Virulence Factors of Aeromonas Salmonicida and Their Interaction with the Salmonid Host

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Virulence Factors of Aeromonas Salmonicida and Their Interaction with the Salmonid Host AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Daniel D. Rockey for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in the Department of Microbiology presented on November 10.1989. Title:Virulence Factors of Aeromonas salmonicida and Their Interaction with the Salmonid Host. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: S. Rohovec Selected secreted and cellular virulence factors ofAeromonas salmonicida were examined. A protocol wasdeveloped for the separation of two secreted proteases (P1 and P2protease), and a trout erythrocyte specifichemolysin (T-lysin) from supernatants of cultures of thebacterium.Distinctions between the proteases were demonstrated using molecularweight determinations, substrate specificities,sensitivity to chemical protease inhibitor sensitivities, andpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using gels containing protease substrates(G- PAGE).P1, but not P2, protease was detected inG-PAGE analyses of protease from lesions of cohosalmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) infected by injection.Other proteases of apparent host origin were also detected in these assays.Analysis of the T- lysin demonstrated that although thebacterium produced high titers of the enzyme in vitro, no hemolyticactivity was detected in vivo nor in cultures grown in salmonid sera.Subsequent experiments demonstrated that salmonid sera possess an inhibitor of hemolysis capable of protecting erythrocytesfrom enzymatic or chemical lysis.The inhibitor was partially purified using molecular sieve chromatography andpreparative isoelectric focusing.Analysis of P1 protease, P2 protease, and T-lysin production was continued by examiningtheir production in the presence of salmonid sera and in the presence of high concentrations of selected salts added tobrain heart infusion broth (BHI).The spectrum of proteases produced in serum was similar to the spectrumproduced in BHI.However, a larger phenylmethylsufonylfluoride sensitive fraction was detected in supernatants from bacterial cells grownin serum. Analysis of supernatants from the cultures grown inhigh salts indicated that P1 protease and T-lysin production were inhibited by these salts but P2 protease production was not. Growth in high concentrations of magnesiumsalts also affected the cellular morphology of the bacteriumand this effect was associated with the presence of an outer membraneprotein layer, the A layer. Four monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were producedwith specificity towards A. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide(LPS). These Mabs were used to identify two distinctepitopes on LPS and to show that the presence of eachepitope varied among different strains.The antibodies were also used to demonstrate the difference in the host responseof rabbits and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to A. salmonicida. Virulence Factors of Aeromonas salmonicida and Their Interaction with the Salmonid Host by Daniel D. Rockey . A THESIS submittedto Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed November 10, 1989 Commencement June, 1990 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Assoc JeProfessor of Microbiology in charge of Major Redacted for Privacy ChCinan,Departmeof Microbiology Redacted for Privacy Dean ofGrate School Date thesis is presented November 10. 1989 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I dedicate this thesis to my family- my father Dean, my mother Frances, my brothers Bill and Brian, my wife Martha and my son Tyler.Without their love and guidance I would not have been able to accomplish this longtime goal.I am especially indebted to Martha and Tyler who, especially at the end, have helped me understand that there are other things in life. I am also indebted to the following people: My graduate student friends and co-workers-Scott "Woody Marie" Lapatra, Jerri "Canyon Way" Bartholomew, Rich "Workaholic" Holt, Susan "Drano queen" Gutenberger, Steve "Up for the stuff' Piacentini, Yen-Ling "Singa" Song, "Kung foo" Carla Mason, Scott "A, spe" Manning, Bob "Hum baby" Gilmore, Mark "Big Red" Engelking, Greg "Skunked again" Wiens, Mary Arkoosh (the gum junkie), Prasad "Where's the beef' Turaga, Ralph "Missed a big one" Tripp, Jeff "Daguto" Miner, Glacier "Mac attack" Tajwall, and the list goes on and on.... Rich, Tony, Craig, John, and Leslie of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife for their advice and assistance.I also thank the ODFW for fish used throughout the course of this work. Undergraduate research assistants Stan van de Wetering, Mary Beer, and especially Leah A. Shook for significant contributions to this work. Carlene Pelroy, Teresa Curry, Rachel le Nelson, Joy Asbury, Bonnie Casper, and Barbara Overholser for administrative and clerical assistance. Dr. S. L. Kaattari for allowing me to finish my thesis while employed in his laboratory. Oh yes, and don't forget Harriet. Finally, Dr. John Fryer and Dr. John Rohovec for their assistance and guidance during the progress of my thesis work. Dr. Rohovec in particular was both sadistic and masochistic during the course of our five year interaction.Sadistic because of the abuse heaped upon the author during the course of this work, and masochistic because he decided to teach me how to "write good".A sincere thanks for the diligent guidance. The principal funding for this research was received from USDA Science and Education grant no. 85-CRSR-2-2578 andfrom the N. L. Tartar Fellowship Fund. CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS Dr. J. S. Rohovec and Dr. J. L. Fryer were advisors onall manuscripts included in this work.Ms. L. A. Shook was responsible for protease assays, hemolysin asays and proteingel electrophoresis described in Chapters 4 and 5.Dr. T. Lunder assisted in the comparison of strains reported inChapter 7.Mr. C. Dungan was responsible for the care and propagationof the monoclonal antibodies described in Chapter 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 4 The Etiology of Furunculosis in Fish and the Classification of the Causative Agent 4 The Pathology of Furunculosis and Virulence Factors Produced by Aeromonas salmonicida 6 Aeromonas salmonicida and the Immune Response in Fish 20 Literature Cited 26 3. Separation and in vivo Analysis of Two Extracellular Proteases and the T-hemolysin from Aeromonas salmonicida 41 Abstract 42 Introduction 43 Materials and Methods 45 Results 51 Discussion 67 Literature Cited 71 4. Salmonid Sera Inhibit the Hemolytic Activity of the Secreted Hemolysin of Aeromonas salmonicida 74 Abstract 75 Introduction 76 Materials and Methods 77 Results 80 Discussion 91 Literature Cited 98 5. Protease and Hemolysin Activity of Aeromonas salmonicida Cultures Grown in Modified Media and Trout Serum 100 Abstract 101 Introduction 102 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 5. (Continued) Materials and Methods 104 Results 109 Discussion 124 Literature Cited 129 6. Cellular Pleomorphism Induced in Virulent Aeromonas salmonicida by Growth in Media Containing High Concentrations of Magnesium Salts 133 Abstract 134 Introduction 135 Materials and Methods 136 Results 138 Discussion 144 Literature Cited 147 7. Monoclonal Antibodies against Aeromonas salmonicida Lipopolysaccharide Identify Differences among Strains 149 Abstract 150 Introduction 151 Materials and Methods 152 Results 157 Discussion 170 Literature Cited 174 CONCLUSIONS 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY 180 LIST OF FIGURES Page CHAPTER 3. 3.1. Flow diagram of protocol used to isolate secreted virulence factors from Aeromonas salmonicida culture supernatants. 52 3.2.Results of SDS-PAGE of Aeromonas salmonicida P1 and P2 proteases.1. Molecular weight standards, values in kilodaltons.Standards apply to lanes 2 and 3.2. Material eluted from DEAE at 0.15 M NaCl.3. P1 from hydroxylapetite (HAP).4 and 5.P2 from HAP (4) electrophoresed adjacent to a P1 preparation (5). 54 3.3. Results of SDS-PAGE of T-lysin and P1 protease of Aeromonas salmonicida.1. Molecular weight standards, values in kilodaltons.2. T-lysin preparation.3. P1 protease preparation. 54 3.4. Enzyme activities of samples from the 0.15 M and 0.35 M NaC1 elutions from a DEAE column using the material from the 0-45% NH4SO4 concentration. 57 3.5.Enzyme activities of samples of hydroxylapetite- separated proteases in the presence of PMSF or EDTA. Dark bars; P1, light bars; P2. 5 7 LIST OF FIGURES Page 3.6. Substrate PAGE of Aeromonas salmonicida culture supernatant and purified proteases.1. Gelatin- PAGE of culture supernatant.2. Casein-PAGE of culture supernatant.3 and 4. Gelatin-PAGE of isolated P1 protease (3) and P2 protease (4). 59 3.7. Gelatin-PAGE of Aeromonas salmonicida proteases from culture supernatant (1) andof cell free exudate from infected fish (2) in the presence and absence of the proteaseinhibitors PMSF and EDTA. 62 3.8.Rainbow trout red blood cell (RBC) preparations subjected to treatments for selective lysis of outer membranes.Normal RBC (1), treated with T-lysin (2), 35% PBS (3), and 0.1% NP40 (4). 64 CHAPTER 4. 4.1. Hemolysis by Aeromonas salmonicida culture supernatants of washed ( 0) orunwashed ( ) rainbow trout erythrocytes. 82 4.2. A. Hemolysis inhibition by rainbow trout serum in assays with Aeromonas salmonicida supernatants (a) added to serumbefore rainbow trout erythrocytes or (b) with supernatantadded after the erythrocytes.B.Hemolysis and hemolysis inhibition assays using A. salmonicida (dark bars) or A. hydrophila(light bars) culture supernatants as source of hemolysinand rainbow trout serum as the sourceof hemolytic inhibitor. 84 LIST OF FIGURES Page 4.3. A.Hemolysin inhibition assays using serafrom selected species as inhibitor of A.salmonicida hemolysin.B.Hemolysin assays with erythrocytes from
Recommended publications
  • Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011
    SGR 129 Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – APRIL 2011 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION OFFICE OF FOOD SAFETY Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance Fourth Edition – April 2011 Additional copies may be purchased from: Florida Sea Grant IFAS - Extension Bookstore University of Florida P.O. Box 110011 Gainesville, FL 32611-0011 (800) 226-1764 Or www.ifasbooks.com Or you may download a copy from: http://www.fda.gov/FoodGuidances You may submit electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations. gov. Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (240) 402-2300 April 2011 Table of Contents: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance • Guidance for the Industry: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance ................................ 1 • CHAPTER 1: General Information .......................................................................................................19 • CHAPTER 2: Conducting a Hazard Analysis and Developing a HACCP Plan
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Interaction Between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals
    K. Tsukamoto, T. Kawamura, T. Takeuchi, T. D. Beard, Jr. and M. J. Kaiser, eds. Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environment, 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008, pp. 277–288. © by TERRAPUB 2008. Molecular Interaction between Fish Pathogens and Host Aquatic Animals Laura L. Brown* and Stewart C. Johnson National Research Council of Canada Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada Present address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, NS, V9T 6N7, Canada *E-mail: [email protected] We have studied the host-pathogen interactions between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Aeromonas salmonicida. Sequencing the genome of the bacterium allowed us to investigate virulence factors and other gene products with potential as vaccines. Using knock-out mutants of A. salmonicida, we identified key virulence factors. Proteomics studies of bacterial cells grown in a variety of media as well as in an in vivo implant system revealed differential protein production and have shed new light on bacterial proteins such as superoxide dismutase, pili and flagellar proteins, type three secretion systems, and their roles in A. salmonicida pathogenicity. We constructed a whole ge- nome DNA microarray to use in comparative genomic hybridizations (M-CGH) and bacterial gene expression studies. Carbohydrate analysis has shown the variation in LPS between strains and reveals the importance of LPS in viru- lence. Salmon were challenged with A. salmonicida and tissues were taken to construct suppressive subtractive hybridization libraries to investigate differ- ential host gene expression. We constructed an Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray to investigate the host response to A.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans Have Been Shown Capable of Causing a Wide Range of Human Diseases
    Supplementary Appendix to “Human Health and Ocean Pollution”, Annals of Global Health, 2020 This Supplementary Appendix contains additional references and documentation supporting the information presented in the report, Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Chemical Pollution of the Oceans Toxic chemical pollutants in the oceans have been shown capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. Toxicological and epidemiological studies document that pollutants such as toxic metals, POPs, dioxins, plastics chemicals, and pesticides can cause cardiovascular effects, developmental and neurobehavioral disorders, metabolic disease, endocrine disruption and cancer. Table 1 in this Supplementary Appendix summarizes the known links between chemical pollutants in the oceans and a range of human health outcomes. The strengths of the associations listed in Table 1 vary depending on the nature of the studies establishing these associations. Some associations have been assessed in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal and human data.1 2 Some are single cross-sectional or case-control studies. There are now a growing number of relevant epidemiological studies, including powerful prospective cohort studies, such as the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)3 Findings from these investigations are strengthening the evidence base for associations between exposures to organic chemical pollutants and adverse health outcomes. Supplementary Appendix Table 1. Adverse Human Health Outcomes
    [Show full text]
  • Common Diseases of Wild and Cultured Fishes in Alaska
    COMMON DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA Theodore Meyers, Tamara Burton, Collette Bentz and Norman Starkey July 2008 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Fish Pathology Laboratories The Alaska Department of Fish and Game printed this publication at a cost of $12.03 in Anchorage, Alaska, USA. 3 About This Booklet This booklet is a product of the Ichthyophonus Diagnostics, Educational and Outreach Program which was initiated and funded by the Yukon River Panel’s Restoration and Enhancement fund and facilitated by the Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The original impetus driving the production of this booklet was from a concern that Yukon River fishers were discarding Canadian-origin Chinook salmon believed to be infected by Ichthyophonus. It was decided to develop an educational program that included the creation of a booklet containing photographs and descriptions of frequently encountered parasites within Yukon River fish. This booklet is to serve as a brief illustrated guide that lists many of the common parasitic, infectious, and noninfectious diseases of wild and cultured fish encountered in Alaska. The content is directed towards lay users, as well as fish culturists at aquaculture facilities and field biologists and is not a comprehensive treatise nor should it be considered a scientific document. Interested users of this guide are directed to the listed fish disease references for additional information. Information contained within this booklet is published from the laboratory records of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Section that has regulatory oversight of finfish health in the State of Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeromonas Veronii Biovar Sobria Gastoenteritis: a Case Report
    iMedPub Journals 2011 ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY Vol. 2 No. 5:3 This article is available from: http://www.acmicrob.com doi: 10:3823/240 Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria gastoenteritis: a case report Afreenish Hassan*, Javaid Usman, Fatima Kaleem, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Maria Omair, Ali Khalid, Muhammad Iqbal * Corresponding author: Dr Afreenish Hassan Abstract E-mail: [email protected] Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria is associated with various infections in humans. Isola- tion of Aeromonas sobria in patients with gastroenteritis is not unusual. We describe a case of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria gastroenteritis in a young patient. This is the first documented case reported from Pakistan. Introduction were collected for laboratory investigation. He was shifted to the medical ward and was started on Inj. Ciprofloxacin 200mg The genus Aeromonas include many species but the most twice daily, infusion Metronidazole 500mg three times a day, common ones associated with human infections are Aeromo- injection Maxolon 10 mg three times a day. He was rehydrated nas veronii, Aeromons hydrophila, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromo- with infusion Normal saline 1000ml once daily. He was advised nas caviae and Aeromonas schubertii [1]. The diseases caused to take orally Oral Rehydration salt (ORS). His blood complete by Aeromonas include gastroenteritis, ear and wound infec- picture and urine routine examination was unremarkable ex- tions, cellulitis, urinary tract infections and septicemia [2]. We cept mildly raised neutrophil count in blood (73%) (Table 1,2,3). describe here a case of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria gastro- On gross examination, his stool sample was of green in colour, enteritis in a young patient.
    [Show full text]
  • NASCO Scientific Working Group
    N A S C O NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF SALMONIDS by NAC/NASCO Scientific Working Group on Salmonid Introductions and Transfers Edited by T. Rex Porter Canadian Co-chairman Department of Fisheries and Oceans P O Box 5667 St John's, NF A1C 5X1 NAC(92)24 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 PART I SUMMARY OF PROTOCOLS BY ZONE .............................................. 3 1 ZONING OF RIVER SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 2 DESCRIPTION OF ZONES ................................................................................. 5 3 PROTOCOLS ......................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Protocols applicable to all three Zones ..................................................... 6 3.2 Protocols applicable to Zone I ................................................................... 7 3.2.1 General within Zone I ................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Rehabilitation ................................................................................................ 7 3.2.3 Establishment or re-establishment of Atlantic salmon in a river or part of a watershed where there are no salmon ........................................ 7 3.2.4 Aquaculture ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences
    Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Acad J Biosci ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) | ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) Zoology Journal homepage: https://saspublishers.com A Comprehensive Review on the Prevalence and Dissemination of Some Bacterial Diseases in Ornamental Fishes and Their Preventive Measures Arnab Chatterjee1#, Sucharita Ghosh2#, Ritwick Bhattacharya1#, Soumendranath Chatterjee2, Nimai Chandra Saha1* 1Fishery and Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory (Vice-Chancellor’s Research Group), Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India 2Parasitology & Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India #Authors contributed equally DOI: 10.36347/sajb.2020.v08i11.005 | Received: 06.11.2020 | Accepted: 17.11.2020 | Published: 20.11.2020 *Corresponding author: Nimai Chandra Saha Abstract Review Article As a consequential sector within the fisheries segment, ornamental fisheries have become a billion-dollar industry. At current, it is estimated that the aquarium industry is worth about 15 billion dollars. In ornamental aquaculture and aquarium keeping, the incidence of diseases is the main quandary that emerges during culture and deplorably affects the profitability of the ventures. Diseases are caused by viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and parasites under profound culture conditions, and the likelihood of stress elevates in an immensely colossal portion of the stock. Of these, the most paramount causes of sudden fish death are infectious and bacterial diseases. Nowadays, veterinary antibiotic treatment of contaminated fish is being applied in most of the States of India. Disease obviation is often less costly than treating disease outbreaks when it is subsisting. Adopting and implementing a health management strategy would not assure a disease-free facility that ultimately leads to considerably decremented chances of dissemination of diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Salmon Louse Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Caligidae) As a Vector of Aeromonas Salmonicida
    THE SALMON LOUSE LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS (CALIGIDAE) AS A VECTOR OF AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA by Colin William Novak B.Sc., Vancouver Island University, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Animal Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2013 © Colin William Novak, 2013 Abstract The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, has been hypothesized to be a vector of fish pathogens and previous studies have isolated viral and bacterial pathogens from L. salmonis parasitizing farmed salmon. To examine the potential transmission of A. salmonicida by preadult and adult L. salmonis via parasitism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an in vivo bacteria-parasite challenge model was tested. Two pathogen challenge trials were performed, in which sea lice from donor (Aeromonas salmonicida-injected) fish were allocated among recipient fish for 14 days. Three hypotheses were examined: (i.) L. salmonis can acquire A. salmonicida from donor fish via parasitism; (ii.) A. salmonicida-exposed sea lice can transmit the pathogen to recipient Atlantic salmon via parasitism and (iii.) L. salmonis and A. salmonicida infections can cause synergistic effects on host fish. Sea lice acquired A. salmonicida externally (Trial 1 and 2, 100%) and internally (Trial 1, 100%) from parasitizing donor fish. Trial 1 (~44g fish) demonstrated a successful transfer of bacteria from lice to salmon (mucus, 100%; kidney, 77.3%), with a decrease (t = 5.29, df = 6, p = 0.00186) in mean fish condition factor and 59.1% cumulative fish mortality. Conversely, there was no evidence of bacteria transfer, no fish mortality and no decrease in mean fish condition factor in Trial 2 (~155g fish).
    [Show full text]
  • Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems
    Shellfish Diseases and Their Management in Commercial Recirculating Systems Ralph Elston AquaTechnics & Pacific Shellfish Institute PO Box 687 Carlsborg, WA 98324 Introduction Intensive culture of early life stages of bivalve shellfish culture has been practiced since at least the late 1950’s on an experimental basis. Production scale culture emerged in the 1970’s and today, hathcheries and nurseries produce large numbers of a variety of species of oysters, clams and scallops. The early life stage systems may be entirely or partially recirculating or static. Management of infectious diseases in these systems has been a challenge since their inception and effective health management is a requisite to successful culture. The diseases which affect early life stage shellfish in intensive production systems and the principles and practice of health management are the subject of this presentation. Shellfish Diseases and Management Diseases of bivalve shellfish affecting those reared or harvested from extensive culture primarily consist of parasitic infections and generally comprise the reportable or certifiable diseases. Due to the extensive nature of such culture, intervention options or disease control are limited. In contrast, infectious diseases known from early life stages in intensive culture systems tend to be opportunistic in nature and offer substantial opportunity for management due to the control that can be exerted at key points in the systems. In marine shellfish hatcheries, infectious organisms can enter the system from three sources: brood stock, seawater source and algal food source. Once an organism is established in the system, it may persist without further introduction. Bacterial infections are the most common opportunistic infection in shellfish hatcheries.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Urchin Disease: Case Study on Venezuelan Shores Sylvia Grune Loffler
    EDITORIAL Sea urchin disease: Case study on Venezuelan shores Sylvia Grune Loffler Loffler SG. Sea urchin disease: case study on Venezuelan shores. J Mar Microbiol. 2018;2(1): 1-2. he prevalence of clinical signs in echinoids and other marine invertebrates populations affecting 98% from Panama to the Bermudas. Lessios (2) studied Thas been reported since the 70`s in the Caribbean sea. However, the the recovery rate of the populations of D. antillarum and found only a slight presence of clinical signs in echinoids has not been reported in Venezuela recovery after the mass mortality event. Sand dollars (M. quinquiesperforata) until now. We carried out a visual census of the sand dollar population express signs of stress caused by environmental changes releasing coelomic (Mellita quinquiesperforata) on Margarita Island and described several clinical cells with violet coloration Figures 1 and 2. These cells have substances with signs observed. The clinical signs observed with higher prevalence are listed antibiotic and antimycotic properties and are released by stress-induced in decreasing order: Black Dots (BD), Violet Ulceration (VU), Brown Patches effects (14,15). Further studies of the observed clinical signs of sand dollar (BP), Green Erosion (GE), Red Dots (RD), Decolored Patches (DP), Pink populations have a great scientific interest since these animals are indicators Band (PB) and Black Ulceration (BU). The clinical signs with higher grade of environmental changes of biotic and abiotic factors of the coast, caused by affecting the aboral surface found were VU and BU. Gram coloration of the contamination and global warming with seem to promote development of affected test surface revealed elevated presence Gram+ cocci and bacilli.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Fish Vaccine Development Strategies: Conventional Methods and Modern Biotechnological Approaches
    microorganisms Review A Review of Fish Vaccine Development Strategies: Conventional Methods and Modern Biotechnological Approaches Jie Ma 1,2 , Timothy J. Bruce 1,2 , Evan M. Jones 1,2 and Kenneth D. Cain 1,2,* 1 Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (T.J.B.); [email protected] (E.M.J.) 2 Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 October 2019; Accepted: 14 November 2019; Published: 16 November 2019 Abstract: Fish immunization has been carried out for over 50 years and is generally accepted as an effective method for preventing a wide range of bacterial and viral diseases. Vaccination efforts contribute to environmental, social, and economic sustainability in global aquaculture. Most licensed fish vaccines have traditionally been inactivated microorganisms that were formulated with adjuvants and delivered through immersion or injection routes. Live vaccines are more efficacious, as they mimic natural pathogen infection and generate a strong antibody response, thus having a greater potential to be administered via oral or immersion routes. Modern vaccine technology has targeted specific pathogen components, and vaccines developed using such approaches may include subunit, or recombinant, DNA/RNA particle vaccines. These advanced technologies have been developed globally and appear to induce greater levels of immunity than traditional fish vaccines. Advanced technologies have shown great promise for the future of aquaculture vaccines and will provide health benefits and enhanced economic potential for producers. This review describes the use of conventional aquaculture vaccines and provides an overview of current molecular approaches and strategies that are promising for new aquaculture vaccine development.
    [Show full text]