural enemies Amblyseius, Phytoseiulus persimillis,

104

Feltiella acarisuga

Fruit flies Dacus spp., Chemical : Malathion Some Bactrocera spp. (2ml/l), dimethoate bactroc (150ml + food era attractant). species Cultural : orchard (B. sanitation, mechanical invade fruit protection, early ns ) can harvesting. create Biological : fungus export Metarhizium restricti anisopliae , parasitoids ons such as Fopius becaus arisanus and the e they predator weaver are Oecophylla longinoda . quarant ine pests. Recentl y, this specie was reporte d has occurri ng in North of Mozam bique, and it is spreadi ng quickly to the other regions . Field Rat Praomys Chemical :Brodifacume natalensis (1kg/ha), food baits with chlorophacinone. Aliaceae Chemical : deltamethrin Root rot Pythium, (See Root rot in Broad leaf Amaranthus Chemical : Thrips tabaci (onion, Thrips (100-200ml/ha), Rhizoctonia, Solanaceae). weeds spp., oxadiazon (4- Lind. garlic) lambda-cyhalothrin Sclerotium e Galinsoga 5l/ha), oxyfluorfen

105

Fusarium parviflora, (3l/Ha). Tribulus Cultural : (See terrestris, Annual grasses in Bidens Solanacea). pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides, icandra physalodes, Sonchus spp. Purple blotch Alternaria porri Chemical : Mancozeb Annual Echinochloa Chemical : (80-120 ml/ha), (2-3g/l) when the grasses colona, cycloxydim (0.4-2 omethoate (1ml/l). infestation begins and Sorghum l/ha), propachlor Cultural: (see repeat within 7 days if arundinaceu (6l/Ha). American Bollworm) necessary. m, Digitaria Cultural : (See Cultural : (See Root rot spp. Annual grasses in Downy mildew Peronospora in Solanaceae). Cyperus Solanacea). destructor Nutsedges rotundus Onin rust Puccinia allii (purple Gray mold Botrytis spp. Chemical : Benomyl nutsedge), disease, (1.5g/kg of seed) or C. esculentus Botrytis bulb Carboxyme+tirame(3ml (Yellow rot, Botrytis rot /kg of seed) for seed nutsedge). White rot Sclerotium treatment. cepivorum Cultural: (See Root rot in Solanaceae). Cruciferae Cabbage Brevicoryne (See Aphids in Root rot Pythium, (See Root rot in Broad leaf Amaranthus Chemical : (cabbage, aphid brassicae Solanaceae) Rhizoctonia, Solanaceae). weeds spp., oxyfluorfen (2- kale, Lipaphis erysimi Sclerotium e Galinsoga 3l/Ha), trifluralin lettuce, Fusarium parviflora, (1-2l/Ha). broccoli, Tribulus Cultural : (See cauliflowe terrestris, Annual grasses in r) Bidens Solanacea). pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides, icandra physalodes, Sonchus spp. Diamond Plutella Chemical :Cypermethri Black rot Xanthomonas Annual grasses Echinochloa Chemical : alachlor black moth xylostella n (1ml/l), deltamethrin campestris colona, ( 4-5l/ha) and (1ml/l), chlorpyrifos Sorghum metazachlor ( 1.8- (1ml/l). arundinaceu 2.5l/ha). Cultural : (see m, Digitaria Cultural : (See American Bollworm). spp. Annual grasses in Biological : Bacillus Solanacea).

106

thuringiensis var. aizawai or var. kurstaki (250-500g/ha) applied every 7-10 days. Use of Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum as parasitoids. Webworm Hellula undalis Downy mildew Peronospora Chemica l: Cupric Nutsedges Cyperus parasitica hydroxide (2g/l) in the rotundus nursery when the plants (purple are 3cm of height. nutsedge), Mancozeb (2g/l) when C. esculentus the infestation begins (Yeloow and repeat within 7 days nutsedge). (For chemical and if necessary. Use an cultural control see adherent. Diamond black moth ) Cultural : (See Root rot in Solanaceae). Armyworm Athalia flacca

Leafworm Spodoptera spp. Chemical : Benomyl Cabagge Crocidolomia (1.5g/kg of seed)or Cluster- binotalis Carboxyme+tirame(3ml Bacterial soft Erwinia caterpillar /kg of seed) for seed rot carotovora Bagrada bug Bagrada hilaris Chemical : treatment. carbofuran(200g/100 m Cultural : (See Root rot row). in Solanaceae). Cultural : destruction of cruciferous weeds Curbitace Aphids Aphis gossypii (See Aphids in Root rot Pythium, (See Root rot in Annual grasses Echinochloa Chemical : Some ae Solanaceae) Rhizoctonia, Solanaceae). colona, cycloxydim (0.4-2 bactroc ( pumpkin Sclerotium e Sorghum l/ha) era , Fusarium arundinaceu Cultural : (See species cucumber, Fruit flies Dacus spp., (See Fruit flies in Downy Mildew Pseudoperonospor (See Downy mildew in m, Digitaria Annual grasses in (B. watermelo Bactrocera spp. Solanaceae). a cubensis Cruciferae). spp. Solanacea). invade n, melon, Nematode Meloidogyne (See ematodes in Cucurbit Erysiphe Benomyl (0.5g/l), ns ) can gem spp. Solanaceae) powdery cichoracearum sulphur (3g/l) create squash, mildew chinomethionat export btternuts) (0.25g/l) when the restricti plants has 3-5 leaves ons and repeat within 2 becaus weeks. e they Cultural : avoid high are humidity in the field, quarant destruction of crop ine

107

residues, use resistant pests. cultivars Recentl Field Rat Praomys (See Field rat in Mosaic Cucumber Mosaic Chemical : only by y, this natalensis Solanaceae) Virus control the vector specie Watermelon Cultural : use resistant was Mosaic Virus cultivars reporte d has occurri ng in North of Mozam bique, and it is spreadi ng quickly to the other regions Rice( Oryz Sppoted Chilo partellus Chemical :Cipermethrin Rice blast Pyricularia oryzae Chemical : Mancozeb Annual grasses Dinebra Chemical : a sativa - Stalk borer (0.5ml/l), carbaryl, (140g/100kg of seed) or retroflexa, Oxadizon (3- Graminea Pink Stalk Sesamia diazinon, endosulfan, other fungicide Echinochloa 4l/ha),propanil (8- e) borer calamistis fenthion. (Sulphur). colona 12l/ha. Cultural : destruction of Cultural : on time Cultural : (See crop residues, harvesting, use resistant Annual grasses in destruction of thick- varieties, avoid high Solanacea) and stemmed grass weeds, humidity in the field, Maintenance of good fertilization, destruction of crop the water level in resistant varieties residues. the field. White rice Miliarpha Biological :use of Nutsedges Cyperus Chemical : borer separatella Trichogramma spp. an difformis, bentazona+propan Stalk-eyed Diopsis egg parasitoid and Cyperus iria, yl (2-4l+8-12l per fly (Stalk- thoracica Apanteles spp as larval Fimbristylis Ha), eyed borer) parasitoids. spp., MCPA+propanyl African Spodoptera Chemical :Carbaryl Cyperus (3-5l+8-12l per armyworm exempta (3g/l), cypermethrin esculentus Ha). Chemical : Mancozeb (0.5ml/l), diazinon Drechslera (yellow Cultural : (See (140g/100kg of seed). (1.5ml/l). Brown spot oryzae=Helmintho nutsedge), Annual grasses in Cultural : (See Root rot Cultural : (see sporium oryzae) Scirpus Rice). in Solanaceae). American Bollworm). maritimus.

Rice hispid Trichispa Chemical: insecticide sericea is not effective. Cultural : destruction of

108

infested crop material and crop residues Biological : use of fungus Beauvaria sp . Grass- Homorocoryphu Chemical :Carbaryl hoppers s nitidulus (4g/l), fenitrothion (660ml/ha), chlorpyriphos (2ml/l), deltamethrin (0.6ml/l) Biological : fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (250ml/ha) Black maize Heteronychus Chemical : dieldrin leaf spot Khuskia oryzae Broad leaf Eclipta beetle (sugar spp. sprays applied to the weeds prostrate, cane beetle) soil before planting Corchorus or black Cultural : destruction of olitorius, wheat beetle crop residues Commelina Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (See Cutworm in spp. Solanaceae) Rice weevil Sitophilus Chemical :malathion oryzae (L.) and methyl (See Annual bromide( for infested grasses in Rice). grain). Red billed Quelea quelea Chemical :Fenthion (2- Seed rot Fusarium spp. And Longstamen Oryza Longst 8l/ha) other fungi rice longistamina amen ta rice is a serious weed in central regions Field Rat Praomys (See Field rat in Red rice Oryza sp. Chemical : natalensis Solanaceae). glyphosate (4- Red locust omadacris Chemical : air plane 6l/ha), paraquat Red septemfasciata sprays with carbaryl or (3-4//ha). locust dieldrin. Cultural : (See is a Preventive : monitoring Annual grasses in sporadi the locust activity in Rice). cally outbreak areas. serious pest. Sofala has two (Buzi and Chiuta) of the most

109

importa nt outbrea k areas. Sugar Sugarcane Chilo Red rot Colletotrichum (See Root rot in Purple nutsedge Cyperus Chemical : Borers cane Stalk borers sacchariphagus falcatum Went Solanaceae). rotundus acetochlor (2- are (Saccharu (Boyer) Root rot Pythium Grasses Cynodon 4l/Ha), alachlor very m Eldana graminicolum dactylon , (4-6l/Ha), serious officinaru saccharina Wlk. Subr. Sorghum halosulfuron pest in m- halepense , (50g/Ha, only for sugarca Graminea Panicum nutsedge). ne e) Set rot Aspergillus spp ., spp., Cultural : (See product Fusarium spp . Dactylocteri Annual grasses in ion And other fungi um Solanacea). areas (Marro Pineapple Certatocystis aegyptium meu- disease paradoxa Sofala) (See borers in Rice) Chemical : Benomil (0.5g/l), sulfur (3g/l) chinomethionat (0.25g/l) when the plants has 3-5 leaves Sclerospora and repeat within 2 Downy mildew sacchari Miy weeks. Cultural : avoid high humidity in the field, destruction of crop residues, use resistant cultivars. Brown spot Cercospora Chemical : Mancozeb Broad leaf Amaranthus Chemical : atrazine It is a Mound- Macrotermes Chemical :Aldrin or longipes (140g/100kg of seed). weeds viridi ., (2-3l/Ha), diuron very building spp. dieldrin in baits or Cultural : (See Root rot Portulaca (3-4l/Ha), serious termites applied directly to the in Solanaceae). oleraceae , cyanazine (6l+3l pest in nest holes. Commelina atrazine 500 SC), sugar Leaf hopper Cicadulina Chemical : carbaryl, Mosaic Complex- Chemical: It’s bengalensis , MCPA (6-9l/Ha). cane mbila (Naude) dimethoate, endosulfan sugarcane mosaic recommended to control Trianthema Cultural : (See product (100ml in high volume) virus, maize streak the disease vector. portulacastr Annual grasses in ion Cultural : rouging and mosaic Cultural : destruction of um . Solanacea). areas burning diseased plants crop residues, , use (Marro Black maize Heteronychus Chemical : dieldrin resistant cultivars.. meu- beetle (sugar spp. applied to the soil Sofala) cane beetle) before planting and in young sugarcane stools

110

3.4. Pesticide management

Field observations indicate that although farmers are aware that pesticides are poisonous their responses still create a major occupational health and environmental risk. In particular some pesticides are often sold in non-standard containers without proper instructions, effective protective clothing and equipment is seldom available (if it exists), on-farm storage sites are highly hazardous (sun and rain exposure), used containers are washed-out in local waterbodies and the containers re-used. Conversations with farmers reveal limited knowledge and application of safety practices.

Data on pesticides poisoning and environmental contamination are not available or difficult to obtain since no regular system exists for regular monitoring of the risks. Moreover, medical staff at rural clinics is not trained to recognize and treat pesticide poisoning, and antidotes are not available in rural areas.

In summary the main pesticide management problems in the PROIRRI targeted area are: • Excessive or inadequate use, which may result in problems for the human health and the environment, especially the contamination of soils. Signs of soil contamination/depletion were observed in Gondola (Quinta das Laranjeiras), where the farmers association is no longer able to cultivate the assigned area. Here soil salt accumulation was also observed; • Use of out-of-date pesticides (observed in most of areas); • Use of non-authorized and/or non-labeled pesticides or the re-packaging of pesticides; • Application without the adequate equipment, with an increase of the risk of contamination; • Use of empty pesticide's packages, washed in rivers and leading to their contamination. • No adequate monitoring of pesticides use and handling is carried out.

Overall there is a need to improve current pest and pesticide management practices within the PROIRRI command areas. The consultant recommends the following: • Promote IPM within PROIRRI area (See table 1 for detailed biological and cultural control measure per crop); • Promote the use of precautionary measures such as the use of protective clothing and proper equipment, cleaning of spray equipment, wash after completing spraying activities and observing re-entry points, observation of expiration dates, disposal of containers and waste in general, among others; • Awareness and sensitization training on application methods and IPM practices; • Promote the design and implementation of monitoring plans that include pesticide control.

4. EVIROMETAL, OCCUPATIOAL AD PUBLIC HEALTH POTETIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATIO MEASURES AD MOITORIG

This section deals with the impacts associated with the increases in the use of agricultural pesticides that may result from changes in agricultural practices and intensities (Table 2). The impacts expected from this project are specially associated with the current pesticide management practices identified in section 3.3. Thus mitigation measures are designed to avoid the use of, or properly manage chemical use and improve IPM in the region. The strategy for implementation of suggested mitigation measures is therefore to utilize the existing structure of DPA in which the extension team supervise and train farmers in the use of chemicals. Capacity building is however necessary in all sites in order to build up existing farmers inclination of keeping chemical use at a

111

minimum. For aspects in which expertise has not yet been developed the strategy is to utilize technical assistance provided by the PROIRRI. The objective of this section is to ensure that: • Any intensification of agriculture practices does not result in any increase in the use of agricultural chemicals; • The farmers have support and advice in pest and soil management for coping with their new pattern of agriculture; and • The supply of food for the construction and operation work force is safe in terms of pesticide minimum residue level and has been produced with the attention to human and environmental safety.

Table 2. Potential impacts, mitigation measures and indicators of monitoring. Pesticide Potential impact Mitigation measure Indicators of management issue monitoring Excessive use of Decrease in water • Regulatory Number of farmers (out-of-dated) quality for application of using pesticides chemicals, disposal consumption and pesticides (type, properly (observing of containers in irrigation labeling and quantity); expiration dates and rivers and stream, • Promote dosages); Proliferation of use of non- recycling of containers; aquatic weeds authorized and/or • Monitor aquatic Number of aquatic non-labeled biodiversity and weeds. weeds; pesticides. Loss of biodiversity Abundance (n/ha) of in particular of plant resource species aquatic species (e.g medicine, food);

Patterns of water quality referred in the regulation (Decree 18/2004) Excessive use of Increase in soil • Regulatory Patterns of soil quality (out-of-dated) toxicity application of referred in the chemicals, use of pesticides (type, regulation (Decree non-authorized labeling and quantity); 18/2004) and/or non-labeled • Promote the use pesticides of cultural and Number of farmers biological control using biological and measures (Table 1). cultural measures. Excessive use of • Poor crop yield; • Regulatory Productivity per crop; (out-of-dated) • Unacceptable application of chemicals, use of levels of pesticide pesticides (type, Quality of the product polluted water residues in harvested labeling and quantity); offered to the market; produce and in the • Promote the use food chain. of cultural and Number of farmers biological control using biological and measures (Table 2) cultural measures.

112

Use of empty poisoning of farmers • Promote the Observed changes in pesticide's packages, and detrimental recycling of packages; the following areas: washed and disposed effects on human • Regulatory Number of farmers in rivers, health application of recycling containers; consumption of pesticides (type, polluted water, labeling and quantity); Number of packages excessive use of Toxicity to fish • Monitor aquatic washed and disposed in chemicals biodiversity and rivers; fishing activity; • Promote first aid Patterns of water training to farmers. quality referred in the regulation (Decree 18/2004);

Fishing yields;

Number of farmers trained in first aid. Application without increased number of • Promote the use Number of farmers protective equipment accidents and of protective using protective injuries equipment; equipment; • Promote first aid training Number of farmers trained in first aid;

Number of accidents/injuries per season.

Overall, pesticide misuse may also result in: (i) Elimination of the natural enemies of crop pests and consequent loss of natural pest control that keeps the populations of crop pests very low; and (ii) Development of pest resistance to pesticides, encouraging further increases in the use of chemical pesticides.

4.1. Move towards IPM

To mitigate the impacts identified in Table 2 the overall approach of the PROIRRI should be to keep pesticide use at a minimum or avoid it and any necessary use is intelligent and considered part of an IPM approach in line with OP 4.09. The exact IPM approach should be defined according to site conditions and capacity of the farmers to adopt and implement new techniques.

The Objectives of an IPM approach are:

• Embed IPM in the project key components of (i) production and commercialization of smallholder agriculture and (ii) practical element affecting all aspects of extension and training; • Establish an IPM delivery system from research to farmer; • Implement participatory approaches in IPM for farmers to learn, test, select and implement IPM options to reduce losses due to pests and diseases; • Establish a monitoring system that provides early warning on pest status, beneficial species, regular and migratory species; • Collaborate with other IPM programmes in the regions.

113

A significant factor that will constrain uptake of IPM practices is the attitude that pesticides are modern “medicines” that provide fast and effective cure for all problems affecting a crop. Thus the success of any IPM strategy depends not only on the ability of PROIRRI to define an IPM program and link with strategic partners (private companies or NGOs) but also on the capacity of the different actors (government, extension service, farmers, strategic partners) to fulfill their commitments in these areas. The latter requires some investment in training and capacity building in several topics of IPM and also this PMP implementation as referred in the main document (Chapter 11 – Training and capacity building requirements). It is recommended that the PROIRRI hire an experienced IPM specialist to act as both principal technical resource person and facilitator (for training), for which national expertise is available.

The focus on monitoring and evaluation must be on assess the build up of IPM capacity, the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in crop production and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM. Indicators for monitoring IPM adoption are:

1. Number of farmers who have adopted IPM practices; 2. Number of farmers who have received training in IPM methods; 3. Number of crops in which IPM is applied; 4. Economic and social benefits; 5. Extent of area in which pesticides are used; 6. Efficiency of pesticide use and handling; 7. Level of reduction of pesticide purchase

4.2. Authorized pesticides

Unless the project switches to and enforces an organic approach, it is inevitable that pesticides will be recommended for use on some sites and crops. Under the World Bank funding for PROIRRI, no funding for pesticide acquisition will be provided for farmers. However, it would be of consideration the development of a provisional list of pesticides that can be used. A list registered pesticides in Mozambique is provided as an Annex of the Pesticide Regulation (Ministerial Diploma 153/2002 of 11 September 2002) and include among others: cypermethrin, deltamethrin , mancozeb and dimethoate.

5. IDICATIVE BUDGET

The costs of PMP implementation will depend on the scale and details of the programme eventually agreed, but the estimated budget for the implementation of this PMP is estimated at USD$253,000 (Table 3).

114

Table 3. Estimated budget for PMP implementation Activity Annual Amount (*1000 USD) Total otes (*1000 USD) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Orientation 15 15 1 workshops workshop about IPM per province Training of 25 13 38 1 TOT for trainers 15 days per province and one refresher in the middle Farmers 10 10 10 10 10 50 1 training training of one week per district per year Technical 15 15 15 15 15 75 assistance Monitoring 15 15 15 15 15 75 and evaluation TOTAL 50 40 40 53 40 30 253

115