+;5)W& +:M& P ;E'8ZW& A&a8
WR ,;S\Y( .)\cZL\Y( =Rc/c =G:Y( [)XB ]\ [XB [X ]!B+ -Rc=L\Y( .)^)+Y( -BU)^\ [DSY( (:/Y( Qc=Hc HS7Y( .(=/\(=+c -4Y)L\Y( *@7+ .UcY( J\ =G:Y(
;E8W& cG^ )a;c4cY )G=B [XB c -
.)^')XY( .c\ c )V+c c\^c ;c4c ZK ]>:/Y(c QZP/Y(c -4Y)L\Y( Qc=H =1!/ [DSY( ( (-7DZY =)FY( =1(% E=\Y( • W)\@( ;)D\c W\@Y( .)4/^\ R _=)B/^(c [\)LY(A]')XY( =;D\ c ,cX • W)\@( ;)D\c W\@Y( .)4/^\ R )V+Y(c c\^Y( • (-4=7Y( ;c;7Y( WY< R )\+% -+)U=Y(c -)UcY( • c . E=WL/Y( [V/. I Z )\Y -\> Y( *^(c4Y( EL+ a [DSY( ( +2aWa)W& ;E'8ZW& .5 -')7( -'cB^Y( .)^\(c (]@X/ZY -4/^\ c -;L\ ]cX/ /Y(% -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( -4cYc+Y( =G):\Y( [\B/ 2-=7+Y( (]@X/%[c\@Y(c .)ZSGY(c .)@c=SY(c (Hans Henrik Huss/Lone Gram% +D;ZZW& ';-V)W& .5 )W=/X+Y( EWL+ [V^/c 2 E=\Y)+ ])@^ ( -+)D# R *+@// ;U /Y( )=/X+Y( )b^!+ -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( Q=L/ ]+ ;;LY( -ZZU [)LGY( T=G ]K [V/^/ /Y( - F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( ]#c 2 - 2( ]W@X/% `\c\W@ `R 3/^ (;W4 ,=+X ;(;K!+ .=1)X/ -\)@Y( ,;)\ZY -4/^\Y( )=/X+Y( ]cX/ ] [\@/Y( F/V . )7Y( [HL\ SR E=\Y( 2_;(=;>( [+U [)LGY( R ([(=OA,=\L/@\Y( [XB .(;7c , % ;WU ;L\Y( [\)LY(c 2 - (1.5 [c;4Y(% -')\Y( -'+Y( • (2.5 [c;4Y(% -\)LY( -'+Y( • (3.5 [c;4Y(% =B+Y(A^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( • 21.5 [c;W4Y( ]W\ ]+/ )\X -ZZU ]cX/ )\ ,;)K W)\@( R ,;c4c\Y( ])@^ Y -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( .)\X ]# (=1!/ -G7\Y( ,=(=7Y( -4=; =1"/c 2 .)c:=Y( .)@=/S\ )L\ Rc .)c:=Y( R =+X >X=/+ .)\X ;4c/c 2-X\@Y( -Yc( ;(c\Y( Rc -'+Y( R L+G [XB+ ;c4c\Y( TU;Y( .+^ZY (SXY(c A\XY(% *X=/Y( ZK (;;B 2( (Huss 1997) ]K% -L+GY( [X7+ W)\@( R ,;c4c\Y(c -')\Y( -'+Y( R ]Gc// /Y( -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( 1.5 Za92W& ,'ZVW& XB& Z%aZW& ,'\%'VW& ]XYc W\@ [(=OA,=+O -\)K -ZZU =7+c -Y;/L\Y( -')\Y( -'+Y( I(c^ ;Clostridium botulinum W\@ [(=OA,=+O [4=@ R =1)X// ;Y)\BY( *GVY( ]/c=+ZY -Y)7 =O B,E,F (E Ic^% -')\Y( -S4Y( [XB .(;7c z Y# [D/ -'R(;Y( -=7+Y( _)\Y( =B/^\ I[\B/ Vibrio spp. -F=\\ .)\F Y# [D/ ;-R;D W)\@ [(=OA,=\L/@\Y( (-c'\ -4=; <% V.cholerae R [(=OA,=\L/@\Y( [XB .(;7c z V. parahaemolyticus W\@Y( [X!/ /Y( -R;DY( W)\@( )L\ V. vulnificus W\@ ;-'R(; -')\ -'+ Plesimonas shigelloides (](c7% -+ 29 )W=/X+Y( I(cW^ JW\4 ] ZK ;X!/Y( )F P+^c 2(2.5 [c;4Y(% -\)LY( -'+Y( R ;c4cY( -ZZU -F=\\ Y( )=/X+Y( ]# WY 2(Huss, 1997) W\@Y( R ;4c/ )\ (=1Xc -\)LY( -'+Y( R ]Gc// /Y( -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( 2.5 Za92W& ,'ZVW& XB& Z%aZW& ,'\%'VW& .)4/^\Y( R ,=\L/@\Y( [XB .(;7c AL/ :,=ca;/\Y( .)/)+^Y( :-+=/Y( Listeria monocytogenes -4>)GY( -X\@Y( (-Y;/L\Y(% -\)LY( .)'+Y( R ,;)K (-+=/ [OA,=+O % -\)K -ZZU -+=/Y( ;Clostridium botulinum A,B :]/c=+ZY -Y)7 I(c^ -+=/ [OA,=\L/@\Y( [XB .(;7c $ .)^(c7Y( ; (A)-+=/Y( Clostridium perfringens (B, C, D, E) [\ c [OA,=\L/@\Y( [XB .(;7c $ -L+GY( -'+Y( R AL/ Bacillus spp. -4Y)L\Y( c -'^Y( - =a)WHY( WR )bZK =1Lc 2=B+Y(A ^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( R ;4c/ /Y( -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( 3.5 [c;4Y( R ;=/ 0cWZ/Y( *+W@ ]cX ])7( [HL\ Rc 2 E(=K( ]\ Y):Y( c E=\Y( )bY [\)7Y ( C:BY( M;Y [:(;Y(c 2(_)\Y( -Kc^ c -4Y)L\Y( -R)H^ -ZU :-D:BY( -R)H^Y( CV^% -\)LY( -R)H^Y( -ZU -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y)+ c W\W@ WR ])W@^ Y -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( ]\ -Kc\4\ QBX ])X\ )+ )\'(; ]cX ;)X `^ ZK ;;B/Y( P+^ W\W@Y( R L+GY( .+^Y( ]\ ( >4 .)F=\\Y( _Z )\ -W\XY( ]\ ZK c % -Y)K -K=4 -;L\Y( -'+Y( .)F=\ZY -;L\Y( )^;Y( -K=4Y( ] (=H^ ]XYc :-\)@Y( I(c^( ZK -+W@^Y)+ -')UcY( =+(;/Y( ] ^L ( 2=B+Y(A^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( R -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( 3.5 Za92W& ,'ZVW& XB& Z%aZW& ,'\%'VW& Y):Y( [\)7Y(c E(=K( < [\)7Y( R ])+// [;Y( .(< .)^(c7Y( )L\ Salmonella spp. )Wb^!+ -=7+Y( -
)W\R .)W^')X ]W\ [U Y# -^;/\ c -Y)K ]cX/ ;U =B+Y( z ^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( R -;L\Y( )^;Y( -K=4Y( ]# )W=/X+Y( ]\ Ic^Y( (Z :)F=\\ 3/^ (toxin% [@ cac Staphylococcus aureus )bR
-=7+Y( - C;ZW& ZJP +QV +)'B& J)EW& Z%aZW& YZ>-W& '\9W& +I;2W& '\9W& +I;2W& C;ZZXW *;NBW& +9JZW& *;)VW& +9JZW& Clostridium botulinum Vibrio spp. -')\Y( -'+Y( Type E (non-proteolytic) (Aeromonas) (Plesiomonas) Clostridium botulinum Type A, B (proteolytic) Listeria monocytogenes -\)LY( -'+Y( C. perfringens Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus S. typhi Salmonella A^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( Shigella E. coli (EPEC, ETEC)1 =B+Y( E. coli (EHEC)1 Campylobacter )=/X+Y( c\^ J^\ I-\)LY( -7DY( )=/X+Y( c\^ J^\ -')UcY( =+(;/Y( GHP/GMP EPEC: Enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC: Enterotoxigenic E. coli;. EHEC: Enterohaemorragic E. coli. ;cW4c ;=W4\ ]#c 2 -W=7+Y( -W TWZL/ )W\R )W\)a O)B [XB =B+Y(A ^(c7Y( I;c /@\Y( ]\ .)F=\\ ;c4c ]# WY< ]\ ?XLY( ZKc [WHL\ (># -\ W@Y)+ TWZL/ )\R )\)a O)B .)F=\\Y( c\^ [XB WY 2-=7+Y( - +Z >W& ZM&a@ 0<'EW& UZ>W& J)EW& Z%aZW& *<_'2W& ,'2-\ZW& ZVW 9JZW& C;ZZW& +W'5 C;ZZXW $\ 6a)EZ - - - _;c4c -')\Y( -'+Y( + (+) - _c\^ - - - _;c4c -\)LY( -'+Y( + (+) - _c\^ + + - _;c4c =B+Y(A^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( + + (+) _c\^ -\ @ [O)B ;4c .z. ;;c;7\ -\ @ [O)B .(%. ;;X!/Y)+ -\ @ [O)B .. 1 29.5 [c;4Y( J4(= 2 0;W7 ] GVR ]X\c 2 -\ @Y)+ TZL/ )\ [O(cBY( ]\ =1 bGZY ;L\Y( &^Y( W\@Y( R .)F=\\Y( c\^ ]# [1\Y)+ .)WF=\\ cW\^ )W\ 2 .)WF=\\Y( bGY( [/V Qc@ -;7Y( . )7Y( Rc :ER=/c ;@S/ ] [+U ;c;7\ c\^ )bY ;= )\Y )VRc `X b/@( [+U bGZY ;L\Y( &^Y( W\@Y)+ TZL/ )\R (=B)+\ )PB^( =1 cbR =B+Y(A ^(c7Y( I;c/@\Y( 2.)F=\\Y( WZ/ [LS+ 9+G\Y( -'+ c -4Y)L\Y( 0cZ/c =)B/^ ( ,;)>Y -4/^ )c^)1 (=G: [XB ;VR WY< J\c :_ K +Z'JW&a +%'ZW& +%)W& P ?J- -W& ';-V)W&.1.1.1.5 [/W )W\ (=1X -\)LY( c -')\Y( -'+Y( R ,;c4c\Y( ])@^ Y -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( ]K -4/)^Y( E(=\( ZK ,=G@Y( ]# [W\(cLZY E(=L/@ ( 7.5 c 6.5 ]Yc;4Y( R ;=c 2 ,;c4c\Y( .)^')XY( ]\ ZK )FVY( , )ac\^ J^\ T=G ]K ( T')WU; :](cW1% -^\>Y( ,;\Y( Y# D ,=(=7Y( -\c)V\ -4=; =B/ c 2,=(=7ZY .)^')XY( _ Y( (Huss, 1994; ICMSF, -W\)LY(c -')\Y( -'+Y( R ]Gc// /Y( -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( c\^ ]\ ;7/ /Y( [\(cLY( 6.5 Za92W& 1996) NaCl (%) aw pH Y° *;&;5W& +2;9 cBS& 95W& c\9& 95W& c\9& 95W& Z/Z& 95W& c\9& 95W& +D;ZZW& ';-V)W& Clostridium botulinum 10 0.94 4.6 40-35 10 Proteolytic, type A, B, F 5-3 0.97 5.0 28-25 3.3 non-proteolytic, type B, E, F Vibrio spp. 8> 0.97 5.0 37 10 V. cholerae 10-8 0.93 4.8 37 5 V. parahaemolyticus 5 0.96 5.0 37 8 V. vulnificus 5-4 4.0 37 8 Plesiomonas shigelloides 5-4 0.97 4.0 35-28 4-0 motile Aeromonas spp 10 0.92 4.6 37-30 2-0 Listeria monocytogenes 10 0.93 5.0 40-30 14 Bacillus cereus 10 0.93 5.5 47-43 12 Clostridium perfringens ,=(=7 -4=;+ \)^// .)^K [>K [/ WY< J\ c :z Y(c7 )^; _=(=7 -4=;+ -'+ R `4c ]@7 ZK \)^/ c c\^ B. cereus . @ [HL\ 21 2-FS:^\ (Huss, 1994; ICMSF, 1996; ,=(=W7ZY -W\)LY(c -')\Y( -'+Y( R ]Gc// /Y( -F=\\Y( )=/X+Y( -\c)V\ 7.5 Za92W& Ababouch 1987) *;&;5W& +Za'TZ +D;ZZW& ';-V)W& Clostridium botulinum T S% 0.25 - 0.1 (.)Pc+% D121 proteolytic, type A, B, F -Y)K ]ca; -+@^ ZK c/7/ .)4/^\ O T S% 7.44 (.)Pc+%D119 (Q*_ ) T S% 2.0-0.5 = D82.2 1T S% 0.1> (.)Pc+% D100 non-proteolytic, type B, E, F -Y)K ]ca; -+@^ ZK c/7/ .)4/^\ O T S% 10.5- 4.5 (.)Pc+% D80 Vibrio spp. T S% 0.24 = D55 V. cholerae T S% 0.71= D60 V. parahaemolyticus (=)7\Y(% T S% 0.661 (buffer/ &8_) T S%1.15= D50 V. vulnificus ] 60 -4=;+ -VU; 30 ;L+ ) :Y( J\4 [/U . Plesiomonas shigelloides T S% 0.17 =D55 motile Aeromonas spp U `/ O T S% 1.95 $ 4.48 ;[c7ZY( .)4/^\ R T S% 16.7-2.4 = D60 Listeria monocytogenes (buffer/ &8_)T S% 2.35 -0.03 (.)Pc+% D121 Bacillus cereus \ T S% 19 -3.0 (.)Pc+% D95 (buffer/ &8_)T S% 4.93 $ 0.015 (.)Pc+% D90 Clostridium perfringens (Q*_) T S% 13.0-0.31 (.)Pc+%D100 (Hans Henrik Huss% Clostridium botulinum I(cW^( [W@V/ ]WX\c 2 G WY# A ]\ (]@X/% .)\@Y( I(c^ ]+ -S^D\ Clostridium botulinum [! IY)/Y( c7^Y( ZK ]/'R Y# (A,B,E,F I(c^(% ])@^ Y -F=\\Y( -WY;/L\Y( ,=(=W7Y( -WSY c ,=(=7ZY ,;\)D )F a /Y( Fc Bc A ac ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( I(c^( • L+GY( )bZ'c\ -\)LY( -'+Y( =+/L/c :NaCl [\/7/c ,=(=W7Y( .)W4=; [\/7/c :,=(=7ZY -@)@7 a /Y( Fc Ec B ac ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( =O I(c^( • 2L+GY( )bZ'c\ -')\Y( -'+Y( =+/L/c :NaCl WY -@)@7 c -FS:^\Y( -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( 5c(=/ ;Uc 2 ]Yc/c+Y)+ ])@^ ( -+)D# R (A,B,F% C. botulinum I(c^ )b4/^ /Y( (]@X/% .)\@Y( *+@// ;WU [c( QD^Y( -(;+ Rc 2 I(c^( =G: ]\ ]cX A ]Yc/c+Y( ]7 R )L=@ `F(=K =bH/ )\ ,;)K E ]Yc/c+Y( ]# -;FY( [)D\( =R(c/ J\ [cY( ]XYc 2 ;> c u Y(c7 NZ+/ E=\Y( ( 33 )\ 2 E Ic^ ]\ ,;)K ]cX/ c W)\@)+ G+/=/ -Y;/L\Y(c -Y)\BY( TG)^\Y( R ]Yc/c+Y( BS/ . )7 [HL\ ]# 2 ]KcW^Y( ] >c)W4/ ])W@^ ( ;^K ,)RcY( 0(;7 =A;V \Y( [> Y( =;VY)R -ZK)R [c\@Y( =1X ]\ ]Yc/c+Y( (]@X/% [@ ]# ]\ ]\( [GL/ZYc 2 TcR Ph -+@^Yc ,=(=7ZY ?)@7 [@Y( ( ;WVY( W\W@ [1\ ]\ ZK Ph .(< -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y( R )L=@ =\;= ]Yc/c+Y( (]@X/% [@ ] ]7 R ;(cW\Y( WR ]cX/\Y( ]Yc/c+Y( [@ ZK )F =1L [1 ]\c F\7Y(c 6Y)\Y( G@cY( R (;4 .+)1 `^$R ;L\Y( 2 =W\: /Y( c [WZ:/Y( c 6WZ\/Y( ;;WB W\W@Y( [W1\ -W')b^Y( .)W4/^\Y( WR ;W(>/ ;WU [+ -'^Y( )a=1 S/U( /Y( ]Yc/c+Y( BS/ . )7 ]\ =1XY( ] WY< ZK [; )\\c 2 (Huss and Rye Petersen, 1980) 2 C. botulinum c\^ [\/7/ .)4/^\ )a=;D\ ])X -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( -4=; (* _)W\% -')\Y( -'+Y( R J@(c T)G^ ZK =B/^/ E Ic^Y( )\@ c ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( =O C. botulinum I(c^ .(=+O ]# TG)W^\Y( *W@(c= .)^K ]\ u ;)X [1 ]\c 2 Y)\BY( *GVY( TG)^\c -Y;/L\Y( TG)^\Y( R ( -+ -W^=/V\Y ( =WO [)WU=( =B/ 2W)\@( R Clostridium botulinum (-c'\Y( -+@^Y( ?)@ ZK% =)B/^( 1.5 ZV@W& 2 QWB/X [WY ND 2)bR)B/X( [/ /Y( C. botulinum I(c^ Y# =B/R Qc=7Y( )\ ;E Ic^Y( Y# Q=7+ Huss (1980) =H^( .( )DV/@ ( -L4(=\Y (Huss, 1980; Hauschild, 1989; -WF=( -W'+Y(c -W+=/Y( R ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( C.botulinum I(c^ ;4c/ )\ (=1X ]# [W1 ]W\c 2)b^cX/c ]Yc/c+Y( .(=+O J>c/ R [)a =c; )bY :-=)VR Y(c -=)VSY( :.)^(c7Y(c 2Dodds, 1993) WWZ/ WR W )\@( [F/ /Y( ( -+ _)\Y( G)B^c Ph [;L\c ,=(=7Y( -4=; a - McWDVY( ;c;7Y( 6.5 [c;4Y( ]A +c :-R)F\Y( -HR)7Y( ;(c\Y(c -^\)XY( [(>/: (c ,;@X( -Z\Kc 6Z\Y(c(aw) 2c\^Y( 6// /Y( .(=/\(=+Y( WZ/Y )^;Y(c WR [)WU=( _ [WHL\ WR -\;:/W@\Y( .)c/@\Y( ]\ =1X+ ^; W)\@( R C. botulinum WY L+GY( Mc/@\Y( ]# • -Z1)\\ Qc=H R (=1X =:!/@ (]@X/% -\)@Y( ,;)\Y( 2)/^#c c\^ R ;+Y( [1 ]\c 2-=+/:\Y( .)@(=;Y( EWL+ W)^a )F c 2) \)@ 3/^\Y( 6+D ] [+U ;)@SY( 0;7 ;U -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y)+ G+/=\Y( .+^Y( ]# • C. botulinum 6+X/ ] )b^!B ]\ /Y( -VU;Y( .)^')XY( Eh )W\ 2(Eh% -FS:^\ -^\)X [(>/:(c ,;@X -Z\K c\^Y [FS '(ca ]')X C. botulinum ]# • cW\^Y( =:"W ;U )\\(Huss and Larsen, 1979, 1980) -Y)K bR -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( ;^K 2-4cYc=/X+Y( G)@c( R M=: -Z1)\\ Qc=H R -\)@Y( ,;)\Y( 2)/^#c C. botulinum cW\^ [b@c ]4@X( [\L/@ ;U `^ <# =G):\Y( ]\ ;> ] `^!B ]\ TU; .+^+ ](=/U ( ] =O -W+U(=\ [W4 ]W\ 6.5 [c;4Y( R ,;=(cY( [)U=( [(;:/@( ] (<# 6F(cY( ]\c 2 -\)@Y( ,;)\ZY `4)/^#c E Ic^ ]\ 2 -ZV/W@\ ,=cWD+ [LS/ )\ (=;)^ [\(cLY( WZ/ ] ZK ;X!/Y( )F P+^c 2[HK ])\ A\)a =Rc C. botulinum 2;;DY( ( / =)1 )bY ]cX/c -L\/4\ [LS/ )\ ,;)K bR ;7(cY( [(=PZY E Ic^ ]\ C. botulinum .(=+O ]\ W+ -7VZ\Y( -^:;\Y( W)\@( R (]@X/% [@Y( 2)/^# 8.5 Za92W& (]:)@ ]:;/% )L+G 0cZ\ W\@ [(;:/@)+ c (;=)+ ]:;/% H2;ZW& [Z< *;&;5 +2;9 4XZW& +)>\ +Z>W& [<8-W& 1-\ZW& Dufresne et al., 2000 >28d. ] %1.7 (;=)+ )^:;/ ]:;\ ]c\Y)@ Cann and Taylor, 1979 >30d. ] %3 )^:)@ )^:;/ ]:;\ .c=/ [)WLR c7^ ZK 6+X -FS:^\ ,=(=7 -4=;c 6Z\Y( ]+ J\4Y( ] 8.5 [c;4Y( R ,;=(cY( .)^)+Y( ]\ 6F/ Lund and Peck (2000), Eklund (1993) WR ;=Wc 2C. botulinum ]W\ ()ac\^c% -\)@Y( ,;)\Y( 2)/^# (;4 2c\^Y( ]\ ;7/ /Y( [\(cLY( =1!/Y ZDS/ E(=L/@( I(c^ ]+ D -\VY( (=1X ])+//c 2C. botulinum .(=+PY =(=7Y( [GL/Y( ]!B+ -L@c\ .)@(=; .=4 ;VY =W1X+ -W\c)V\ [U ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( =O .(=+PY( ] H7cYc 2Ic^Y( ?S^ ]\ .(=/K ]+c [+ C. botulinum -\a ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( =O I(c^( -\c)V\ ;/=/c 2 [c;4Y( ]\ 6F / )\X ]/c=+ZY -Y)7Y( I(c^)+ -^=)V\ .(=W+PZY ,>)W/\\ c\^Y( Qc=H ]cX/ 07 :,=/@+\Y(c -G@+ ,=(=7+ -4Y)L\Y( .)4/^\Y)+ TZL/ )\R -D): ]A + )\X ]/VU;c -VU; ]+ 5c(=// ] ]X\ .)4/^\Y( _ -=)WB/@ ( ])W4ZY( ]W\ ;;K `+ Dc )\Y )VRc :]/c=+ZY [)7Y( =O C. botulinum (># NZ+ -\ @ (Martens, 1999) ]W+ D121 [U 5c(=// -\)Kc 2=1X+ ZK ,=(=7ZY )b/\c)V\ -4=; ]/c=+ZY [)7Y( C. botulinum .(=+O ]# ;Uc :-+ZL\Y( -Fc\7Y( -ZZU - )ac\^ 6+X c .(=+PY( [GL/ T=G ]K W)\@( ;)D\ .)4/^\ R C. botulinum R [X7/Y( TV7/ ]X\ -WY)/Y( .( (=4 ( ;7 I)+/( [\B/ C. botulinum C: )\R -\ @Y)+ -VZL/\Y( -^a(=Y( -b4c/Y( %;)+\Y( ]#c I(listed by Martens, 1999) -c'\ ]\ [U ,=(=7 -4=; R =(=\/@)+ ]>:/Y( • [) ]\ [U -7 D ,=/R ;;7/ J\ -c'\ - ,=(=7 -4=; R ]>:/Y( • (-c'\ .)4=; ]\ [U % 3Z1\ ]>:/ J\ T')U; ,;\Y -c'\ -4=;+ -=(=7 -4Y)L\ • ]W\ [U % 3Z1\ ]>:/ J\ [)LGY( [7(=\ J\4 R -c'\ .)4=; [;)L/ c ]\ ^; Ph -+@^ • (-c'\ .)4=; JW\ [)LGY( [7(=\ J\4 R [;)L c ]\ [U aw c u >c)4/ c [;)L )\+ 6Z\\ [cZ7\ • 23Z1\ ]>:/ Ph c 6Z\Y)W+% ]/c=W+ZY [)W7Y( =O C. botulinum c\^ 6+X )bR [/ /Y( .)4/^\Y( ] Y# ,=)B ( =;4/c `W^X\ ]/c=+ZY [)7Y( =O C. botulinum ] WY< 23Z1\ ])X\ R )bHS7 WY< J\ P+^ `ZGL/ c (-FS:^\ ]:;\Y( W\@Y( ]\F/ ] F/V X=\ G=B -\1c 2 -c'\ .)4=; TcR ,=(=7Y( -4=; .^)X (<# c\^ ] >W4 z `Y# QF (<# u c ( )\Y( R 6Z\Y( -+@^% NaCl u N=S/Y( .7/ !+L\Y(c (;=)+ )^:;/ (FDA, 1998) 6'(=BY( R NaCl u ]K [V -SZP\Y( W)\@( Rc 2.=/^Y( ]\ ]cZ\Y( R -+ZL\Y( -=)4/Y( - c D121 -W\U (<# [;)WL (F -W\VY( )WF A\W@ F -\U GL )\\ -VU; a D121 WY -Rc=L\ [U ZK c 2-c'\ ,=(=7 -4=; R -VU; ! -Fc\7Y( -ZZU -+ZL\Y( -\LGY ]\( 2)/^ ( Y# M; c ]+ )\R F [U [(;:/@( ]#c 2 ! [;)L/ 2( 1\ % ZK F [U -=)4/Y( .)@=)\\Y( R [;:/@/ )\ (=1Xc 2]^@Y( .(=BLY [U ,=(=7 -4=; Rc 2 -=7+Y( - 2- (Lone Gram% (Vibrio% ,'ZDW& ='\2 +IaZ2Z .)+WD\ Rc -=7+Y( .)'+Y( R )bL\4 ?)^4( _ ( Y# )a;(;K I>^/c -Y;/L\Y( ,=(=7Y( -SY )b@) ^4 [HL\c 2 -=BVY( W)\@(c W)\@( ]K -Yc>L\ [;WY( [\W@/c 5c=4Y( 6V/ [1\ E(=\!+ ])@^ ( *D/ ] ]X\ )@^4 )b^\ )@^4 Ic^Y( ()b4Y( *)b/Y(c Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae (Oliver and Kaper, 1997)I -WKc\4\Y( ;(=WR [LS+ 2[;Y( [\@/ 0Y)1Y(c -cL\Y( E(=\( ] c( 0;7c 2 -+Y)7GY( -R) 1XY(c -7cZ\Y(c ,=(=7Y( [1\ [\(cL+ )a;(;K c )a;c4c =1!/c -=7+Y( -'+Y( R .)\FY( ?)^4 ]Gc//c 2-G')O -=B+ .)F=\\ ZK .(=B"\ c :-G')PY( -=B+Y( .)F=\\Y(c )a;(;K c )a;c4c ]+ G)+/=( ;4c c (Lone Gram% Vibrio parahaemolyticus -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( -W ])+)Y(c )+c=c R Vibrio parahaemolyticus [LS+ \FbY( >)b4Y( *)b/Y( . )7 10.5 Za92W& (EC, 2001; CAC, 2002) , '5W& *;-QW& 9X)W& 115 1999-1995 >Zcc ,;7/\Y( -XZ\\Y( -Y)\BY( (;^Y=( 1999-1994 (;^ /X@( 1998-1995 )^)+@ 1998-1995 )@^=R 144 1997 2350 1997-1992 ;c@Y( 3c=^Y( 2000-1980 W=)\^(;Y( 64 000 2000-1991 ])+)Y( )@ ]\ ,;=c/@\ -=7+ - 2 ]K(=WD\Y( .(< .)Wc:=Y( ]\ )\@ c -=7+Y( - 2.5 ZV@W& =cbH . )7 ;;K 5W& 99I V. parahaemolyticus , ' ])+)Y( R =cbBY( *@7+ 7 CA 33 3 ? ;`@W& -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W\@Y( R )a")V+c )=/X+Y( c\^ (2 -=7+Y( - -4=; z D [VY( NZ+/c 2bGY( T=G ]K -Ycb@+ =\;/c ,=(=7ZY (;4 -@)@7 V. parahaemolyticus ]# TWZL/ )W\R c\^Y( ;c;7+ ])+ 6.5 [c;4Y( R ;=c(Kaysner, 2000) -VU; z ]+ )\ 5c(=//c -c'\ 2 pHc ,=(=7Y( .)4=;c NaCl-% [\(cL+ -+U(=\Y(c -)UcY( (; ./+1 ;Uc :-7Y( ]K(=D\Y( .(c< EL+ R QDY( =bB R JS/=/ ] ]X\ V. parahaemolyticus ;(;K ]# ]W\ [W\)K [a ca &^Y( =)7\Y( R (ZD(% Mc/@\Y( ] (FDA, 2000) =G):\Y( [V/Y -1;7 -X=\ -@(=; 3/^\Y( R 0;7 ] P+^ cFLY( ]')XY( c\^ ] Y# =B -1cZ\Y( -K=4Y( -+@^ I)S/=( ] =O 2 =G:Y( [\(cK ()ac\^% )=/X+ZY -Y)LY( .)c/@\Y( ca ,=cG:Y( `4c [XB Vibrio vulnificus -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( ]WX\c :W\@Y( E(=\ ]\ M=: -S')Gc ])@^ ( ;^K 5c=4Y( R .)+)b/Y( 0;7 ] ]X\ V. vulnificus ]# -=7 +Y( - ]WK )WbL\4 -\4)^ V. vulnificus]K ,=;)DY( -=7+Y( - WR *+@// )b^ [\/7=c 2-Z7\Y( -')\Y( .)\>^ ( ]\ -Kc\4\c ) :Y( 2=): ]@X/c/@ V. vulnificus 3/^ ;;WL/\ )WBO ;cW4c =c=WFY( ]\c 2 3\:Y)+ -+)D ( ;^K ;a)B . )W7Y( ]W\ )bY>K [/ /Y( .(=/LY( ]\ u Y(c7c 2 V. vulnificus ]\ -SZ/:\ -')7 G)\^ -1 1 -\1c )W\ 2 W\W@Y( ]+)L1 R -4\: .)+)D# ')7( G\^Y( *+@ ]7 R ')7( G\^Y( ]\ a -==@Y( 2=7+Y( - QWDY( =bWB )^1 . )7Y( [HL\ 0;7/c 2 _)\Y( ,=(=7 -4 =; *@7+ zV.vulnificus ;(;K c , E=\Y( =P/c V.vulnificus )Wb+ -R;D W)\@ -+)D ( R .++@/ ] 0;7 ]XYc -F=\\Y( -K=4Y( [47 Q=L c 2,=)7Y( ;;WK =;V/c W b/@ (c ;DY( ]+ )\R c\^ZY 2<)\^ JFcc =)7\Y( ;(;K!+ -VZL/\Y( .)^)+Y( [(;:/@( J\c 2 [(=PY( R 6+WD (11.5 [c;4Y(% )b^K NZ+\Y( -=bBY( . )7Y( ;;L+ ( .)+WD\ ]W\ c -'R(;Y( _)\Y( ]\ [>L )\ (=1X `^( =O -'+Y( ] \ V.vulnificus [>K *LDY( ]\ ]cX ;U [7)@Y( [1\ M=: TG)^\ R `Y>K [/ ])X ]#c ,;7/\Y( .) cY( R 3Z:Y( [7)@+ G+/=\ `^ c;+c 2=)b^( cac (Barbieri et al., 1999) Y)G ( X/)=;( [7)@ ]\c(Oliver et al., 1983) ,;7/\Y( .) cZY U=BY( M [cWY( WR )W=/X+ ,;7(cY( ,=)7\Y( _>=S/ )\ NZ+ ] ]X\c A7Y( ](c7Y( [:(; V.vulnificus =1)X/c (Tamplin and Capers, 1992) ( (FDA 2000) ]\ [;L\% -X=\( ,;7/\Y( .) cY( R -')+cY(c -'+Y( V.vulnificus .)^)+ 11.5 Za92W& [ Y&H_ OVv [ Vv/g 1Vv/g +2;9 =bBY( *4[ O G*ZW *@$\[;*H`[ U/ &G & 8[ &G *;&;5 Y ]'ZW& 2.45 62000 -0.34 -0.03 12.5 ^)1Y( ]c^)XA=)^ 3.40 63000 0.61 0.76 15 G)+BA=(=+R 4.30 73000 1.51 1.45 17.5 =(< A?=)\ 5.75 63000 2.96 2.52 22.5 ])@^A[=+ 6.54 53000 3.75 3.04 26 =)A Ac)\ 6.98 51000 4.19 3.28 28.5 ](=>7Ac^c 7.20 47000 4.41 3.38 30 >c\/AcYc 7.20 42000 4.41 3.38 30 * A?G@O 6.90 48000 4.11 3.24 28 [cZ A=+\/+@ 5.91 61000 3.12 2.61 23 [c( ]=B/A=+c/X 4.46 70000 1.68 1.57 18 ^)1Y( ]=B/A=+\Rc^ 3.40 72000 0.61 0.76 15 [c( ]c^)XA=+\@; Vv=Vibrio vulnificus .1 -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W\@Y( R )a")V+c )=/X+Y( c\^ (2 -c'\ -4=; ^;( ;7Y(% -c'\ -4=; .7/ c\^/ ;)X/c -Y;/L\Y( ,=(=7Y( -SY )=/X+ V.vulnificus ]# -W4=; WR -=7+Y( - )W^1 -K=W@+ .cW\ cac 2 - .)^(c7Y( R ;(>// : V.parahaemolyticus [1\ :)b^ JU(cY(c ;)LY(=bG/Y)+ .(=)7\Y( ]\ )=/X+Y( I>/^/ -W=(=7Y( -4Y)L\Y( ]#c2 )a;(;K ]\ [ZV -7cZ\Y( -Y)K _)\ R )bLFc ]# [+)V\Y( Rc 2 )a=bG/ =4 /Y( V.vulnificus )=/X+ ]\ D -FS:^\Y( ;(;K( .(< .)^(c7Y)+ TZL/ )\Rc 2 ;(;K( ES:Y -Y)LR ;4 -V=G 2=1)X/Y( J^\Y [)LSY(c J=@Y( ;=)+Y( HS7Y( [b\Y( ]\ Vibrio cholerae -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( ])S^WDY( GVR G+/= )b^+ ]\c 2)ZD\ )S^D ]\ =1X ]\ )K=R )S^D Vibrio cholerae ]cX ] ]X\ WY# O1 Q^DY( [@V/ ]X\c 2 (=YcXY( (]@X/% [@ ])4/^ )\a Xc :-7')4Y(c -')+cY( (=YcXY)+ O139c O1 ]G\^ Y# O1 Q)^D( [@V/ ]X\ )\X 2 =;)^ Q^D ca ] =WO 2 ]+)D\Y( C):B( >(=+ -'+c( )^1 )=/X+ZY =;D\ [a =+/Lc :])@^ ( Mc@ *D/ (=YcXY( ]# =O ]\ V. cholerae )\ 2(Chiavelli et al., 2001) TY(cLY)+ -G+/=\ ;4c/ )\ (=1Xc -'+Y( R ,;c4c\ [H/ )=/X+Y( ] NZ+\ I /+( ] ]c= ]SY"\Y( EL+ ])X ]#c (Kaysner, 2000) ) : Y(c7 [;)L/ -F=\\Y( -K=4Y( ] (Stewart-Tull, 2001) -cL\Y( E)\7( -\X R J=@Y( E)S:^ ( 0(;7 [> Y( ca ) :Y( ]\ -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* -W7cZ\Y( -4=;c _)\Y( ,=(=7 -4=; ]#c . V.cholerae J\ -^(c7Y( c -')\Y( T' LY( I)\/4( ;acB ;VY )^=X< )\X WR >W4 z =;V+ -7cZ\Y( -ZZU G)@c( R ;(;K( =+X ;a)B/ [1 ]\c 2 V.cholerae )V+c =cbH R ](=1"/ (Oliver and Kaper, =)Wb^( .)+ WD\ _)\ a V. cholerae WY -L+GY( ,cXY( ]cX/c (Kaysner, 2000) QY( V. cholerae [>WK [W/ ;Uc 2(FAO/WHO, 2001) =)b^( _)\ R -ZcG .(=/SY )7 V. cholerae [Hc 21997) =W@S )\\ :`/=BU ]\ M )GY( W)\@( R ,;)K ;4c cac 2 `U)D/Y( R *+@Y( ca :R(cGY( .)^AcX\ Y# `Z\ )F -+@^Y)+ =\( WY R _c\^ J^\ c -'( -+U(=\Y(c -)UcY( (; JW^\ LR ]X\ WY (WHO, 1992) (=YcXY( -+U(=\+ TZL/ )\R 7DY( Q=DY(c _)\Y( .(;(;\# ]!B+ -Y)LY( -7DY( -\H^\ .)Dc/ 12.5 Za92W& +Ba-W& 7DY( Q=DY( _)\Y( .(;(;\# Q=DY( _)\ -4Y)L\ . B^\ R ,;c4Y( -+U(=\ >>L/ P+^ # P+^c :)R)X (=bG/ *=BY( _)\ =bG/ P+^ # -S=Y( -')\Y( [H^Y(c J>c/Y( [H^ =bG/ =+(;/ ]@7/ -4Y)L\Y( Q=DY( _)\ [)\L/@( -)^L+ *U(= ] P+^ # ])X@Y( ZK ;cY(c =cZXY( C(=U J>c/ ]X\ # -Yc;Y(c -^GcY( .)b4c/Y( I)+/)+ A=Y( E(=O )bY)\L/@( -V=G J\ T)G^ ZK -')\X -4Y)L\ _)\Y( -4Y)L\ MAc @ ] =;)^Y( ]\ # ] P+^ )')\X _)\Y( -4Y)L\ ]X\ )\;^K # =1!/Y(c -SZX/Y( I)S/=( *+@+ :%=(cGY( . )7 R /7 J@(c ZO ,=c=F ZK ]c7DY( ]c;B=\Y( ;;B -7DY(c -'+Y( ZK -Z\/7\Y( ,=)FY( =)1(c ;X"\Y( =O (^(c(c ];Y( [@Oc% *=BY( [+U )\Y( ]\ CZ:/Y( ,=c=F ZK -7DY( -+=/Y( ;X"/ ] P+^ # ;D= T=G ]K _)\Y( ,;c4 -+U(=\ >>L/ P+^ # I-^\ -V=G+ -=B+Y( -G')PY( . FSY( . Z7/c .(=)+/:( (=4#c :=cZXY( =)1 -+U(=\c /Y( E7(=\Y( ,=@( )FK J\4 [;:/@ ] *4 o 2)/^ ( [H^ ]\ -SZ/:\ G)V^ R -\c1=4 [)H/^)+ )a=bG/c )bSH^/ =4 J>c/Y(c JF=ZY -G')PY( . FSY( ]\ -K=@+ CZ:/Y( *4 o )a=\G T=G ]K c E7(=\Y( R [)SG(c (Mitcherlich and Marth 1984, 13.5 [c;4Y() V. cholerae ;(;K ]\ -FS:^\Y( HS7Y( .)4=; [ZV/ ] ]X\ 2')Uc =+;/X )/)/+ WY< ZK ;\/L *4 (-K(=>ZY -Z+)U ) :% Vibrio cholerae )V+ 13.5 Za92W& (Mitcherlich & Marth, 1984) Y'') 'T)W& *9Z +:M& Ga\ 25-14 -c'\ -4=; z R -HcS7\ W)\@ -c'\ -4=; .7/ HcS7\ 3Z1 ;\4\ ?;=U -c'\ -4=; :.(c=F: =>4 G+^U =)b^( _)\ (Lone Gram% Listeria monocytogenes )Wb^XYc :-c'\ =B+Y( [@4Y( ,=(=7 -4=; R (;4 c\^/ )=/X+ ac :[(=O -P+DY -+4c\ )=/@ZY( _ (Farber and Peterkin, 2000) Listeria Wa ])W@^ Y -WF =\\Y( )Wb^+ ]W\ ,;W7cY(c )=/W@ZY( ]\ WY# [@V^/ )=/@ZY( _ -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( *WDc =;)W^ E=\ cac 2-'( 3.5 ZV@W& , -K=4Y( -SHc ,)X)7\ 5& )=/@ZY( )=/X+Y -+)4/@ ( 'Z- & Z )\R ,>a)4Y( -\LG( R )'B .)'SY( ]\ ]XZb/@\Y)+ TZL/ + ') W (;)^/@( ) 2=G:ZY -F=L\Y( ((2001)FAO/WHO Y( C;Z (+)2aW&A+I;2W&% +Z-;'MaXW& *95aW& ;)R(=O Ic^ ]\ .c(=/Y( W\@c (Brett et al., 1998) ]:;\Y( =7+Y( 6Z++ G+/=/ )=/@ZY( ] Y# -')+cY( -Y;( =B/ `ZXWB E=\Y( <:/ [Y ,=:( -Y)7Y( Rc 2 (Miettinen et al., 1999) ]:;\Y( .c(=/Y(c (Ericsson et al., 1997) 2 )7D C):B -@\: M;Y ,=(=7Y( -4=; I)S/=)+ ]=/V\Y( \FbY( >)b4Y( *)b/Y)+ G+/=( )\^#c ;)/L\Y( ;)7Y( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )a=)B/^(c )=/X+Y( ,cX (* 2 -W^SLY( -W/)+^Y( ;(c\Y( )bR =B/^/ /Y( -\)LY( -'+Y( R ]Gc/ ')7 ]')X L. monocytogenes ]# =X )1;W7 -W7c+<\Y( c -7Y( W)\@( R Listeria monocytogenes c Listeria spp. =)B/^( 14.5 Za92W& (Gram (2001)) +\@ JW& :8 ['VZ 99I +)2aZ G ,'\JW& Listeria spp. L. monocytogenes +):JW& ]'ZW& ((=@c@% ^Y( .c(=/Y( W\@ ;Z4 (-X=\( ,;7/\Y( .) cY(% =cZ@Y( W\@ 995 YW =@c@% 5c+<\Y( .c(=/Y( W\@ ;5)W& 'Z 3c=^% ;DY( ;^K, ]c\Y)@Y( W\@ *c% >b4/Y(J^D\R, ]c\Y)@Y( W\@ (c=R=>4 ]c\Y)@Y( W\@ 995 YW (J^D\Y( R [+V/@\Y( ;\4\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( W\@ 995 YW -X=\( ,;7/\Y( .) cY( 0-X=\( ,;7/\Y( .) cY( ]c\Y)@Y( W\@ 995 YW (;^Z/cX@( :(;^X :3c=^ :ZB (Farber and -=7+Y( - 45 ;(cW\Y( ]W\ [>L )\K [XY ,>a)4Y( -=7+Y( - -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )a")V+c )=/X+Y( c\^ (2 cW\^/ ] )b^!WB ]\c -Y)LY( -7cZ\ZY ;\D/c -FS:^\Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; [\/7/ Listeria monocytogenes ]# ,cG: ;4c/ 07 ,>a)4Y( -=7+Y( -\LG( R )b/+U(=\ *LDY( ]\c 2(;=)+ )^>:/ -^>:\Y( - 4.5 ZV@W& c\^ % Listeria monocytogenes W\@ R (.(=/K ]\ GZ: (;=)+ )^:;/ ]:;\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( &95aW& , !+L\Y( (-c'\ .)4=; % W& X Ma monocytogenes ZD .+^ R N=S/Y)+ L Z-;' R + [)K c ES:^\ XB ,)\ (Huss et al., 2000) ( [(=PY( °Y *;&;5 +2;9) Y'& uz NaCl>X=/ -+@^ R )L=@ c\^/ ] ]X\ )=/X+Y( ] <# ]\)XY( c\^Y( [V/ ;^K [b\ NaCl [cZ7\ ]# -W=7+Y( -W ]+WZY( WR )=/X +Y( _ ^7^\ Ben Embarek & Huss (1993) ?=; ;Uc 2(ICMSF, 1996) -^+ZY( .)4/^\Y( Rc [;)WL/ D60 .W^)X (<# ;cWXY( WR )Wb^\ ]c\Y)@Y( M;Y ZK ,=(=7Y( -\c)V\ ]#c 2 ]c\Y)@Y(c ;VY( W\@ R )=/X+Y( 2)=/X+Y( \7/ ]c\Y)@Y( R (u Y(c7% ]ca;Y( -+@^ I)S/=( ] ;V/L=c 2^)1ZY -VU; c [cY -VU; -+U(=\Y(c -)UcY( (; :-W4=7Y( -W+)U=Y( G)WV^c =G:Y( =;)D\ [Z7/ [)H^ T=G ]K [/ ] ]X\ )=/@ZY)+ -+)D ( E=\ -+U(=\ ]# ZK )FVZY ,cG: -4Y)L\Y( -Z\K R 2=; ] ]X\ )\;^K -4=7Y( -+)U=Y( -GV^ 0;7/c 2 ,;4Y( -7DY( .)@=)\\Y(c Wac :)=/W@ZY( ,;)+# -Z\LY -'+L/Y( ;L+ JF:/ /Y( -'( -W+U(=\ 6+WD/ [W1 ]\c 2 ,>a)4Y( -=7+Y( - ;;WK ;W;7/ M=4c :,=)F =)1 ]c; )\c WZb/@/ ) =/@ZY( ]# =G):\ZY [V/ .)Z\K ,;K ]\ ]+/ )\Y )VRc . cX!W\Y)+ TZL/ )\Rc 2(van Schothorst, 1998) -'( (Lone Gram% b;8& ,'BJW&a (clostridia) ,'W .(=W+PZY ,>=WS\Y( -WY;/L\Y( ,=(=7Y( -SY [(=PY -+4c\Y( -Y>P\Y( .)DLY( ]\ Clostridium perfringens )WF ]WX\c 2 -W+=/Y( ]\ [(=PZY z )bL>c/ .)c/@\ NZ+/ ;U 07 -'+Y( R )L@(c (=)B/^( ,=B/^\Y( 2(Adams and Moss,2000) )7D( C):B( >(=+ ]\c .)+@=/\Y(c _)\Y( R )bY>K WR =1)WX// ] c -\FbY( ,)^VY( R )b^\ -R)X ;(;K =\/ ] ]X\ ,=+X ;(;K!+ -=F:Y( )a) : [X [/ ]# 0c;W7 R *+@/ )\\ 2(kDa% ]c/Y(; cZ X Y(c7 ]> cL\ ])S< ) :Y( _=S/c 2 TU;Y( ](=D\Y( .)W cY( R [/ ;Uc 2 [)LGY( [c)^/ ]\ -K)@ z ]cFO R VY( )^)7 c [)b@ (c cL\Y( [Y(c ])1PY( . )7ZY c^@Y( ;;LY( =;V=c :-=7+Y( - )b^:W@/ =W4 /Y( c -G=S\ ,=(=7 .)4=;Y -F=L\Y( . cX!\Y( c [c7ZY( .)4/^\+ -ADLY( _/: (c ,;@X( ;b4 .(< - -W@)@7 -=WF:Y( )W :Y(c 2 -Wc'\ -4=; .7/ G++ c\^/c ,;=)+Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; R c\^/ ac c 2 ]c; -W')\Y( -GB^( R c\^/ c (u DU( ;7Y(% 6Z\Y(c (pH 5 [\)L\ZY ^;( ;7Y(% E)\7Y -W^\>Y( Qc=HY( ] \!/ ])X\+ -\a( ]\ c;Pc 2 -=7+Y( - -LW@(c )Wb^# C. perfringens [W1\c 2.(=+PZY ,>=S\ [(=PY -+4c\ -'(cb7 .)DK Bacillus cereus .(=/K ]# -W [Y)W+ )\a;7 >\/c 2 ])S [>WK [W/ `W^ =O 2 -c'\ -4=; z .7/ c\^/ c -Y;/L\Y( ,=(=7Y( -SY -DLY( _K [/ `^ # 2 (;=)+ )HS7 HS7Y( WR [X7/WY( ]X\ -Y;/L\Y( ,=(=7Y( -SY .(=/LY( (;K )\Rc 2(BenEmbarek, 1994) -c'\ ,=(=7 -4=; 2;=+/Y( T=G ]K -Y)LR ,=cD+ -DLY( Plesiomonas shigelloides -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( [@V/ ]X\c 2P.shigelloides cac :;7c Ic^ ]\ ]cX/c Vibrionaceae -Z')K Y# Plesiomonas ?^4 \/^ *+@/ ] ]X\c 2 (Kirov, 1997% serovars ]\ ,=1X Q)^D ZK c/7 cac -K=R I(c^ Y# Ic^Y( ()b4Y( (; *+@ `^!+ )F )XcXB W)^a ] =O :[;Y( ]SL/c 5c=4Y( *)b/Y( R P.shigelloides Tsukamoto et al., % [)b@ ( ]\ ]c^)L ] -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* (c@ ;7 ZK -=7+Y(c -+ -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 AL c 2,;=)+Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; R c\^ c [(;/K ( -SY( )=/X+Y( ]\ :=X< )\X :P.shigelloides ;L .(>X=/Y( R _c\^ !G)+/c ^4c=;bY( [U=Y( Mc/@\ E)S:^ ?)@7 cac 2;\4/Y( -4=; ;^K ]')XY( ( -7R)X\Y(c -)UcY( (; )^')X `SDc+ cbR 2])@^ ( Y# - Aeromonas -')+cY( _=a)H\ EL+c E=\Y( ( Y# T+)@Y( R \/^ Ic^Y( (PY( 8@:/ : -VU=Y( -4@^( c ;Z4Y( *)b/Y( WY< R )\+ -@X)L\ . )7 ,;K >(=+# R *+@/ ;U Aeromonas ;Lc 2(Monteil and Harf-Monteil, 1999% -K)^\Y( .+X+ )KcB =1X c7^ ZK Mc;LY( _K [/ 49 :) :Y( 2=): .)\>^ ( [1\% Aeromonas ]\ I(c^( _ R c ]+ 5c(=// -+@^ [D/ ;Uc -+ .)@(=; ,;K .=bH ;VR :[(;/K ( -SY -Kc\4\X ;L/ -X=7Y( ZK ,=;)VY( aeromonas )=/X+ ] ]\ [O=Y)+ Knøchel, 1990; Eneroth et al., % ,;=)+ ,=(=7 .)4=; R c\^/ ;U (- _K [/ /Y( - c\&a5W&Ab;@)W& @\ZW& ,&: +J)EW& ';-V)W& 2.1.1.5 :. [@VY( R ,;=(cY( [c(;4Y( .( )D7# R )4 )\X :^(c7Y(AM=B+Y( !B^\Y( .(< )=/X+Y( *+@/ ] ]X\ *+@+ -;cV^LY( ,=cX\Y( .)\@ ]\ )L\(c ,;L\Y( (; . )7 .=bH ( 50 ]\ , G Ya9aBW& 9;aXV c%'ZW& E'@\W& \2a;9`W& YS;W& *;&;5W& +2;9 +D;ZZW& ';-V)W& cBS& c\9& '\9W& cX/ZW& '\9W& F 15 ^c\Y)@Y( F PBY( F Escherichia coli F - Yersinia enterocolitica Campylobacter 225F Staphylococcus aureus 2 ]@Xc/Y( 2)/^# 15F F ( D’Aoust% -c'\ -4=; ]K [V/ ,=(=7 .)4=; ;^K c\^ 0c;7 Y# ]SY"\Y( EL+ =)B 2.)SY"\Y( R -SZ/:\ McDU ;c;7 ;=/ ;'Pa;>W& a \aZW'>W& G&a\ -=/X+Y( -cL\Y( E(=\Y -@'=Y( *)+@( ;7 . ^c\Y)@Y( (; =+/Lc :.)')L\( -Z')K )FK ;7 ^c\Y)@Y( ;L/ .) cY)+ E(=\( -7R)X\ >X=\ Rc 2?)+/Y ( *+@/c ,;VL\ -\@/Y( _ c ;cS/Y( . @ *+@+ -cL\ \7 [XB ZK )\# )\> /\ c;+ -=a)HY( -7)^Y( ]\ . ^c\Y)@Y( (; ]# Mc;K Y# =:( ((=+ [XB ZK [)b@ (c -;L\Y( .)DZV/Y(c ])1PY( [1\ -;cS/Y( =O . ^c\Y)@Y( (; E(=K [\B/c 2,;7 =1X [c)^/ ;L+ -K)@ c .)K)@ ]+ 5c(=// ,=/R [ : E(=K( _)^:Y(c ]4(c;Y( [c7Y ;L/c I(c^ .++@/ :,=:( ,=/SY( Rc 2S.Enteritidis )=/X++ E)+\ZY -=SGY( Mc;LY( *+@+ -D): E=\Y( (a)4Y( .(c=F:Y( ]\ -SZ/:\ ]\ -;L\Y( -K=4Y(c 2?Yc\Z\ ;(>/ R c;+ . )7Y( ;;K ] =O :E=\Y( ( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* ,;L\Y( R ;4c @'=Y( )b^c>:\ ] =O :=)B/^ ( -L@(cc [(;/K ( -SY )=/X+Y( ]\ ^c\Y)@Y( ;L/ -1cZ\Y( _)\Y( .)^(>: [1\ .)'+Y( EL+ ] )\X 2=cGY( WY< R )\+ :](c7Y(c ])@^ ( M;Y )L\(c ;U (;;7/ -1cZ\ _)\ R =)7\Y( -+=/c 2 ^c\Y)@ZY Mc!\ ]cX/ ] ]X\ -^(c7Y( c -=B+Y( .)SZ:\Y)+ 2(Ahmed, 1991% . ^c\Y)@Y( (; =)B/^( *)+@ ;7 =+/L &^Y( =)7\Y( [c)^/c ^c\Y)@Y( [X(=/ Y# ;" 51 (Y)\c ;^bY( ]\ ,;=(cY( .)c:=Y(c .)=BVY( .)4/^\ ]\ ;;LY( R )F )b^K QBXY( [/ /Y( ^c\Y)@Y( 6+D/c W)\@( I=(>\ R =B/^/ ^c\Y)@Y( ]\ ,;;7\ -ZD\ )G)\^ ] ZK [Y; ;4cc 2(D’Aoust, 2000% 2(Feldhusen, 2000% -L+GY( -+c=X\Y( -'+Y( ]\ ( >4 )\c ]4(c;Y( 0c= [;:/@ 07 )@ c )@ T=B *c^4 TG)^\ EL+ R -Z\)X/\Y( -X\@Y( I=(>\Y( ]cX/ ;Uc =O 2 ^c\Y)@Y)+ 0cZ/ZY )R)F# (=;D\ >=( [cV7Y ,;\@!X ])7( EL+ R .-ZZY( -+=/Y(. [@( `ZK TZG Dalsgaard et al. % WY< 6Fc )\X ^c\Y)@Y( =cbH Y# `/(< ;7 R M;" ]4(c;Y( 0c= [(;:/@( ] ,;)>Yc 2;^Z)/ R ])+=( 2)/^# ]\ -^K ]+ ]\ -+)4# ,;7(c -^K ZK (c=1L [Y ] -+c=X\ -'+ ;c4c [;LY (=H^c ]SHc\Y( c [):Y( .)=BU T=G ]K >b4/Y( ;L+ )1cZ\ bG\Y( ])+=( ]cX ;Uc 2,=(=7Y( .)4=; =P/ ;L+ 1\ c\^Y)+ )=/X+ZY 6\@ (<# ,=cG:Y( -Y)LY( .)4/^\Y( ;7 [XB ;U `^$R :-@R)^\ -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 Y# -c'\ .)4=; ]\ ;/\/ ,=(=7 .)4=; R c\^/ [(;/K ( -SY )=/X+ ^c\Y)@Y( ]\ \HLY( -+Y)PY( ;L/ -@)@7 ,;b4\Y( =O -/)+^ ( ) :Y( ;L/c 2-c'\ -4=; ac -Y)1\ -=(=7 -'+c -c'\ -4=; *=)V )\ -4=;c 2(]:)@Y( ZK ]:;/Y(% ,=/@+Y)+ -D):Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; R -Ycb@+ )bZK )FVY( ]X\c ,=(=7ZY R -Ycb@+ c\^/ ^c\Y)@Y( ] J\c 2T')U; 0 1 Y# -VU; ]\ ;/\/ -c'\ -4=; ,;)K a -Y)LSY( ,;)+ ( [+U ]\ .)4/^\ 0cZ/ ] ]X\c -R)4Y( .)'+Y( R ,)7Y( ;U ZK [H/ )b^ ]+/ ;VR :ES:^\Y( ')\Y( G)B^Y( 2 5.4 ]\ [U ^4c=;bY( [U=Y( ]cX )\;^K ^c\Y)@Y( c\^/ c 2-X\@Y( T7)@\Y( (Shigella% N@W& Ic^+ -)PZY -ZDY( -+=U PBY(c 2])@^ Y -F=\\Y( .)^')XY( ]\ )bZXc PBY( ]\ -Rc=L\ I(c^ -L+= W)^a 2Escherichia [@)+ Q=L -cL\Y( )=/X+Y( ]\ =: -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( Sh. Sonnei )=/X+ ] ]7 R ()=)/^@c;Y(% +\( =)7>Y)+ -+)D ( . )7 ;B Sh. dysenteriae )=/X+ *+@/ Y# .)K)@ ]\ 5c(=// ,=/R [ :c -Z: Y# c7^ :-FS:^\ -;L\Y( -K=4Y(c 2 (;/K( . )7Y(=1X *+@/ >(=+ ZK c/7 ;U 2=: Y# C:B ]\ Mc;LY( [)V/^( a )KcB =1X( -Z@cY(c [SY(c >(=+Y( T=G ]K =\ Mc;LZY @'=Y( =;D\Y(c 2,=)7Y( QDY( =bB R BS/Y( . )7 ]\ ;;K =+X 0c;7 J\ )\@c\ )G\^ PBY( BS/ . )7 J+//c 52 -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* [c(;/ -Y!@\ -=D7 ,=cD+ ;L )a;c4c ]XYc :-D): -'( (;+ -+)D ( ]\ . )7 ]K c \)K R =U)VLY(c - -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 2-c'\ .)4=; Y# ]+ 5c(=// ,=(=7 -4=; .7/ c\^/ c [(;/K ( -SY -VV7Y( R PBY( I(c^ ;L/ 2Q(;D( R -ZcG .(=/SY AL/ ] )b^)X\$+R :=X< )\Xc 2]:@/Y(c 6Z\/ZY -@)@7 ac Escherichia coli -'(cbY( .)^')XY( =1X ]\2E. coli [@)+ Qc=L\Y( Ic^Y( ;Lc .)')L\( -Z')K ;(=R ]\ Escherichia ;L/ ,=)FY( =O .)ZSGY( ]\ =+/L/ E. coli . @ [HL\c 2&R(;Y( [;Y( .(< .)^(c7Y(c ])@^ ( )L\ R )KcB E. . @ EL+ ] =O 2-cL\Y( )4cYc@SY( ZK H)S7Y( R =(c;!+ [cV/ ;U /Y(c )L\( R AL/ /Y( ?)@ ZK E. coli . @ ]+ >\/Y( [/ 07 2[)b@ ( E(=\ R *+@/ ;U -F=\\Y( .)^')XY( ]\ coli )=/X+Y( [@V^/c 2(-HS7\% K c (-;@4% H c (-G)@% O Ic^Y( ]\ .(;F/@\ [\B ZD\Y( G\^ZY GG:\ 2O:H ,>\\Y( .(;F/@\Y(c -=a)HY( E(=K(c ,;7Y( *@7 ,;;7\ .)Kc\4\ Y# -F=\\Y( E. coli I(Doyle et al., 1997% Z )\X a )=/X+Y( _ (EPEC% -cL\ -Y /K( )=/X+ • (ETEC% -cL\ -^)S> )=/X+ • (EIEC% -cL\ -\)7/U( )=/X+ • (DAEC% ,=B/^\ -U)D/Y( )=/X+ • (EAggEC% -cL\ -@;X/ )=/X+ • 2(VTEC% -^@Xc/c=R )=/X+ c (EFEC% -cL\ -R>^ )=/X+ • -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( *D/ ac 2\7Y(c VY)+ *c7D\Y( ')\Y( [)b@ ( ]\ )Kc^ (EPEC% -cL\Y( -Y /K ( )=/X+Y( *+@/ PBY( )=/X+ [1\ [)b@ ( E=\ (EIEC% -cL\Y( -\)7/U ( )=/X+Y( *+@/c 2[)SG( =)PDc JF=Y( ,;)K )=/X+ `++@/ 53 c7^ 0)7+( [HL\ .b4/( :-\;V/\Y( ](;Z+Y( R (EHAC% -cL\Y( -R>^Y( )=/X+ZY ,=:( BS/Y( . )7Y (=H^c R *+@Y( ;L/ E. coli )=/X+Y( . @ EL+ ] F)\Y( ]=VY( ]\ .)^^)\1Y( ['(c R ]+/c 2.)^')XY( _^Y( )=/X+Y( *+@/ ;VR -+^)4Y( E(=K(c [)b@ ( Y# -R)F# 2c\;Y( [c+Y(c R>^Y( ]cYcVY( *)b/Y( [)SG( ]$R :-=\LY( .)'SY( J\4 *D ] ]X\ E=\Y( (^Y( )=/X+ZY -++@\Y(c )KcB -ZD\Y( G)\^( -cZXY( ) :Y( [/U ZK ,=;)VY( PB [c\@Y -Z1)\\Y( [c\@Y( ]\ ]Kc^ >=S/ /Y( -cL\Y( -R>^Y( )=/X+Y( . @Y R -Z: z ]+ )\ 5c(=// .)c/@\ [4@/ [/ ;Uc -FS:^\ -;L\Y( -K=4Y(c 2(V=R( =F:( ;=VY( -ZX% 2BS/Y( . )7 Y# .; /Y( ,;L\Y( R ,;c4c\Y( .(>X=/Y( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* )\ )+Y)Oc 2-1cZ\Y( - JG)V/\Y( 0cZ/Y(c :-R)H^Y( -ZU ] =O 2-')\Y( .)4/^\Y)+ -U K )bY .@Y E. coli )=/X+Y( /Y @ ]\ c ] ]X\ . @Y( _ _)\Y( R =1)X//c [+ AL/ ;U )b^$R :-')\Y( -'+Y( R -L+GY( )=/X+Y( ]\ =+/L/ E. coli )=/X+Y( ] J\c E=/S _)\ ]\ )F )bY>K [/ ( ac 2-c'\ -4=; ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K [1\( )ac\^ [/c [(;/K ( -SY .)^')X E. coli )=/X+Y( . @ J\4 ;L/ [>LY( .( (=4# [HL\ ;\/L/c 2[;/L\Y( ]:@/Y( T=G ]K -Ycb@+ )bZK )FVY( [/c ,;=)+Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; R c\^/ R c\^/ (EHEC% -cL\Y( -R>^Y( )=/X+Y( . @ ] =O :-c'\ -4=; ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K -^)F7Y( -Z\K ZK ;7 [1\/c 2E\7/Y(c 6Z\/ZY -@)@7 .)^')XY( _ .)^')XY( _ R -@)@( =c\( ]+ ]\ M=)4\Y( _)\ ]\ 7DY( CZ:/Y(c (,=cZXY)+ 1\% _)\ZY -\Z@Y( -4Y)L\Y( ;L/c 2-7R)X\Y( 3\(=+ ]\ 3\)^=+ 54 ZKc 2`+^4/ P+^ )a;c4c ;=4\ ]$R ( ] ])@^ ( Y# - (Yersinia enterocolitica ) +\aWaTW& +9JZW& +\>;'W& ?=;/ ac 2.)')L\( -Z')K ]\ E. coli )=/X+Y(c PBY(c ^c\Y)@Y( [1\ :-^cYcVY( -;L\Y( -^@=)Y( ;L/ ,=;)U )b^$R WY -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( \7c [)b@#c ,;L\Y( R [ + >\// /Y( -cL\Y( -;L\Y( E(=\( EL+ -^cYcVY( -;L\Y( `^@=Y( *+@/ 2;Z4Y( =(=\7(c [D)S\Y( *)b/Y( Y# ;" [c+VK 0;7 ;VR :)/(< ;c;7\ [)b@ ( E=\ ] ]7 Rc 2-SS: -cL\Y( -\@Y( ]\ )Kc^ -^cYcVY( -;L\Y( `^@=Y( >=S/c 2=bB ,;K Mc;LZY -V7 Y( E(=K( _ -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* Mc;LY -++@\Y( -ZD\Y( G)\^Y ,=\/@\Y( [U(c^Y( ]\ =+/L/ /Y( =>)^:Y)+ -^cYcVY( -;L\Y( `^@=Y( G+/=/ [/ [Yc 2`^@=Y( (; )F *+@/ -1cZ\Y( ])+Y( c -1cZ\ _)\ R [@P/ /Y( -'( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 [V/ ;^K WY ]>:/Y( ]$R :]')XY( ( 55 (Campylobacter) ;-V')aX)Z'V ,;K ZK )=/X+Y( _+ ]\ Campylobacter )=/X+Y( ;L/ ( E(=K( =bH/c :[)b@ ( E=\ C. coli )=/X+Y( . )7Y( EL+ Rc Campylobacter jejuni )=/X+ *+@/ R [ a E=\Y( ( ,;K ]\ )bY>K ]X\ `^ 07 :Campylobacter )=/X+Y @'=Y( =;D\Y( a ]4(c;Y( ] c;+ `^ J\ [7Y .)^K ]\ -')\Y( R ]\ =1X ] ]+/c 2BS/Y( . )7+ ])+Y( .G+/=( ;VR 2M=: -'( [V/ /Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; R c\^/ )b^ c TF c\^ [)4\ .(< )b^!+ Campylobacter )=/X+ I(c^ Q=L/ ;U )b^XYc ,;=+\Y( -^c>:\Y( .)4/^\Y( R c\^/ )b^$R ( -7R)X\Y(c -)UcY( (; - Staphylococcus aureus /Y( E(=\)+ G+/= 56 -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( E(=K =cbH Y# ;"/ -cL\ )\c\@ )=/X+Y( _=S/c 2[\@/Y( ca S. aureus )=/X+ `++@/ 2(Gram and Huss,2000% -'R(;Y( _)\Y( R -D):c :;DY( -1;7Y( W)\@( ]\ Staphylococci )=/X+ [>K ]X\ c ;=+Y)+ ]+)D\Y( c -1cZ\Y( ;( c< - -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 )=/X+ ] (=H^c [c\@Y( ]cX/Y :([(=OA,=\L/@\Y( ]Ac X / ,;7c 6 >c)4// .)c/@\ Y#% )=/X+Y( c\^ [>Z )=/X+ ;L/c 2[\@/Y( -Z\K ,;)K T+@ ;U ,=(=7Y( -4=; R =EP/Y( EL+ ]$R [(;/K ( QY ]')X S. aureus W)\@( R )b^K QBXY( ]X\ `^ J\c 2M=: -VU; .)^')X ;c4c J\ c\^/ c )SLF )@R)^\ Staphylococci ]\ -LS/=\ .)c/@\ )=/X+Y( _(=R# ]X\c 6Z\Y( -VV7Y( R -\VL\ ]:@/ZY ,>b4\Y( [c7ZY( ]cX/ 07 -bG\Y( .)=BVY( [+U ]\ .)4/^\ R \@Y( >(=R (c 2Staphylococci )=/X++ 0cZ/ZY -\' \ -D=R c;Y( =:+/Y( -Z\K 6// 07c -7R)X\Y(c -)UcY( (; 0cZ/Y( *^4/ )F [b\Y( ]\c 2.)4/^\ZY 67DY( ;=+/Y( T=G ]K -Ycb@+ \E@Y( >(=R (c c\^Y( J^\ ]X\ 2-cL\Y( .)+ZV/\Y)+ [Z7// c -\)F/\ .)'>4 [c\@Y( ;L/c 2]:;/Y)+ -4Y)L\Y( (-bG\Y(% .)4/^\ZY JG)V/\Y( 2-+ZL\Y( - >c)4/ 07 -bG\Y( .)=BVY( R S. aureus )=/X+Y -4cYc+c=X\ =)L\ +c=c( ;)7/ ( JFc ;Uc ]Ac X / ,;7c -')\ ])/^K >c)4// ] ]X\c [(=OA,=\L/@\Y( ]Ac X / ,;7c ?\:Y( .)^LY( ]\ 2(a :-+c=c( -FcS\Y(% [(=OA,=\L/@\Y( 57 Lahsen Ababouch @\ZW& +2aWa)W& ,'\Z& 0'-\! 2.1.5 -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( [c)^/ ;L+ .)K)@ ,;Kc T')U; JF+ ]cFO R 0;7c - M;Z4Y( 6SGY(% -;Z4 E(=K [c( [)V\Y( R ;4^ :E(=K ,;K `Y ;/L\ )+(=GF( ,;)K ]\)/@bY( 0;7c -R>^c :([)b@#c Uc ])1O% -cL\ -;L\ E(=K [1 2(-LFc\Y( .)+)b/Y (c )V@/@ (c -@)@7Y(c .(;VL/ W)^ac 2(;Z4Y( W7 R -+O=Y(c T=Kc `4cY( =(=\7(c >:cc I(;D% -+DKc :(GPFY( E)S:^(% GB^/ ZK [\L/ !B^\Y( -4cYc+ M=: .)^\ ;4c/c 2*ZVY( .)+=F -K=@ [1\ ,=;)^ ]XYc ,=cG: =1X 2(Taylor, 1986; Lehane and Olley, 2000% ]\)/@bY( -\@ =H^(% W)\@( [c)^/ ]K 3/)^ )KcB [\@/Y( [)XB =1X `ZLYc [Y)LY( )7^ J\4 R ]\)/@bY)+ [\@/ 0;7c [\@/Y( 0;(c7 ]K ] K ( [/ )+Y)O `^ `1c;7 ]K ,;4 .( )D7# ;4c/ `^ =O 2(. c 2 ]Yc;4Y( *+@+ c :- ;Lc 2_>(=R# [H^/ -DD:/\ ) : R ]>/: 2])@^ ( [@4 ]K -+=O ,;)\ ]\)/@bY(=+/L `/\@ [O=+ c ]\ -VU; Q')Hc [H^/ R [:; `^ ,=PD -4cYc@R .)K=4+ -+cO=\Y(c -=c=FY( ;(c\Y( ]\ ]\)/@bY( 2[\@/Y( E(=K =cbH [4L ] ]X\c ,=+X .)K=4+ )\@ 6+D `^XYc 2;L\Y( E\7Y( >(=R# [+U LR [7/@\Y( ]\ ])X ;VR : '( (DAO) ,histaminasae and m nm ]\)/@bY( J\ [\)L// /Y( .)\>^ ( .+X+ =D)^LY( _(=R# =D)^LY( *+@/ • ] (Clifford et al. (1993) =c (Bartholomew et al., 1987; Gessner et al., 1996 R [;:/@ 58 ]\ [ZV/c W)\@( R ;4c/ ;U -\@ZY -++@\Y( [\(cLY( ] \@Y( >X=/Y( Mc/@\+ TZL/ )\R *)/=( W)^ac ] )\X :-SZ/:\ -++@\ [\(cK ZK -SZ/:\Y( W)\@( c/7/ ;Uc 2V^Y( ]\)/@bY)+ -^=)V\ -Y)LSY( -K=4Y( 2=: Y# Ic^ ]\ ,=+X -4=;+ .c)S// ] ]X\ -++@\Y( [\(cLY( .)c/@\ >4 % [(=O A[(=PZZ\ c7^+ W)\@( R ]\)/@bZY -\@Y( -K=4Y( Mc/@\ ( Simidu and Hibiki% =;Uc R !B^\Y( -4cYc+ M=: .)^\ c ])@^ ( R ]\)/@bZY -c\SY( -\@Y( ( opqr% E=L/@(c 2(]cZ\Y( ]\ :[(=O A[(=PZZ\ c ]+ 5c(=// .)c/@\ ;^K [)K [XB+ )SSG ]cX ]\)/@bY( [LS+ [\@/Y( ] =c 2- (W b/@ Y ]c\!\% [(=O A[(=PZZ\ ]\ [U • (-\@Y( [\/7\% [(=O A[(=PZZ\ z • ()\@ ]cX )\+=% [(=O A[(=PZZ\ z • (M=B+Y( W b/@ Y ]c\!\ =Oc \@% [(=O A[(=PZZ\ ]\ =1X( • -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* =7Y( ^\( E\7Y( ]\ [@Xc+=)XY( I>^ T=G ]K - @\ZW& +2aWa)W& ,'\Z& c\Z& CZ5W& OW&a> ]\)/@bY( ];/@bY( 17.5 Za92W& ]@c=/+Y( ]/\=c( ^\( E\7Y( QY(c@ ];^=+@ ( ]@=/c+Y( -4cYc+Y( .)^\( c ]=R(;)XY( ]1ZY( R ]cX// /Y( !B^\Y( ]\(=/Y( ]>c=)/Y( -'( =\V@ ( W)\@ [c)^/+ ])7( [HL\ R E=\Y( G)+/= =\V@ ( [\@/ `^ ZK ]\)/@bY( [\@/ Y# )+Y)O =)Bc [1\ =\V@ ( -Z')K Y# \/^/ /Y( W)\@( ] =O 2[=X)\Y(c .Z+Y(c M=cDY(c *)1cY( W\@Y(c -^c/Y( [1\ -SY)/Y( Taylor, 1986; % E=\Y( ( . ZV@W& 7 A !"B ]\)/@bY( ]cX/ 7 $ 7 59 -K>)^Y -LF): ,;)\X [\L/ )b/4@^ R ];/@bY( ]\ ,=+X .)\X I(c^( _ ]K [U ==)V/ ;4c/ ]7 R :]\)/@a Y# `Zc7/c ];/@bY( [@Xc+=)X I>^ -Z\K .)@(=;Y( [HL\ .L+// 2(Flick et al., 2001% !B^\Y( -4cYc+Y( M=:( .)^\( 2)/^# .)^\(c ]\)/@bY( ]cX/ -^)X\# [V/ M=4 :(Taylor, 1986; Middlebrooks et al,. 1988% M=: .)@(=; Rc `^ [(c7( J\4 R )\' \ ?Y ?)VY( ( .)4=; ;^K M. morganii -G@(c+ ]\)/@bY( ]\ ,=+X .)\X ]Ec X / Y# Klausen and Huss (1987)% =)B c [O=Y( ZK (-c'\ -4=; z% -LS/=\ ,=(=7 .)4=; ;^K ]>:/Y( ;L+ (-c'\ .)4=; z% -FS:^\Y( ,=(=7Y( [>^ [@Xc+=)X -K>)^ ] [U ;Uc 2[U c -c'\ .)4=; ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K 0;7 [Y M=/X+Y( c\^Y( ] ]\ -4=; ;^K WY< ;L+ ]\)/@bY( =cbH ]K -Yc"@\ .^)X -Y)K ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K ]>:/Y( )^1 .^cX/ /Y( ];/@bY( !B^\Y( -4cYc+Y( .)^\( ;L/c 2-Z1)\\ 3')/^ Y# van Spreekens (1986) [Dc/c 2[U c -c'\ .)4=; ,=(=7 ,=(=7Y)+ [VL/Y( [1\ -=(=7Y( -4Y)L\Y)+ /7 )bZK )FVY( ]X\ `^$R :)b^cX/ ;=4\+c ]:@/ZY )\)\/ -\c)V\ 2( . [XBY(% -LS/=\Y( 60 -7R)X\Y(c =)B/^ ( (; IZ )\ W)\@( W b/@( ;L+ ]\)/@bY( [\@/ F/V !B^\Y( -4cYc+ M=: .)^\ c ]\)/@bZY ^\( E\7Y( QY(c@ ZK -X\@Y( -ZFK c/7/ ] • )=/X+Y( _ )* 7+ )* 7* 6. ZV@W& Z [=X)\Y( W)\@ ZK ]:@/Y( =1 XX N ; & [+U !B^\Y( -4cYc+ .)^\!+ -+)D\Y( Y / Luten et al.,1992 [VL/Y( 100 M ; & Y 7 7 7?&7 7 7 @\ZW& c2aWa)W& [Z& (cbY( c )\ZY E=L// /Y( W)\@Y -+@^Y)+ C): [XB+ [b\ ( -4=; ;^K -7Z\\ ,;=)+ _)\ c ,;=)+ -=7+ _)\ R c 3Z1Y( R W)\@( JFc [)K [XB+ P+^ • ;^K -7Z\\ c ,;=+\ =7+ _)\ R JFc/ c :.c\Y( ;L+ -K)@ [ : [U c -c'\ -4=; ,=(=7 ..c\Y( ;L+ .)K)@ [ : [U c -c'\ .)4=; ,=(=7 -4=; W)\@( c :-c'\ -4=; ]K ;>/ ,=(=7 .)4=;+ )\Y( c (cbZY -F=L\Y( W)\@( JFc P+^ • )\+ 3Z1Y( ]\ -V+G [:(; :-^S@Y( =bH ZK )a;=+/ [+U )a")B7 .K>^ /Y( G= ]\ =1X(% -^c/Y( ;^K -7Z\\Y( c ,;=)+Y( =7+Y( _)\ R c (3Z1Y)+ ,=+XY( -^c/Y( W)\@( R ]G+Y( M(=R cB7 WY< R 2.c\Y( ;L+ .)K)@ [ : [U c -c'\ -4=; ,=(=7 -4=; =bH ZK ;=+/Y( [+U )a")B7 I>^/ [Y /Y( G= ]\ =1X % ,=+XY( -^c/Y( W)\@ ;=+/ P+^ • 2(.c\Y( ;L+ .)K)@ .@ [ : [U c -c'\ .)4=; NZ+/ -Z:(; ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K -^S@Y( 6+D/ :[@Xc+=)XY( .)K>)^ ]Ec X / ;=4\+c 2[@Xc+=)XY( I>^ .)\>^ J=@Y( ]Ec X /Y( J^\ Qc@ ( 61 W)\@( 0cZ/ ,;)K# c 0cZ/ *^4/Y >b4/Y( )^1 c N=S/Y( ;^K -^S@Y( =bH ZK ,;4Y( -R)H^Y( -@=)\\ (% 2^\( E\7Y( [@Xc+=)X I>^ ZK ,=;)VY( )=/X+Y)+ -K>)^Y( .)\>^ ( G)B^ ]\ ;7 ]Y `^XYc :,=+X -4=;+ =/X+Y( G)B^Y( ES: ZK W)\@( ;\4/ [\L ] ]X\c W)\@( ,=(=7 .)4=; [4@ -R=L\ ,=c=FY( ]\ `^$R ( Ic^/ ?XL ( :W)\@( ]\ I(c^( _ Y# \/^/ /Y( W)\@( I(c^ ]\ -LR; [X ]\ .)^K <: *4 `^!+ (1991a , 1995% +c=c( ;)7/ ( *Y)Gc .)^LY( _ (]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 % [(=O A[(=PZZ\ -G@c/\Y( -\VY( >c)4// *4 • ]\ [U ]XYc (]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 % [(=O A[(=PZZ\ ]K ;>/ -\U ]/^K M;Y ]cX ] >c4 • (]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 % [(=O A[(=PZZ\ (]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 % [(=O A[(=PZZ\ >c)4// -\U -^K M;Y ]cX ] >c4 • ] ]X\ 7Z\ [cZ7\ R .)\>^ ( 2)F^ -4Y)L\ )bY .=4 /Y(c . ')LY( _/ ]XYc ZK ]\)/@a .)c/@\ )bR ]cX/ T=GY )VRc C7R .)Z\K (=4# *4c 2]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 c ]\ ;+ ]cZ\Y( ]\ >4 c Y# [D/ 2( 0a :-+c=c( -FcS\Y(% (HPLC% (;( Y)K ['(c@Y( *(=B/@( [1\ :)\ZK )b+ Q=/L\c -Uc1c\ Q :+ :-X\@Y( .)4/^\Y( c W)\@( ]\ -+X=\ -^K R ]\)/@bY( Mc/@\ >c)4/ *4 :(;^Z>c^c )Y(=/@( Rc -\XY( ]\ , 62 ,'>a;QW& 3.1.5 c RNA% -1(=c ,;)\ ]\ ]cX// (=/\c^)^ c ]+ )\ ,;)K% =PDY( -a)^/\ -VU; .)^')X .)@c=SY( ;L/ ] JG/@/ c ) :Y( [:(; -F=\\ .)^')X -=D7 ,=cD+ a .)@c=SY(c 2]/c=+Y( ]\ )GOc (DNA .)@c=SY( .)\@4 ]$R ( . ZV@W& =b4\Y)+ H7cY )\X WYcc=c^ ?c=R ]cZ\ -')\ ;c\LY( [1\c :^c=/XY ( :F.P. Williams ]K V^ 2=/ZZZ\Y( R 2-'+Y( -)\7Y -X=\( -Y)XcY( ;+XY( *)b/Y(c @c=SY( )L\(c ,;L\Y( *)b/Y( I]/@'= ]/'R Y# ])@^ Y -cL\Y( .)@c=SY( )b++@/ /Y( E(=\( [@V^/c . )7 ]\ ;;K =+X ]K -Yc"@\ .)@c=SY( ;L/ : [@VY( R ,;=(cY( .)^)+Y( ]\ 6F/ )\Xc 2(Caul, 2000% @c=SY( ]\c 2((;4 bG\Y( =O% &^Y( c:=Y( =)7\Y)+ C): [XB+ G+/=/c -=7+Y( - a -1(=cY( ,;)\Y(c 2( . [c;4Y(% -1(=cY( ,;)\Y( QEX/c [H^/ *@7 .)Kc\4\ Y# .)@c=SY( [@V^/c ;4cc 2-1(=cY( .)\cZL\Y( ]\ ]ZDS^\ ]G: c (;7(c )G: [\7/ /Y( RNA c (DNA% Mcc^Y( E\7Y( /Y(c Caliciviridae, -@c=SY( -Z')LY( Y# WYcc=c^ ?c=R \/^c 2-@c=SY( . ')LY(c [H^Y( ]\ =1XY( [@)+ )^)7 WYcc=c^ ?c=R Q=Lc 2z ?c=R )b^+ ]\ :M=: .)^4 -1 1 )F [F/ ])Xc 2Picornaviridae -Z')K Y# QY ;+XY( *)b/Y( ?c=R \/^c 2(SRSV% -^+Y( =;/@\Y( =PDY( ?c=SY( =1X 6+D `^XYc (Caul, 2000% ^c=/XY ( M=b4\Y( Q^D/Y( ZK [cG .UcY ;\/L .)@c=SY( Q^D/ 2'>4Y(c +U)L/Y( . @Y( =cG/ ]K .)@(=; (=4$+ 6\@ )\ cac -'>4Y( .)^V/Y( T=G ]K -Ycb@ ,=1X .)+VK `4(c/ [(>/ c (-=7+Y( - 63 Lees (2000) and G ]\ RXJ-W& -W& C&;Z') E')-; & +X%'JW& Ga\W& =a;QW& +;5)W& +:M& '`XT\- ,==X/\ ,=cD+ Calicivirdae SS1RNA WYcc=c^ ,==X/\ ,=cD+ Picornaviridae SS RNA ;+XY( *)b/Y( .QY . =O ]\ ;+XY( *)b/Y( *+@ T1c\ =O Caliciviridae? SS RNA ;+XY( *)b/Y( . )7c 2 )+c QY Ic^Y( . )a. *=BY( _)\+ -G+/=\ BS/Y( -YcV^\Y( . )7Y( ]\ [ZU \4^Y( ?c=SY( ] ;V/L Astroviridae SS RNA ?c=SY( - 7DY( Q=DY( _)\ ]\ -Yc>L\ T1c\ =O Reoviridae DS2RNA )/c= ?c=R Q=DY( _)\ ]\ -Yc>L\ T1c\ =O Adenoviridae DS RNA ,;PY( ?c=R -=7+Y( - WY ;L+ E=\Y)+ ]c+)D ] ]\c 2J+)@ ,;K =\/@c _)\Y(c - 64 -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ (c -\' \Y( -'+Y( (* E(=\( J\4 [1\ ])@^ Y cL\Y( ;L\Y( >)b4Y)+ .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( ?c=Rc WYcc=c^ ?c=R G+/= C):B( >(=+ R ,=+X .)\X+ .)@c=SY( _=Sc 2]+)D\Y( )\ )+Y)O .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( ?c=R ]$R :WY< ]\ ?XLY( ZKc 2E(=K( )S/:( ;L+ [U( ZK ]\c ,;\Y Y# Ic+@ ]\ =\/@/c )\c z ]\ 5c(=// ,=/S+ E=\Y( ;+ [+U ]+)D\Y( C):B( >(=+ R >=S 2E=\Y( ;+ ;L+ ]Kc+@ [X(=/c C)D/\( [/ 07 7Y( c:=Y( =)7\Y( ca @c=SY( )L\(c ,;L\Y( *)b/Y )KcB =1X( *+@Y(c M=:( - -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R )V+Y(c c\^Y( (2 =1" Qc@c 2Yc( 0cZ/Y( 0c;7 ;L+ ;(>// )a;(;K ]$R ( ;^K ]:@/Y( ]XYc M=:( -cL\Y( .)@c=SY( ]\ QS4/Y(c ,=(=7ZY -\c)V\ =1X .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( .)@c=Rc 6')SDZY -^cX\Y( .(;7cY( R .)4=; =(;V\+ )F)S:^( 0;7 -c'\ -4=; z ]\ 5c(=// ,=(=7 -4=; 2( ^4c=;bY( [U=Y(% ,=DU ,=/SY E)\7Y E=L/ZY [c)V\ .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( ?c=Rc 2(Millard et al., 1987% .(=/\(=)+Y( =1!/ ]K .)@(=; (=4# )+=V/ = ?c=R ES:Y )\c [>Z :-c'\ ,=(=7 -4=; ;^LR 2=7+Y( _)\ R ?c=SY( )V+ ZK =+X =1 ,=(=7ZY c ,=(=7 -4=; ;^K )\c R )b/(< ES:Y( -+@^ ZK [cD7Y( [/ `^ ]7 R -')\Y( R -+@^+ .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( ES: [/ ;VR :?c=SY( G)B^ [)G+# ZK -4@S^+Y( TcR -LB( [\L/c 2(Gantzer et al., 1998% -c'\ -4=; Gantzer et al., 1998% =/\/^@A.(cZZ\ -4=; ;^K T')U; R -')\Y( R -+@^+ .QY . ;+XY( *)b/Y( ?c=R -7R)X\Y(c -)UcY( (; ca E=\Y( =;D\ ] (=H^ ;+\Y( 07 ]\ -G@+ -=7+Y( - 65 , .)@c=SY( ]\ CZ:/Y( ]X\c 6B=/Y( T=G ]K M /@ Y .ZV@W& 7 Escherichia coli )=/X+ =bG/ ,-7 =)7\Y( ]\ )=/X+Y( -\b/Z\c F 7DY( Q=DY( _)\Y E=L/Y( ;L+ Lees (1995) ]\ E. coli =bG/Y( .)K)@ ,'XQEW& 4.1.5 c .);)D/U )+ TZL/ )\R (=+X )VZU =1 )b\HL\ ]XYc :)\)\/ -L')BY( =c\( ]\ W)\@( R .)ZSGY( ;c4c Orlandi et al., [)U (=: c : Crossc Olson Higashi *^)4 ]\ -^)L\=B^ [/ ;Uc 2-\)LY( -7DY( 2\ZLY( *^)4Y( ]K C:Z\ ;(;K$+ 66 *+@/ )b^ )b^K Q=L =)7\Y(c W)\@( ]\ .<: /Y( -;c;Y( .)ZSGY( ]\ )Kc^ ]\ =1X W)^ac [XB )bFL+ ]XYc -Y;/L\ c -SSG =(=F Mc@ 0;7/ c ,=;)^Y( .)ZSGY( ]\ )b\HL\c 2])@^ Y E(=\( 2. [c;4Y( R .)ZSGY( _ P&;N2W& H Anisakis species -')+cY( *^(c4Y( EL+c E=\Y( ( *)Dc 2anisakid ](;;Y -^)U=Y( [7(=\Y( )b++@/ /Y( -;L\Y( -cL\Y( -ZSGY( E(=\( ]\ Anisakiasis (; ;L WY< ;^K 2-77D =O -V=G+ -HcS7\ c -bG\ c -'^ -=7+ - 67 5 S7 17 )7& 2 7& S A87 Anisakis [SGY( ,)7 ,=c; !. ZV@W& c (-4^=Y( ,;c;% Anisakis simplex a E=\Y)+ ])7( *ZO R G+/=/ /Y( anisakidae [SGY( I(c^ c . FKc )B7 R .)ZSGZY -;L\Y( -^)U=Y( -Z7=\Y( ;4c/ ] ]X\c 2(;VY( ,;c;% Pseudoterranova dicipiens 2. [c;4Y( R ]+\Y( c7^Y( ZK ]Kc^Y( ]+ >\/Y( [b@Y( ]\c 2(. [XBY( =H^(% W)\@( ]\ -Kc^/\ -Kc\4\ Anisakis [SGY( .)\@ . Za92W& +Z'I ,'QB [aXW& Y25W& Ga\W& [D'5W& 4Z ZW& Y> & -4^=Y( [XB ZK ;L4\ -4^=Y( ,;c; E+( [\ z [cGY( Anisakis simplex ^c>Z7 [\ z E=LY( ;VY( ZK c [V/@\ ;VY( ,;c; ]cZY( Y# [\ [\ z [cGY( Pseudoterranova S Q=7 [XB c ^+Y( c =SD( [\ z E=LY( dicipiens =\7( ;WVY( W\W@ WR )\a Xc (]\Y( Y#% Pseudoterranova dicipiens (=)@Y( Y#% Anisakis simplex ". ZV@W& (Stig Mellergaard =c/X; ]\ -;a ])/=cDY(% 68 -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( R =)B/^ ( (* -4^=Y(c ;VY(% -^F)7Y( W)\@( ]\ ;;LY( [:(; WY ICMSF,2003 ]\ G +)'2! ,'\JW& 99I @\ZW& +VZ>W& ]G^B(c Ic=>\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( 3c=^Y( Ic=>\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( (;^Z/X@( Ic=>\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( ])+)Y( Ic=>\Y( cacX ]c\Y)@ ])+)Y( GU=\Y( Ic=>\Y( ]c\Y)@Y( ]G^B(c M=+Y( ]c\Y)@Y( @ZG( [)\B M=+Y( ]c\Y)@Y( z @ZG( *=O M=+Y( ]c\Y)@Y( @ZG( T=B M=+Y( ]c\Y)@Y( ])+)Y( M=+Y( cacX ]c\Y)@ G@c/\Y( =7+Y( ];=@Y( G@c/\Y( =7+Y( -4^=Y( M;)bY( G7\Y( -4^=Y( M;)bY( G7\Y( ;VY( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y( R )V+Y( (2 R ](;;Y( G)B^ QUcc [/VY -Y)LY( 6Z\Y( .(>X=/ c -LS/=\Y( c -FS:^\Y( ,=(=7Y( .)4=; [(;:/@( ]X\ 2](;;Y( R =1"/ -F\7Y( Qc=HY( ]$R WY< ]\ ?XLY( ZKc 2( [c;4Y(% W)\@( W)\@( R ](;;Y( G)B^ QUc c [/U Y# M;"/ /Y( Qc=HY( . Za92W& H2;ZW& E'@\W& OSaW Y< W& ,SaW& +ZTW& Oa;FW& Howgate 1998 -K)@ [ -20 ,=(=7Y( -4=; *;a@\Z ;M ,'\')Huss ,;7(c -VU; [ Karl et al. 1995 )Kc+@ ]\ =1X z :(NaCl) [c;cDY( ;=cZX 5 \ z )Kc+@ z (%WPS) u-')\Y( -Z7=\Y( J+)@ z z 69 -7R)X\Y(c -)UcY( (; EECAA [U= ?Z4\Y( `4c/ R )b^K =B ;U +c=c( ;)7/ ( R .)ZSGY( -7R)X\+ -VZL/\Y( Gc=BY( ]# )^1 =D+Y( A/S/ZY -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y(c W)\@( J\4 JF:/ ] *4c 2(a -+c=c( -FcS\Y(% J\4 I)F:# *4 :(b4/Y( (>4 J\4 R [U( ZK -K)@ ,;\Y -c'\ -4=; -20% ;\4/ -Z\LY -'^ `+B c -'^ WZb/@/ /Y( W)\@( (]:)@Y( ZK -^:;\Y( W)\@( [1\% )b^:@/ M=4 /Y( -X\@Y( .)4/^\Y( ZK )F T+G^ ( 2(;4 ,;\4\Y( c (;4 -bG\Y( W)\@( [c)^/ ca `/7R)X\c anisakiasis [SGY( ]\ -)UcZY -V=G [FR ]$R ( Gnathostoma -+)D ( 0;7/c 2-L+G .)^F)7X (-=+Y( .)^(c7Y(c GGVY(c * XY(% [c7ZY( -ZX .)^(c7Y( ,;c@\\Y( ,;c;Y( _X=\Y( +DLY( >)b4Y( Y# c ]LY( Y# -U=Y( [D/ ] ]X\ ,=G:Y( . )7Y( Rc 2.)\=c/ Capillaria species Mc;LY( 0;7/c 2(;c;7\ )\)\/a( VZ/ .^)X ]#c -\)LY( -7DY( -7)^Y( ]\ ,=+X -\a .(< ](;;Y( _L/ /Y( ,)RcY(c (;;B )b@# )++@\ )L\( R NY)+Y( [SGY( =V/@c Rc 23F)^Y( =O E+Y( [X!/ /Y( -+ Angiostrongylus species 2(. [XBY(% )')b^ )^F)7 ](='SY( ]\ <://c =/\ZZ\ z )bYcG NZ+ ,;c@\\ ,;c; ca Angiostrongylus [SGY( 70 AC S7 :+7 :7U 1B7 -7SU [SGY( ,)7 ,=c; ZV@W& Angiostrongylus sp . -++@\ 9\Y( Y# ](;;Y( [7=/c 2-1cZ\Y( .)c:=Y( c .)^c>Z7Y( [c)^/ T=G ]K Mc;LY)+ ])@^ ( *)Dc [(>/ ]XYc :)@ ]\ -^L\ TG)^\ R [D( R [SGY( ;acB ;Uc 2,)7Y( ;;b Diphyllobothrium G&a\ -G=B ,;c; =+X D. latum ,;c;Y( ;L/c 2-G=B c -;ZU ](;; ]K ,=)+K ca Diphyllobothrium [SGY( 2W)\@Y -VU;Y( )L\( R =V/@/ ac 2=)/\ ]\ =1X Y# )bYcG [D ] ]X\c ])@^ ( *D/ =bH/ ;U )b^XYc E(=K + Mc;LY( [HL\c 2(;cVLY% cG =\/@/ Diphyllobothriasis )b++@ /Y( Mc;LY(c TG)^\Y( R J@(c T)G^ `Y -G=BY( ,;c;Y( =)B/^(c 2]>cZY ](;VRc Uc [)b@#c M;L\ *(=GF( [XB ZK 2(. [XBY(% -+ 71 S7 5S7I J7 :+7 G*7T-7& DA87 7P 3 -F=LY( -G=BY( ,;c;Y( ,)7 ,=c; ZV@W& . W)\@( R Diphyllobothrium sp -;ZU ,;c; ac :Diplogonoporus grandis [SGY)+ ])@^ ( Mc;LY ;4(c/ =+X (=: ])+)Y( R [4@ ;Uc -UcB^ ( W b/@( Y# M>L [)V/^ ( ] [Uc 2(Kino et al., 2002% Diphyllobothridae -Z')K Y# \/^/ G@c/\c (=/\/^@ F=\Y( ]\ 2=:/ /Y( -G=BY( ](;;Y( [cG G@c/\ NZ+c 2-'^Y( ,=PDY( -^)+)Y( 2D. grandis ,)7 ,=c; ]K ,;X"\ .)\cZL\ ;4c/ c 2.(=/\ZZ\ )bF=K ,')T/ZW& :- W)^a ]cX ] )F =c=FY( ]\ :.)+V1\Y( E=\ Rc 2)b^Gc/ TG)^\ -R=L\ [b\Y( ]\ :E=\Y( -7R)X\Yc -F+Y( ]\ ( ;+ ,)7Y( ,=c; [7(=\ ]\ -Z7=\ [X -R=L\ *4 )\X :`/)7 ,=c;c :[SGY( )4cYc+Y [\)X [bR :([c( G@cY(% ]c>Z7Y( I.)^F)7Y( J\4 ;;7/ *4c 2NY)+Y( [SGY( /7 .)+^<\Y(c -'(;+Y( -U=Y)+ (=c=\c 2.)+^<\Y( )bUcR ?X// /Y( (^)1Y( G@cY(% .)+^Y( c ](c7Y( c )bY E=K DU c (=/\ZZ\ Y# .(=/\ZZ\ JF+ ]\ )bYcG NZ+c -Z7^c -7GZS\c ,=PD -PY)+Y( ](;;Y(c -G@c -^F)7 W)\@( ]\ <:// /Y( .)+V1\ZY -\)LY( ,)7Y( ,=c; [XBY( ]+c 2.(=/\ZZ\ z ]\ 2-c^)1 72 M79?U7 S7% 17 77+7 %:G-7 SU :G-7 -G@c -^F)7 W)\@( ]\ <:// /Y( .)+V1\Y( ,)7 ,=c; . ZV@W& ( ]\