27 PHARMACEUTICALS AND FORMULARIES CLAIRE A. SIMEONE AND MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF

Contents Introduction

Introduction...... 593 This chapter aims to provide clinicians and scientists working Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals...... 594 with marine mammals with a convenient and rapidly acces- Dose Scaling...... 595 sible single source on the subject. A compilation of the avail- Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects...... 596 able pharmacological information on cetaceans, pinnipeds, Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions...... 596 sirenians, sea otters (Enhydra lutris), and polar bears (Ursus Hepatic Effects...... 596 maritimus) is provided. Readers must be aware at all times Renal Effects...... 597 that drugs discussed in this chapter may have only been Gastrointestinal Effects...... 597 used on a limited number of individual animals from a nar- Nervous System Effects...... 597 row range of species, so all information must be interpreted Dermal Effects...... 598 with caution. No drugs have been licensed for use in marine Otic Effects...... 598 mammals. Hematologic Effects...... 598 The authors have relied heavily on published documen- Musculoskeletal Effects...... 598 tation, which is included relatively uncritically, but they have Antiulcer Medications...... 598 also included unpublished information from clinicians and Steroids...... 599 institutions with experience with some of the less frequently Drug Dosages...... 599 encountered species. Even so, numerous gaps remain. Most Acknowledgments...... 653 of the drug regimens included have been supported by docu- References...... 653 mented clinical response, although only rarely have detailed pharmacokinetic studies been published (Table 27.1). Clinicians should be aware that undocumented effects may still occur when these drugs are used on larger numbers of individuals. The tabular format was selected for the convenience of clinicians needing information quickly. There are advan- tages and limitations to this presentation. The primary advantage is accessibility. The primary weakness is the limited amount of information presented with each entry. The tables are not intended to replace a background in clinical veterinary medicine and pharmacology. Readers are directed to individual references for further information and are cautioned to read, understand, and discuss with col- leagues the pharmacological properties of the drugs they intend to administer to a marine mammal, even though dose

CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine 593

9781498796873_C027.indd 593 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM 594 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

Table 27.1 Drugs for which Pharmacokinetics Studies Have Been Undertaken in Marine Mammal Species Drug Dosage Species/Comments References Amikacin 10 mg/kg IM BID Orcinus orca KuKanich et al. 2004 13 mg/kg IM Q24h Delphinapterus leucas KuKanich et al. 2004 Aminocaproic acid 100 mg/kg PO Mirounga angustirostris Kaye et al. 2016 Amoxicillin 20 mg/kg IV once Mirounga angustirostris Gulland et al. 2000 20 mg/kg IV once Phoca vitulina Gulland et al. 2000 Buprenorphine 0.12 mg/kg SC Q72h Mirounga angustirostris Molter et al. 2015 Cefovecin 1–2 mg/kg SC, IM once Otaria flavesecens Garcia Parraga et al. 2016 2 mg/kg IM once Odobenus rosmarus Garcia-Parraga, unpubl. data 4 mg/kg SC once Zalophus californianus Garcia-Parraga, unpubl. data 4 mg/kg SC once Phoca vitulina Garcia-Parraga, unpubl. data 8 mg/kg SC once Halichoerus grypus Garcia-Parraga, unpubl. data 8 mg/kg IM once Tursiops truncatus Garcia Parraga et al. 2012 8 mg/kg SC Q5-7d Enhydra lutris Lee et al. 2016 Ceftazidime 17.4 mg/kg IM once Tursiops truncatus Chow et al. 1992 Ceftiofur 6.6 mg/kg IM Q5d Zalophus californianus Meegan et al. 2013 Ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg PO Q24h Zalophus californianus Barbosa et al. 2015 Doxycycline 10–20 mg/kg PO Q24h Mirounga angustirostris Freeman et al. 2013 Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg PO once Tursiops truncatus Linnehan, Ulrich, and Ridgway 1999 Marbofloxacin 5 mg/kg PO once Phoca vitulina KuKanich et al. 2007 Meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg PO Q7d Tursiops truncatus Simeone et al. 2014 Tramadol 2–4 mg/kg PO Q6-12h Zalophus californianus Boonstra et al. 2015 Vitamin A 300–600 IU/day PO Callorhinus ursinus Mazzaro et al. 1995a, 1995b

regimens appear in the tables (Benet et al. 1996; Riviere medicine chapter (see Chapters 40 through 45), but some 2011). Dosages and adverse effects of anesthetic agents are precautions to take are given below. discussed in Chapter 26. Always be cautious when admin- From a practical standpoint, oral (PO) administration of istering drugs or drug combinations for the first time in a drugs is often the preferred route in an animal still taking marine mammal. If the decision is made to adopt a novel feed regularly or being tube-fed routinely for nutritional sup- treatment regime, only one animal should be treated and port. Few special caveats for oral administration of drugs to then observed for an appropriate time to ascertain whether marine mammals have been discovered, and a good knowl- adverse reactions occur. Certain drug effects, such as seda- edge of human or domestic animal pharmacology provides tion from opioids, may be dramatic in marine species. Sea excellent guidance for the appropriate selection of this route. otters, for example, may have difficulty in the water after The major considerations are food interactions and factors receiving butorphanol or buprenorphine (Monterey Bay that might affect absorption. These factors include specific Aquarium Pharmacopeia). Finally, always check with col- physiochemical properties of the drug, stomach pH, gastroin- leagues working with marine mammals before using an testinal microflora, and anatomy (Riviere 2011). For example, unfamiliar drug, as they may be aware of adverse reactions phosphorus binders are commonly used in California sea that have not been reported. lions (Zaophus californianus) to treat renal disease associated with leptospirosis, as is tetracycline, yet the absorption of this antibiotic will be reduced by chelating agents (Gulland 1999). Palatability issues may make PO administration difficult with Routes for Administering some drugs that have a strong taste or smell. This is of par- Drugs to Marine Mammals ticular importance in sea otters, for which PO administration of certain drugs like enrofloxacin is a great challenge. Essentially all of the routes used to deliver drugs to domestic Subcutaneous (SC) administration may be technically animals are available for delivering drugs to marine mam- difficult because of the blubber layer in some phocids, wal- mals. Practical considerations, however, frequently limit the rus (Odobenus rosmarus), and most cetaceans, but can be choice of routes in a clinical situation, and anatomical adapta- effective in sea otters and otariids. Prior to the development tions can make delivery by some routes particularly challeng- of the thick blubber layer, young pinnipeds, especially neo- ing. Details of choice of route are discussed in each species nates, can also adequately absorb even lipophilic medications

9781498796873_C027.indd 594 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 595

delivered by this route, which avoids muscle trauma or necro- medications like dextrose is a viable option, particularly dur- sis. Although subcutaneous administration of fluids is often ing a medical crisis (Fravel et al. 2016). Sterility is of great avoided in cetaceans, experienced clinicians have successfully importance to avoid introducing microorganisms into the administered higher volumes of fluids to these animals by this peritoneal cavity. route by ensuring that the fluids are given between the blub- Intratracheal (IT) and inhalation (IH) administration of ber and muscle layers (see Chapter 40). Long-acting depot drugs have been employed in marine mammals, primarily for injections using poloxamer gels or other long-acting formula- induction of anesthesia and targeted delivery of medications tions have been successful in treating localized infections via to the lungs (see Chapter 26). Nebulization and aerosoliza- both subcutaneous and subconjunctival routes (Simeone et tion can be used very effectively, either by holding a mask on al. 2016, 2017). Abscesses have been reported in pinnipeds, a restrained animal or by placing it in a nebulization cham- in particular with long-acting drugs such as extended-release ber, if drug delivery times are elongated to accommodate an buprenorphine (Molter et al. 2015). animal’s tendency to hold its breath. The efficacy of aerosol Intramuscular (IM) administration is frequently utilized absorption in the lungs depends largely on the particle or in marine mammals that are difficult to restrain and are inap- droplet size, and should be taken into consideration when petent. Be cautious and avoid superficial injection into the choosing a drug and method for nebulization. extensive subcutaneous blubber, which has dramatically dif- The major challenge with topical administration in marine ferent vascularization and drug-partitioning properties than mammals is to achieve appropriate contact time for drug effi- does muscle (Fowler 1995; Nielsen 1996). Accidental delivery cacy in an aquatic environment. Baths and dips are possible into the blubber can result in failure to achieve any apprecia- for some of the smaller species, and behavioral modifica- ble systemic distribution of highly lipid-soluble medications. tion can augment dipping body parts into smaller contain- Certain drugs, such as diazepam, have inconsistent absorption ers for large species. However, the most desirable application via the IM route (Hung et al. 1996). The irritation caused by in some cases would be an ointment or salve that would some injectable drugs is a local effect. This may be due to the remain in place; thus, ointments for marine mammals are irritating nature of the drug or the volume of injection. The often specially compounded. The use of human dental bases recommended total volume injected per site does not increase has had some success, but can be prohibitively expensive. in scale with the mass of the animal. Very large marine mam- Less expensive lipid bases such as lanolin and petroleum gels mals may require large volumes of drug. The drug volume have been used with varying success. per injection site should be reasonable, and multiple injection sites may be necessary with larger volumes. Care should also be taken to have injection sites as dry as possible, free of any Dose Scaling gross contamination prior to any injection, and always using sterile needles. This is particularly important when injecting Extrapolation of doses and pharmacokinetic parameters anthelminthic and non-antibiotics of any kind. However, clini- across species is often necessary, as pharmacological data cians should be aware that sterile or even infected abscesses for drugs in most species of marine mammal do not exist can occur when injecting traditional antibiotics if care is not (Riviere 2011). Even for drugs that have been studied in taken to avoid contaminating the needle. marine mammals, sample sizes are often small, and consid- Many venipuncture approaches (IV) are nearly perpen- eration of covariates such as body weight, enzymatic com- dicular to the blood vessel and quite deep, thus complicat- position, and genetics is necessary to give a full picture of ing catheterization. Wire-reinforced epidural catheters can be allometric relationships (Riviere 2011). Allometric equations used to catheterize the epidural sinus in phocids. Needles usually compare parameters of interest (e.g., half-life, volume with side ports for directing a catheter at right angles can help of distribution, clearance) to body weight (Riviere 2011), and avoid perivascular leakage of irritating drugs. Administration a dizzying array of exponential equations can be found in of IV drugs into the peri-arterial venous rete of the peduncle the literature. Choosing which equation to use can be daunt- in a cetacean holds a risk of injection into the surrounding ing. The reader should be cautioned that not all drugs scale arteries, so IV medications should be diluted and administered well by body mass, even when theoretical metabolic rates are slowly. Signs of nausea are reported with IV drug administra- figured into the equation (see Chapter 29). It is important to tion and often resolve after slowing the rate of administration. know the expected metabolism and excretion routes of the Nonirritating drugs can often be delivered intraperitone- drug when making decisions on scaling a dose between spe- ally (IP). The difficulties of this route are generally related to cies. Studies on species of phocids of different size suggest the size of the patient and the availability of needles suitable that effective doses based on body weight, rather than on to penetrate the abdominal wall. Placing a flexible catheter a complex allometric equation, may not be that unreason- through a cannula for intraperitoneal administration avoids able for some drugs (Gulland et al. 2000; Barbosa et al. 2015; the problem of accidental organ laceration with a rigid nee- Boonstra et al. 2015). Table 27.1 shows the limited number dle. In species like otariids for which vascular access and of studies that have explored pharmacokinetic parameters for IV catheter maintenance is a challenge, IP administration of drugs in marine mammals.

9781498796873_C027.indd 595 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM 596 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects were treated with levamisole; only one was treated concomi- tantly with ivermectin. Fatalities occurring in both animals When new combinations are considered, it is best if there strongly suggested that levamisole alone was the cause of the has been some experience with the drugs individually in the mortalities. Levamisole has also been associated with toxicity species. If not, the consideration should be made to admin- in sea otters (Kollias and Fernandez-Moran 2015). ister one drug at a time in an individual animal. It is not Several drugs that were listed in previous editions of this feasible to present a comprehensive list of all possible drug chapter have been associated with severe adverse effects in interactions in marine mammals in this chapter. The reader humans or other species, and may have been removed from should be prepared for the possibility of any drug inter- markets in various countries. The doses remain on this list, action described in any species occurring. However, it is so clinicians are aware that they have been used in marine particularly important to be aware of some of the potential mammals, but the authors strongly suggest that all drugs interactions of more commonly used medications. At pres- are researched prior to use, as this list is not exhaustive. ent, little documentation exists concerning drug interactions Organophosphate toxicity has been reported with dichlor- in marine mammals, and the majority of these reports are vos use. Potent photosensitization effects have been reported intuitive from knowledge of terrestrial animal pharmacol- with bithionol. Dihydrostreptomycin has been associated ogy. Texts on veterinary and human pharmacology should with ototoxicity in humans. Disophenol has a narrow safety be consulted, and discussions with colleagues undertaken, range and has been associated with fatalities in humans. when planning a mixed medication treatment for any marine Thromboembolism has been reported with thiacetarcemide mammal. use. Hetacillin has been found to form formaldehyde in the gut in humans and has no documented benefit over ampicil- lin (Jusko and Lewis 1973). Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions

Several drugs have been associated with fatal reactions. Hepatic Effects While causation is difficult to prove in an isolated case, clini- cians should be aware that administration of certain drugs Evaluation of a patient’s clinical response to therapy is vital has been associated with potentially lethal effects in marine throughout a course of therapy, to determine whether the mammals. Additional severe reactions are discussed in the treatment is having a therapeutic effect, and to ensure that sections that follow. In the tables, these drugs are accompa- no adverse effects are occurring. Several drugs have been nied by the symbol: associated with elevations in hepatic enzymes. In marine mammals, reversible elevations in transaminases have been ( ): SEE TEXT—POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS reported with the azole antifungals, as well as ceftriaxone, Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, carprofen, cefovecin, and florfenicol, and azithromycin (Dalton, Robeck, and Campbell iohexol have been associated with sudden death within close 1995; Reidarson and McBain 1995; Dalton and Robeck 1998; temporal association of drug administration. Trimethoprim- Romanov, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011; Levine, unpubl. sulfadiazine has been associated with anaphylaxis in a data). Azole antifungal use, in particular itraconazole, ketocon- bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), and fatal bone mar- azole, or fluconazole in bottlenose dolphins, has led to mild row suppression and pancytopenia in bottlenose dolphins and reversible liver pathology and 2- to 25-fold increases in and a killer whale (Orcinus orca; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Additionally, a bottlenose dolphin died within 15 minutes and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations (Reidarson of parenteral administration of carprofen (Martelli, unpubl. and McBain 1994; Reidarson et al. 1998). Itraconazole has also data). A white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhyncus albirostris) been associated with hypocholesterolemia in a pilot whale died shortly after IM administration of cefovecin and had (Globicephala sp.; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). lesions consistent with shock on necropsy (Nollens, unpubl. Irreversible hepatotoxicity has been associated with vori- data). This drug has been associated with anaphylaxis in ter- conazole and ketoconazole in cetaceans (Schroeder 1983; restrial species. A California sea lion experienced cardiore- SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). Voriconazole, in particular, has the spiratory arrest immediately following iohexol administration, potential for severe hepatic, cardiac, and neurological effects. and the death was attributed to iohexol (Dennison, Gulland, Frequent monitoring of drug peak and trough levels and and Braselton 2010). hepatic enzymes is strongly recommended when administer- Haloperidol has been associated with fatal neuroleptic ing these drugs, and dosing should be adjusted as needed. malignant seizures in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), wal- Flucytosine should be administered in a combination rus, and Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus( obliq- therapy with an azole to prevent resistance to flucytosine uidens; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). Two fatalities in belugas (Reidarson et al. 1999). Premature cessation of the azole may (Delphinapterus leucas) occurred after intramuscular admin- lead to flucytosine resistance (Poelma et al. 1974). Both drugs istration of levamisole (Boehm, unpubl. data). Both whales should be administered beyond the elimination of infection,

9781498796873_C027.indd 596 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 597

as determined by physical examination, cytology, cultures, steroid administration. This is particularly a problem if sodium radiology, and endoscopy (Reidarson et al. 1999). intake is high, as is often the case in marine mammals being fed with supplemental salt in the diet. If a diuretic is indicated in a marine mammal receiving steroid therapy, alternatives to Renal Effects furosemide should be considered.

Several drugs have the potential to be directly nephrotoxic (gentamicin, amikacin, sulfonamides). Amikacin has been Gastrointestinal Effects associated with renal tubular necrosis in a bottlenose dol- phin (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). Significant toxicity has been Gastrointestinal (GI) effects are exceedingly common, par- reported in sea otters with gentamicin in particular, par- ticularly with oral drug administration. Anorexia and GI dis- ticularly with repeated doses. Acute renal failure has been comfort are most commonly reported with antibiotic use. reported with amphotericin B and liposomal nystatin in a Aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, mac- bottlenose dolphin and Pacific white-sided dolphin (Robeck rolides, penicillins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines have and Dalton 2002). Some drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti- reported GI effects in marine mammals (Sweeney 1986a; inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may cause hemodynamically SeaWorld Pharmacopeia; TMMC Pharmacopeia). Azole anti- mediated renal impairment and should be used cautiously in fungals are frequently associated with GI upset and inappe- dehydrated patients or those with renal dysfunction. tence, and aminophylline and leuprolide have similar reports. Other drugs whose primary route of excretion is through Fluconazole is considered less likely to cause inappetence the urinary tract, such as most cephalosporins or fluco- than ketoconazole or itraconazole, when administered to bot- nazole, should be used with caution in patients with renal tlenose dolphins (Reidarson et al. 1999). If inappetence occurs compromise or dehydration, as clearance in the urine may as a result of itraconazole administration, appetite may return be reduced and dose may need to be adjusted. Platelet dys- by reducing the dose. Some clinicians advocate concomitant function and CNS signs have been noted with use of ticarcil- administration of prednisolone with ketoconazole to reduce lin in humans with concurrent renal disease due to reduced the impact of inappetence. drug clearance. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are fre- Constipation has been noted in both cetaceans and pin- quently administered to marine mammals. Clinicians should nipeds with ferrous sulfate, sucralfate, and tramadol use, be aware that concurrent administration of aminoglyco- and diarrhea has been noted during treatment with tylo- sides and cephalosporins increases the risk of renal toxicity sin (Thurman and Windsor 1984; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia; because the renal effects of these drug groups are additive. TMMC Pharmacopeia). In addition to GI discomfort, a range Concurrent administration of aminoglycosides and flunixin of GI signs from ulcers to gastritis and enteritis are reported meglumine has also been linked to renal papillary necrosis with aspirin, steroids, and NSAIDs. As with terrestrial spe- in a pilot whale (McBain, pers. comm.). Aminoglycosides and cies, steroids and NSAIDs should not be combined, and they flunixin meglumine may be contraindicated in cases of tox- have been associated with fatal perforation of the connecting emia because they both have antiprostaglandin activity. The channel in several cetaceans (Van Bonn 2002). nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, as well as of cephalosporins, Clinicians may utilize drugs that have secondary effects is also exacerbated with concurrent furosemide administra- on the GI tract, and must be aware of the potential for adverse

tion. Additionally, furosemide diuresis results in increased effects. For instance, prostaglandin F2 alpha works on the renal loss of thiamine and pyridoxine, which can be impor- smooth muscle of the uterus, but has GI, musculoskeletal, tant in situations where nutrition or oral supplementation is and cardiac effects, in addition to its intended target. marginal. Administration of aminoglycosides, such as amika- cin, in a single daily dose increases bactericidal activity and post-antibiotic effect, allows more rapid attainment of high Nervous System Effects serum concentrations, and decreases risk of nephrotoxicity compared with administering multiple lower doses each day Transient neurologic signs have been reported in odontoce- (Townsend, Materese, and Sips 1996; Riviere 2011). tes with ivermectin use (Townsend 1999). Tremors have been Leptospirosis causes acute renal failure and therapy typi- noted with ivermectin in Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus cally includes antibiotics in the penicillin and tetracycline townsendii; TMMC Pharmacopeia). Seizures and visual defi- families. A study in California sea lions showed that although cits were noted in a California sea lion receiving voricon- clinical evidence of renal failure resolved, leptospiruria per- azole, which was also associated with hepatotoxicity (Field, sisted after treatment with penicillin, amoxicillin, doxycy- Tuttle, and Sidor 2012). Enrofloxacin administration has also cline, or oxytetracycle (Prager et al. 2015). Longer courses of been associated with neurologic signs and muscle fascicu- therapy may be required to clear carriers. lations in bottlenose dolphins and rough-toothed dolphins The increased potassium loss in the urine caused by (Steno bredanensis; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia; Staggs, unpubl. furosemide administration may be exacerbated by concurrent data). Tremors of the flukes have been noted with chronic

9781498796873_C027.indd 597 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM 598 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

parenteral amikacin therapy in bottlenose dolphins, killer should be administered to any cetaceans receiving sulfa- whales, and belugas (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). The etiology trimethoprim combination drugs to mitigate the risk of a of this effect is unknown. drug-induced deficiency of the vitamin. Ferrous sulfate can be used to treat severe anemia or low serum iron, or when hand-raising a neonate cetacean. Dermal Effects Clinicians should monitor for iron overload during therapy (Staggs and Townsend, pers. comm.; see Chapter 40). Hypersensitivity reactions characterized by ulcerations of the mucocutaneous junctions have been reported with ­trimethoprim-sulfadiazine use in a beluga (Schmitt, Nollens, Musculoskeletal Effects and McBain 2013). Minocycline has been associated with hyperpigmentation in a killer whale (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). Certain drugs, including ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, imipenem, leup- Enrofloxacin has been reported to be associated with pho- rolide, and ondansetron, are associated with pain and irritation tosensitivity in bottlenose dolphins for 4–8 weeks following at the site of injection (Calle et al. 1997, 1999; Townsend 1999; cessation of treatment (Levine, unpubl. data). While photosen- SeaWorld Pharmacopeia; TMMC Pharmacopeia). Abscesses sitization has not been reported with bithionol use in marine have been reported with IM ­ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftiofur, mammals, the drug has potent photosensitization effects in enrofloxacin, and praziquantel use in pinnipeds, and muscle humans. necrosis has been associated with tetracycline and enroflox- acin injections in sea otters (Gobush, Baker, and Gulland 2011; Innis, unpubl. data; Monterey Bay Pharmacopeia; Otic Effects TMMC Pharmacopeia). Florfenicol has been shown to cause an increase in aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate Amikacin has been reported to cause hearing loss in belugas, dehydrogenase (LDH) due to muscle trauma at injection and it is known to be toxic to cochlear hair cells (Finneran sites in bottlenose dolphins and belugas (Dalton and Robeck et al. 2005). Furosemide may also increase the ototoxicity 1998). of gentamicin. Ototoxicity has not been reported in marine Fluoroquinolones have been reported to cause cartilage mammals, but dihydrostreptomycin has been associated with damage in weight-bearing joints of young, rapidly growing ototoxicity in humans. animals (Burkhardt, Hill, and Carlton, 1990; Burkhardt 1996; Burkhardt, Walterspiel, and Schaad 1997; Yoshida et al. 1998). Fluoroquinolones inhibit cell proliferation and induce mor- Hematologic Effects phological changes in tendon cells (Yoon et al. 2004). The clinical responses of marine mammals to fluoroquinolone A variety of adverse effects have been noted with sulfon- treatments have often been favorable, so they are often the amide use in cetaceans. In addition to the dermal and GI broad-spectrum antibiotic of choice for many experienced cli- effects noted above, hematologic effects have also been nicians in treating neonatal marine mammals suffering from reported. A moderate reaction is characterized by neutro- severe infections of unknown origin. However, it is still wise philia (Cornell 1978). A severe reaction noted in belugas, to use caution when administering fluoroquinolones to juve- killer whales, and bottlenose dolphins includes both neu- nile marine mammals, and these patients should be carefully tropenia and thrombocytopenia (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). monitored for any signs that might be attributable to joint Anemia and leukopenia has been noted with linezolid in pain. combination with sulfonamides in a killer whale (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). The exceptionally long half-life of some sul- fonamides in cetaceans is likely a contributing factor in pro- Antiulcer Medications ducing adverse reactions. Sulfamethoxazole was found to have a half-life of 5.3 to 7.2 days in killer whales (McBain The use of antacids, histamine receptor (H2) blockers, 1984). This extremely long half-life has not been noted in ­proton-pump inhibitors, and gastroprotectants in the treat- other sulfa drugs, but the possibility that other sulfas may ment of gastric ulcers is routine. Several important drug also have prolonged excretion times must be considered. interactions can be expected with concurrent use of these Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been associated with compounds, based on knowledge gained in human medicine. severe bone marrow suppression and death in several ceta- Simultaneous administration of antacids with H2 blockers ceans (SeaWorld Pharmacopeia). Most of the cases of adverse will significantly decrease the absorption and effectiveness of reactions to sulfas have occurred with sulfa-­trimethoprim these drugs. To avoid this complication, administering either combination drugs. Though the mechanisms of these reac- antacids or H2 blockers at least 1 hour prior to the other tions are not well studied, many clinicians suspect sulfa will allow adequate absorption. The use of antacids may alter drugs to be the culprits when reactions occur. Folic acid stomach pH, to the point that requirements for dissolution

9781498796873_C027.indd 598 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 599

and subsequent absorption of drugs are not met. To maximize of steroid therapy. Supplemental vitamin D, folate, ascorbic absorption, steroids, azoles, tetracyclines, and iron should be acid, and pyridoxine may be appropriate during prolonged administered at least 2 to 3 hours before or after administra- steroid administration, because serum content of these vita- tion of antiulcer medications. Antacids with di- and trivalent mins can be depleted. When administered in close tempo- cations also decrease the absorption of oral steroids, such as ral association with NSAIDs, steroids have been associated prednisolone and dexamethasone. In fact, the presence of with fatal perforation of the connecting chamber in several multivalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and cetaceans (Van Bonn 2002). Gradual reduction in steroids is zinc from either other medications or ingesta in the stomach recommended to allow the adrenal gland to resume normal can decrease absorption of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, function. and sulfonamides. Rifampin stimulates microsomal enzymes that are McBain (1985) has documented a negative impact of involved in the metabolism of steroids. Therefore, admin- cimetidine on absorption of tetracycline from the stomach in istration with oral or parenteral steroids may prevent the killer whales. Either these two drugs should be administered effects of steroids. This inhibition of steroid action through concurrently or the tetracycline should be administered first. increased metabolic inactivation can have long-lasting effects, Cimetidine and ranitidine can also impair metabolism of cer- even after discontinuation of rifampin therapy. Rifampin tain drugs such as benzodiazepines in terrestrial mammals by administration enhances the elimination of both exogenous inhibiting the cytochrome P450 pathway. Famotidine does not and endogenous steroids, compromising the ability of an inhibit this pathway. animal to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Rifampin has also A common problem encountered in cetaceans adminis- been documented to cause an idiopathic thrombocyte dys- tered with antiulcer medications is vomiting, when the gastric function that can result in prolonged bleeding times (Marcus pH becomes too high to demineralize and digest fish bones. 1982; Stoskopf et al. 1987). Rifampin turns the urine a red- These bones can be seen in the vomitus or via endoscopy. orange color in dolphins. This should not be misinterpreted Prolonged administration (i.e., for weeks) of these medica- as hematuria. tions in pinnipeds can also cause an impaction of fish bones Although estrogen therapy is not common in marine within the stomach. Changes in pH are more pronounced mammals, the seasonal or iatrogenically induced cycling of with proton pump inhibitors than antacids or H2 blockers. females should be considered when evaluating steroid ther- Normally, the acidic pH of the stomach will demineralize and apy. High estrogen levels will increase the anti-inflammatory digest fish bones within 30 minutes. During antiulcer therapy, effects of steroids by approximately 20-fold (Hansten 1985). the stomach should be frequently assessed as is feasible by Corticosteroids will not be metabolized properly in animals closely monitoring gastric pH and motility. In addition, a nec- undergoing estrogen therapy (Hansten 1985). Megestrol ace- rotizing dermatitis of unknown etiology has been observed tate administration has been associated with adrenal cortical in several bottlenose dolphins receiving ranitidine (SeaWorld dysfunction in bottlenose dolphins. The effect is prominent at Pharmacopeia). dosages as low as 10 mg (Houser et al. 2017). Sucralfate is a commonly administered gastroprotectant in marine mammals. It may decrease absorption of other drugs if given concurrently and may be inactivated by tet- Drug Dosages racyclines. Administration should be separated for these drugs. Some published drug dosages, and dosages from institu- tional pharmacopeias, are listed in Tables 27.2 through 27.6. When reading these tables, it is important to remem- Steroids ber that these drugs have only been used in a limited num- ber of individuals and have not been exhaustively tested for Steroid administration can have complex metabolic effects efficacy or potential side effects. The column describing the on marine mammals, particularly on electrolyte balance. number of animals treated was added primarily to highlight Dexamethasone or prednisolone administration reduces that for many published reports, the dose listed was used in calcium and phosphate absorption and increases the urine a single animal. Use of the world “multiple” was employed output of calcium and potassium in terrestrial animals. to share that the dose had been used in more than a few Prolonged therapy could predispose an animal to hypocal- animals, although the total number is unknown, and varies cemia. Steroids also increase circulating serum glucose, tri- by drug. Drugs listed in previous editions such as diphenyl- glyceride, and cholesterol concentrations. Dexamethasone hydantoin and primidone, which have largely been replaced administration in bottlenose dolphins can cause neutrophilia, by phenobarbital and newer anticonvulsants, remain in the lymphopenia, eosinopenia, elevated insulin, depressed tables to guide clinicians around the world that may have ACTH and cortisol concentrations, and enhanced appetite different access to pharmaceuticals. The tables are compiled (Reidarson and McBain 1999). These changes in hematology so that readers have easy access to existing information and serum chemistry may return to normal upon cessation used by practitioners.

9781498796873_C027.indd 599 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM 600 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple 1 1 Multiple Multiple 1 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 Multiple Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes of fungal disease) of fungal Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Indication Erysipelothrix septicemia bacterial infection bacterial negative bacterial bacterial negative infection Analgesia tx for Adjunct For tx of gram-negative gram-negative tx of For Gas relief For tx of gram- For For tx of Nocardia For Estrus suppression Estrus References Pharmacopeia Walsh, and Walsh, 2005 Chittick 2004 Pharmacopeia 2004 2005 2002 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia SeaWorld SeaWorld Gearhart, KuKanich et al. et al. KuKanich SeaWorld SeaWorld KuKanich et al. et al. KuKanich Finneran et al. et al. Finneran Robeck et al. et al. Robeck Robeck et al. et al. Robeck SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Species leucas leucas obliquidens Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas, Lagenorhyncus obliquidens, truncates Tursiops macrorhyncus leucas Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Lagenorhyncus Lagenorhyncus truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Cetaceans orca, Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Globicephala Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops followed by 15 mg/kg 15 mg/kg by followed Q24h × 34d* TID Q24h Q24h Dosage 3–5 mg/kg PO PRN 3–5 mg/kg 13 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 13 7.2 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 7.2 BID × 23d,8.27 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 10 10 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 10 125 mg (1 tab)/70 kg kg mg (1 tab)/70 125 PO 0.044 mg/kg 5.0 mg/kg IM BID 5.0 mg/kg 5.8 mg/kg BID 5.8 mg/kg 7.7 mg/kg IM BID* mg/kg 7.7 7.5–12 mg/kg IM mg/kg 7.5–12 7 mg/kg IM BID 7 mg/kg IM BID 7 mg/kg Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for magnesium/ simethicone Drug 27.2 Table Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic Aluminum/ Altrenogest Amikacin*

9781498796873_C027.indd 600 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 601 Treated Animals Number of 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple 2 1 Unspecified 1 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes M. abscessus ) of M. of fungal disease) of fungal (with penicillin G procaine) (with ketoconazole) Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Indication Erysipelothrix dermal lesions Erysipelothrix septicemia Brucella pulmonary abscess disseminated Candida For tx of For tx for Adjunct For tx of Nocardia For tx for Adjunct tx for Adjunct References Pharmacopeia Gonzalez and 2006 Gastelum Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2012 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2012 Pharmacopeia 2007 Pharmacopeia Dalton 2002 Dalton Mergl 2007 Mergl and Young and Young 1996 2013 and Spotte 1982 SeaWorld SeaWorld Guzman SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Clayton SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Clayton et al. et al. Clayton SeaWorld SeaWorld Ohishi et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld Townsend 1999 Townsend Robeck and Robeck Choczynski and Robeck, Dalton, Dalton, Robeck, Cassle et al. et al. Cassle Buck, Dunn, Species leucas leucas leucas Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Kogia breviceps Kogia Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops orca Orcinus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 14d Q24h 20 mL 0.9% saline, 20 mL 0.9% saline, intralesional injection 5–7 mg/kg PO BID 5–7 mg/kg 5–10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 5–10 PO BID mg/kg 10 PO BID mg/kg 10.5 PO Q24h × 20 mg/kg PO BID 22 mg/kg 5–7 mg/kg PO BID 5–7 mg/kg 5–10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 5–10 PO BID mg/kg 10–22 12–14 mg/kg IM mg/kg 12–14 15 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 15 PO BID mg/kg 15.5 14 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 14 14 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 14 15 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 15 15 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 15 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 250 mg diluted in 250 mg diluted clavulanic acid clavulanic (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Amoxicillin/ Amoxicillin

9781498796873_C027.indd 601 9/13/2017 6:49:48 PM 602 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple 1 Unspecified 2 Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS CONTRAINDICATED Clinical Notes (with erythromycin) excitement and excitement does not cause vomiting of zygomycosis) Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Causes marked marked Causes 26 Chapter c.f., Animal died (final dx Indication systemically in blood systemically Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus No levels found found No levels Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct CONTRAINDICATED EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY References Pharmacopeia 1999 data Wagner 2003 Wagner Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2007 Pharmacopeia and Roebeck, 1995 Campbell 2007 Materese, and Materese, Sips 1996 SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson unpubl. Staggs, 1985 Sweeney Bonar and SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Ohishi et al. Ohishi et al. 1965 Ridgway SeaWorld Dalton, Ohishi et al. Ohishi et al. Townsend, Townsend, Species , truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus leucas Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops orca Orcinus Inia geoffrensis Orcinus orca Orcinus , orca Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Kogia breviceps Kogia truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans Kogia breviceps Kogia Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for loading dose, then loading dose, PO Q24h 5.2 mg/kg then loading dose, PO Q24h 5.3 mg/kg Q24h (microencapsulated), 2.5 g cumulative dose BID with nebulized distilled water loading dose, then loading dose, PO Q24h mg/kg 1.7 dose, then 3.7 mg/kg then 3.7 mg/kg dose, PO Q24h × 10d 3d Q24h (liposomal) 9.6 mg/kg PO 9.6 mg/kg PO 9.6 mg/kg 2.25 mg/kg PO BID 2.25 mg/kg 1–2 mg/kg/d PO 1–2 mg/kg/d DOSE TOTAL 20 mg PO BID 6.25 mg/kg 2.7 mg/kg PO 2.7 mg/kg 6.7 mg/kg PO loading 6.7 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 10 10 mg/kg IM Q24h × mg/kg 10 CONTRAINDICATED IM IV, 0.02 mg/kg 22.5 mg/kg PO BID 22.5 mg/kg 1–2 mg/kg/d PO 1–2 mg/kg/d (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Ampicillin Azithromycin Ampicillin-cloxacillin Apomorphine Atropine Amphotericin-B

9781498796873_C027.indd 602 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 603 Treated Animals Number of 1 1 1 1 Multiple Multiple 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes (with erythromycin) of fungal disease) of fungal with >3d tx of fungal disease) of fungal (with moxifloxacin) M. abscessus ) of M. concentrations concentrations mcg/mL 1.0 above 13d in adults, 17d in neonates Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution noted GI ulcerations Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Plasma Indication Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus Brucella pulmonary abscess Erysipelothrix septicemia Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct tx for Adjunct tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct References Wagner 2003 Wagner 2013 et al. 2012 et al. Dalton 2002 Dalton Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia and Walsh, 2005 Chittick Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Chelysheva, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 2012 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Bonar and Cassle et al. et al. Cassle García-Párraga García-Párraga Robeck and Robeck SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Gearhart, Staggs and Staggs Sweeney 1986b Sweeney SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Abdo et al. 2012 Abdo et al. Romanov, et al. Clayton SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Species commersonii Inia geoffrensis Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cephalorhyncus Cephalorhyncus Orcinus orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 5 doses DOSE PO Q24h × 3d repeat in 14 days days in 14 repeat if necessary 9.5 mg/kg PO Q6h 9.5 mg/kg 7.5 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.5 8 mg/kg IM once 8 mg/kg 11 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 11 4 mg/kg PO Q3d × 4 mg/kg 11 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 11 TID PO 22–44 mg/kg TID PO 31 mg/kg 100 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 100 11 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 11 22 mg/kg PO BID 22 mg/kg 22 mg/kg PO BID 22 mg/kg 3.75 mg/kg PO BID 3.75 mg/kg IM BID 22 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg 8 mg/kg IM once, IM once, 8 mg/kg (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Carbenicillin Cefpodoxime Bithionol Carprofen Cefadroxil Cefdinir Cefepime Cefixime Cefovecin*

9781498796873_C027.indd 603 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM 604 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 3 Unspecified 1 1 Multiple 1 1 Multiple Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple 2 1 Unspecified 1 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes (final dx of ureteral (final dx of ureteral calculus) above MIC 4mcg/ above 6h mL for concentrations concentrations mcg/ 1.56 above mL = 8h entanglement Clinical resolution Clinical resolution No improvement Single IV dose stays Single IV dose stays Plasma Animal died of Clinical resolution Indication negative bacterial bacterial negative infection Erysipelothrix septicemia Erysipelothrix septicemia For tx of gram- For tx for Adjunct tx for Adjunct References 2004 2005 2012 Pharmacopeia data Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 1992 2008 Pharmacopeia 2013 Pharmacopeia Mergl 2007 Mergl Kukanich et al. et al. Kukanich Gearhart et al. Meegan et al. et al. Meegan SeaWorld SeaWorld Martelli, unpubl. SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Chow et al. et al. Chow Gulland et al. Gulland et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Moore SeaWorld Townsend 1999 Townsend Choczynski and Species Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas novaeangliae commersonii leucas Orcinus orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca, orca, Orcinus Tursiops aduncus Tursiops , truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus, truncatus, Tursiops Megaptera Megaptera orca Orcinus Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Eubalaena glacialis Small odontocetes Delphinapterus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 2d once 20 mg/kg IM Q24h 20 mg/kg IM Q24h 20 mg/kg 20 mg/kg IM Q24h 20 mg/kg IM Q24h × 20 mg/kg 30 mg/kg IV QID 30 mg/kg PO Q24h 20 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 10 1.3–2.3 mg/kg IM mg/kg 1.3–2.3 BID mg/kg 10 20 mg/kg BID 20 mg/kg PO BID 20 mg/kg BID 25 mg/kg 17.4 mg/kg IM once mg/kg 17.4 6.6 mg/kg IM once 6.6 mg/kg once TOTAL g 17.6 20 mg/kg IM Q24h 20 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 10 monohydrate (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Ceftiofur Cefuroxime Ceftazidime Cephalexin Cephalexin Ceftriaxone

9781498796873_C027.indd 604 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 605 Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 1 7 Unspecified Multiple 1 Multiple Multiple 1 Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes M. abscessus ) of M. of fungal disease) of fungal (with terbinafine) of fungal disease) of fungal (with voriconazole) Animal died (final dx Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Indication zygomycosis fusariomycosis stomatitis Anxiolytic Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for necrotic necrotic tx for Adjunct References and Green and Green 1982 2012 Sweeney 1986 Sweeney 2012; 2012; SeaWorld Pharmacopeia Bossart 2001 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia data Pharmacopeia and Berzins 2012 Pharmacopeia 1975 Pharmacopeia Townsend 1999 Townsend McBain, Hoey, et al. Clayton Geraci and Geraci 1986a Sweeney Abdo et al. Abdo et al. Dougherty and SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Abdo et al. 2012 Abdo et al. unpubl. Staggs, SeaWorld Naples, Poll, Poll, Naples, Townsend 1999 Townsend SeaWorld et al. Colgrove SeaWorld SeaWorld 1986a Sweeney Sweeney 1977 Sweeney Species macrorhynchus, macrorhynchus, Delphinapterus leucas leucas leucas commersonii Small odontocetes orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Globicephala Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Orcinus orca Orcinus bredanensis Steno orca Orcinus Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cephalorhyncus Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for DOSE PO QID 14d 4.5 mg/kg PO BID 4.5 mg/kg PO BID 4.8 mg/kg 6 mg/kg PO TID PO 6 mg/kg mg TOTAL 2,100 0.5 mg/kg IM 0.5 mg/kg 11 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 11 6 mg/kg PO BID 6 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 15 6–9 mg/kg PO BID 6–9 mg/kg 20 mg/kg PO BID × 20 mg/kg 8 mg/kg PO BID 8 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 10 PO BID mg/kg 8–12 22 mg/kg PO TID PO 22 mg/kg TID PO 22 mg/kg PO BID 24 mg/kg 33 mg/kg PO TID PO 33 mg/kg 6.6 mg/kg IT once IT 6.6 mg/kg PO BID 22 mg/kg HCl (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide Cimetidine Ciprofloxacin Cephloridine Chloramphenicol

9781498796873_C027.indd 605 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM 606 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Multiple Multiple 2 Multiple 2 1 Multiple Unspecified Multiple 1 Unspecified Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes (with moxifloxacin) M. abscessus ) of M. Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Indication stimulation negative bacterial bacterial negative infection dose for use with dose for anthelmintics EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY appetite For Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct For tx of Gram- For Estrus suppression Estrus Anti-inflammatory References Pharmacopeia McBain 1999 2007 Pharmacopeia 2011 2012 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2004 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia obs. Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia SeaWorld SeaWorld and Reidarson Ohishi et al. Ohishi et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Romanov Clayton et al. et al. Clayton SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Kukanich et al. et al. Kukanich SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, SeaWorld SeaWorld Needham 1978 SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Species macrorhynchus leucas leucas commersonii Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas Cetaceans truncatus Tursiops Kogia breviceps Kogia Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Globicephala Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus, truncatus, Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for BID BID BID immersion 0.1 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 0.1 mg/kg PO once mg/kg 0.11 13.3 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 13.3 15–29 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 15–29 PO BID 20 mg/kg 3.5 mg/kg PO BID 3.5 mg/kg 8 mg/kg PO TID PO 8 mg/kg 4.4–7.7 mg/kg PO mg/kg 4.4–7.7 4.5–5.5 mg/kg PO 4.5–5.5 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.5 7.7 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.7 7.7–9.6 mg/kg PO mg/kg 7.7–9.6 PO BID mg/kg 9–10 PO BID mg/kg 11 4 ppm bath 8 mg/kg IM Q24h 8 mg/kg 9.4 mg Q12mo PO Q24h 0.05 mg/kg (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Clarithromycin Clindamycin Copper sulfate Copper Danofloxacin Deslorelin implant Deslorelin Dexamethasone

9781498796873_C027.indd 606 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 607 Treated Animals Number of 1 Multiple Multiple 1 34 Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 Unspecified Multiple 1 ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes (with moxifloxacin) consider use in combination with tramadol consider use in combination with tramadol (with erythromycin) Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Mild sedation, Mild sedation, Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Chapter 26 See Chapter Clinical resolution Indication toxicosis stimulate DOSE—to respiration Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus reserved for animals for reserved become that have smaller to refractory doses of oral diazepam Brucella pulmonary abscess For chelation of lead For reaction Allergic EMERGENCY Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct Anxiolytic Anxiolytic doses Larger tx for Adjunct References 1999 data Pharmacopeia Wagner 2003 Wagner Chelysheva, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 2016 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2006 2013 Pharmacopeia Needham 1978 Stetter et al. et al. Stetter unpubl. Staggs, SeaWorld Bonar and Romanov, Romanov, Sharp et al. Sharp et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Ridgway Townsend 1999 Townsend Sweeney 1986b Sweeney Cassle et al. et al. Cassle SeaWorld SeaWorld Species Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops bredanensis Steno Cetaceans Inia geoffrensis Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Orcinus orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes orca, Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 5-7d, 9 cycles DOSE PO BID tapering dose PO PRN 7-10d repeat PO PRN PRN 8 weeks 11 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 11 11 mg/kg PO BID × mg/kg 11 mg TOTAL 100 IV mg/kg 1.0 1.25 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 1.25 0.12 mg/kg IM Q24h, mg/kg 0.12 IM once 0.22 mg/kg 0.1–0.15 mg/kg IM, mg/kg 0.1–0.15 PO, mg/kg 13.2–16.5 0.15–0.2 mg/kg IM, mg/kg 0.15–0.2 PO 0.25–1 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 1.5 PO BID mg/kg 1.5 2.5 mg/kg PO BID × 2.5 mg/kg acid (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Dihydrostreptomycin* Dimercaptosuccinic Dimercaptosuccinic Diphenhydramine Doxycycline Diazepam Dichlorvos Enrofloxacin

9781498796873_C027.indd 607 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM 608 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Unspecified 8 Multiple Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 1 1 Unspecified Multiple 1 2 Unspecified 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes of fungal disease) of fungal (with itraconazole) of fungal disease) of fungal M. abscessus ) of M. concentrations mcg/mL = 1.0 above 8h Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Plasma Indication Aspergillus Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus nonregenerative anemia Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Gastritis Gastritis EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY tx of For tx of For References 1998 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Dalton 2002 Dalton Pharmacopeia 2012 data unpubl. Pharmacopeia 2002 Dalton Pharmacopeia 2003 Wagner Rhinehart 2000 Pharmacopeia 2012 Ulrich, and 1999 Ridgway Pharmacopeia data Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson SeaWorld SeaWorld Robeck and Robeck SeaWorld SeaWorld Osborn et al. Osborn et al. Erlacher-Reid, SeaWorld SeaWorld and Robeck 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld Bonar and and Manire SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Clayton Linnehan, SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, Species calf leucas Delphinapterus leucas obliquidens macrorhynchus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinus delphis orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops truncatus, Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Lagenorhyncus Orcinus orca Orcinus Globicephala Small odontocetes Small odontocetes Cetaceans Inia geoffrensis bredanensis Steno , orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 60d Q24h-BID Q24h-BID 10d Q24h-BID apart IM 5 mg/kg PO BID × 5 mg/kg PO 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM 0.5 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID × 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg PO 0.05-0.1 mg/kg 3.5 mg/kg PO TID PO 3.5 mg/kg 4.5 mg/kg PO BID 4.5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg IM once 0.02 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 0.05 mg/kg PO BID 6.25 mg/kg twice63 U/kg 48h 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Epinephrine Famotidine Faropenem Erythromycin Erythropoietin Esomeprazole

9781498796873_C027.indd 608 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 609 Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Multiple 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes (with moxifloxacin) 1–2 mg/kg IV if 1–2 mg/kg is no there response adequate Do within 1 hour. 5 mg/ not exceed kg/dose. tx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution May be increased to to be increased May Animal died despite Animal died despite Clinical resolution CONTRAINDICATED Indication histoplasmosis duodenitis stomatitis Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct For tx of For Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct necrotic tx for Adjunct Sinusitis References Pharmacopeia Data Chelysheva, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 1998 Petro 1998 Petro 1975 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia data Pharmacopeia Robeck 1998 Robeck SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend 1999 Townsend Stamper, unpubl. unpubl. Stamper, Romanov, Romanov, Jensen et al. et al. Jensen Sweeney 1977 Sweeney and Townsend et al. Colgrove Needham 1978 SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, SeaWorld Dalton and Dalton Species Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Small odontocetes Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis, bredanensis, Steno Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes truncatus, Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops CONTRAINDICATED Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 1-2 minutes 1-2 nebulized BID with nebulized saline BID-TID <20 mL per site 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg IM 2–4 mg/kg 0.5–1 mg/kg IV over IV over 0.5–1 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 2.8 mg/kg PO Q24h 2.8 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg IT IT mg/kg 1.1 TID PO 2.5 mg/kg IM Q24h 4 mg/kg 5 mg/kg IM BID 5 mg/kg 80 mg TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 80 mg 4.3–8.6 mg/kg PO 4.3–8.6 mg/kg mg/kg 11 IM Q48h, 20 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO once mg/kg 10 20 mg/kg PO TID PO 20 mg/kg triazole antifungal (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Flucytosine with Flucytosine Gentamicin Haloperidol* Fenbendazole Florfenicol Fluconazole Furosemide Imipenem

9781498796873_C027.indd 609 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM 610 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 2 1 Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified 1 2 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes (with moxifloxacin) disease) of fungal M. abscessus ) of M. of fungal disease) of fungal Crassicauda Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Animal died (final dx Animal died (final dx tx of For Clinical resolution Indication with flucytosine with flucytosine adjunct Aspergillus Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct For tx of candidiasis, tx of candidiasis, For Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct References Dalton 2002 Dalton Pharmacopeia Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 1999 McBain 1995 2012 Pharmacopeia Dalton 2002 Dalton 1999 data 1999 1998 Pharmacopeia Robeck and Robeck SeaWorld SeaWorld Romanov, SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld et al. Reidarson Reidarson and Reidarson Clayton et al. et al. Clayton SeaWorld SeaWorld Robeck and Robeck Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson 1999 Townsend unpubl. Staggs, et al. Reidarson et al. Reidarson SeaWorld SeaWorld Townsend 1999 Townsend Species leucas Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas commersonii macrorhynchus obliquidens leucas Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Orcinus orca Orcinus , truncatus Tursiops Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Globicephala orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Lagenorhyncus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes bredanensis Steno truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for BID mg/kg once, then once, mg/kg PO Q24h 3.7 mg/kg kg) 7.7–11.6 mg/kg IM mg/kg 7.7–11.6 PO BID 2.4 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 14 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 14 1.25 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 1.25 PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 14.7 mg/kg once, 7.4 7.4 once, mg/kg 14.7 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 4 mg/kg IM BID 4 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5–5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 7.5 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 7.5 0.2 mg/kg (200 μ g/ 0.2 mg/kg (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Itraconazole Ivermectin Ketoconazole*

9781498796873_C027.indd 610 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 611 Treated Animals Number of Unspecified 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Multiple 1 Unspecified Unspecified 1 ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes of fungal disease) of fungal resolution after 5 after resolution EM but months, budding revealed yeast Animal died (final dx Clinical lesion Indication nerve block block behavior disseminated disseminated Candida disseminated disseminated Candida For infra-alveolar infra-alveolar For peri-orbital nerve For EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY Suppressing sexual sexual Suppressing For tx of For For tx of For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia and Green, 1975 Sweeney 2017 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia and Spotte and Spotte 1982 Pharmacopeia 1999 Pharmacopeia and Spotte 1982 Pharmacopeia and Spotte and Spotte 1982 Abdo et al. 2012 Abdo et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Ridgway, Simeone et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Dunn, Buck, Buck, Dunn, SeaWorld SeaWorld Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson SeaWorld SeaWorld Buck, Dunn, SeaWorld 1999 Townsend Schroeder 1983 Schroeder Dunn, Buck, Buck, Dunn, Species leucas leucas leucas Orcinus orca Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for concentration, concentration, block regional concentration, concentration, block regional Q28d 3.75 mg/kg PO BID 3.75 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 10 1–2.5 mL 2% 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg IV 2 mg/kg mL 2% 10–20 0.075 mg/kg IM 0.075 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 15 1.9 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 1.9 1.9 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 1.9 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg PO BID 6 mg/kg 18 mg/kg PO Q24h* mg/kg 18 (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Lidocaine HCl viscous Lidocaine, Levamisole Levofloxacin Leuprolide acetate Leuprolide

9781498796873_C027.indd 611 9/13/2017 6:49:49 PM 612 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 10 Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 Multiple Unspecified 7 Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes contraceptive in contraceptive male dolphins density of the in organisms wounds the AM, and mid-day (with moxifloxacin) Not a reliable Not a reliable Tx did not affect the Tx did not affect Give in first fish in in first Give Clinical resolution Indication of the upper GI tract ciliates To stimulate motility stimulate To Clostridial overgrowth For tx of dermal For Clostridial overgrowth CONTRAINDICATED For tx of lobomycosis For For gastric ulceration gastric For MRSA tx for Adjunct References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2008 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2017 data 1977 Pharmacopeia 2014 Pharmacopeia Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Doescher et al. Doescher et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Houser et al. Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, 1999 Townsend Heel van Dudok 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld Simeone et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs and Staggs Romanov, Species Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus leucas Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans truncatus Tursiops truncatus, Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes , truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis, bredanensis, Steno Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for BID 7-14d once Q4-7d up to 21d up to PO BID 2 mg/kg maintenance PO BID 2 mg/kg maintenance PO Q24h-BID 0.1 mg/kg PO, IM PO, 0.1 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 7 mg/kg PO BID 7 mg/kg PO BID × 7 mg/kg 0.5–1 mg/kg IM, PO 0.5–1 mg/kg CONTRAINDICATED 0.05–0.1 mg/kg PO 0.05–0.1 mg/kg 7 mg/kg PO TID PO 7 mg/kg PO QID 4.5 mg/kg 7 mg/kg PO BID × 7 mg/kg PO loading; 4 mg/kg PO loading; 4 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg PO Q7d 0.1 mg/kg 10 mL TOTAL DOSE TOTAL mL 10 7.5 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.5 (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Metronidazole Megestrol acetate* Megestrol Meloxicam Miconazole Minocycline Metoclopramide Linezolid Maropitant

9781498796873_C027.indd 612 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 613 Treated Animals Number of 2 Multiple 1 Unspecified 4 Unspecified 1 1 1 2 Multiple Multiple 1 2 ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes of fungal disease) of fungal , truncatus Tursiops Phocoena but phocoena and Globicephala melaena died tx despite of fungal disease) of fungal M. abscessus ) of M. noted even at even noted small doses of fungal disease) of fungal Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical success in Animal died (final dx Animal died (final dx Marked excitement excitement Marked Animal died (final dx Indication overgrowth disseminated Candida duodenitis during dystocia For enteric yeast yeast enteric For tx of For For MRSA infection MRSA For tx for Adjunct For gastric ulceration gastric For For analgesia For For gastric ulceration gastric For dilation of cervix For Metritis References Pharmacopeia and Spotte 1982 Chelysheva, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 1998 Petro 2012 2007 Pharmacopeia Dalton 2002 Dalton Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. data data SeaWorld SeaWorld Buck, Dunn, Abdo et al. 2012 Abdo et al. Romanov, Romanov, and Townsend et al. Clayton Abdo et al. 2012 Abdo et al. Ohishi et al. Ohishi et al. SeaWorld Robeck and Robeck Staggs and Staggs unpubl. Staggs, unpubl. Staggs, 1965 Ridgway Species calf Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops bredanensis Steno truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus truncatus Tursiops Kogia breviceps Kogia Cetaceans bredanensis, Steno Tursiops truncatus Tursiops bredanensis Steno truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for BID-TID DOSE PO TID 21d DOSE PO TID DOSE PO TID g/kg) PO BID (0.7 μ g/kg) (25–50 μ g) TOTAL DOSE PO BID TOTAL DOSE PO TOTAL BID intravaginally 7,000–14,00 IU/kg IU/kg 7,000–14,00 PO BID IU/kg 7,000 600,000 IU TOTAL 7 mg/kg PO Q24h × 7 mg/kg 750,000 IU TOTAL 600,000 IU TOTAL 600,000 IU TOTAL 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg 4.2 mg/kg IV Q24h 4.2 mg/kg 4–6.7 mg/kg PO BID 4–6.7 mg/kg 0.0007 mg/kg 0.0007 mg/kg 0.025–0.05 mg 0.05 mg (50 μ g) 5 mg/kg 0.025 mg (25 μ g) (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Nystatin liposomal Nystatin, Ofloxacin Misoprostol Morphine Moxifloxacin

9781498796873_C027.indd 613 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM 614 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 1 Unspecified Unspecified Multiple 2 Unspecified 1 Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes prior to oxytocin oxytocin prior to administration evaluated for peak for evaluated after and trough of tx 14d therapy CL must be lysed be lysed CL must Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Titers should be Titers Animal died despite Animal died despite Indication Erysipelothrix septicemia toxicosis Erysipelothrix septicemia stomatitis To induce abortion To Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct For chelation of lead For Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for necrotic necrotic tx for Adjunct For tx of Nasitrema For For tx of cestodes For For tx of shock For EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY References unpubl. Data unpubl. 2007 Mergl Pharmacopeia 1997 unpubl. data unpubl. Mergl 2007 Mergl 1975 Pharmacopeia Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. 1999 2007 Pharmacopeia Erlacher-Reid, Erlacher-Reid, Choczynski and 10 See Chapter Townsend 1999 Townsend SeaWorld et al. Shlosberg Stamper, Stamper, 1986a Sweeney Choczynski and Colgrove et al. et al. Colgrove SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs and Staggs Townsend 1999 Townsend Townsend 1999 Townsend Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson Townsend 1999 Townsend Driscoll et al. SeaWorld SeaWorld Species leucas leucas leucas Lagenorrhynchus Lagenorrhynchus obliquidens Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops truncatus, truncatus, Tursiops Steno bredanensis, bredanensis, Steno Small odontocetes Small odontocetes Small odontocetes truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 5d DOSE PO Q24h 0.15 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 0.15 PO Q24h 4 mg/kg 20 IU IM 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg TID × PO 250 mg/kg 10–40 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 10–40 PO Q24h 0.1 mg/kg IM Q24h 8,899 IU/kg IM 9,000 IU/kg 47,000 IU/kg IM IU/kg 47,000 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 10 3 mg/kg 0.01 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 0.01 1–10 mg/kg IM, IV mg/kg 1–10 IM 3.3 mg/kg 5 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 5 mg/kg benzathine/ procaine sodium succinate (dinoprost) (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Oxytetracycline Oxytocin Penicillamine G Penicillin Omeprazole Posaconazole Praziquantel Prednisolone Prednisolone Prostaglandin F2A Prostaglandin

9781498796873_C027.indd 614 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 615 Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 1 Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple 1 Multiple 1 Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes (with moxifloxacin) doses in 24 hours doses in 24 hours M. abscessus ) of M. M. abscessus ) of M. Clinical resolution Clinical resolution four Do not exceed four Do not exceed Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Animal died (final dx Indication Brucella pulmonary abscess DOSE—for acidosis metabolic duodenitis luteum Adjunct tx for MRSA tx for Adjunct tx for Adjunct GI gas For gastritis For GI gas For EMERGENCY Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct To lyse the corpus lyse To

Chapter 10 Chapter References Chelysheva, Chelysheva, and Romanova 2011 2013 Stamper, obs. unpubl. data Stamper, obs. unpubl. Pharmacopeia 2012 Petro 1998 Petro 2012 Reproduction data unpubl. data unpubl. Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Romanov, Romanov, Needham 1978 1999 Townsend Cassle et al. et al. Cassle and Byrd unpubl. Levine, and Byrd SeaWorld et al. Clayton Townsend and Townsend Clayton et al. et al. Clayton Townsend 1999 Townsend Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, Erlacher-Reid, Erlacher-Reid, SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld 1999 Townsend See Species leucas Delphinapterus Delphinapterus truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Tursiops truncatus Tursiops sp.Stenella truncatus Tursiops truncates Tursiops Cetaceans truncatus Tursiops Steno bredanensis Steno Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Steno bredanensis Steno Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Small odontocetes Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for 8 weeks PO QID QID DOSE PO TID Q24h-BID Q24h-BID Q24h 3–4 mg/kg Q24h 3–4 mg/kg DOSE IM BID × 3d 0.5 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.8 mg/kg 1–2 g PO BID-QID 4 mg/kg PO Q24h × 4 mg/kg dose mg total 125 IV meq/kg 1.0 IM Q24h mg/kg 11 2 g PO BID 60 mg total dose PO 60 mg total 120 mg TOTAL 1 g PO QID 3 mg/kg PO 3 mg/kg 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg 0.5–1 mg/kg PO 0.5–1 mg/kg 1.25–1.5 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.25–1.5 2.2 mg/kg PO BID 2.2 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg PO BID or 2.5 mg/kg 10–25 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 10–25 (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Simethicone Sodium bicarbonate Streptomycin Sucralfate Terbinafine Rifampin Ranitidine

9781498796873_C027.indd 615 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM 616 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 Multiple Multiple 2 Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes Indication analgesia (<5 d). analgesia (<5 d). Start dose at lower as and increase needed. procedure, in procedure, conjunction with diazepam for >5 d for gastritis For short-termFor For bronchoscopy bronchoscopy For For analgesia For analgesia needed For For tx of primaryFor For analgesia For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia data Pharmacopeia data 2007 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Staggs, unpubl. unpubl. Staggs, SeaWorld SeaWorld unpubl. Levine, Ohishi et al. Ohishi et al. McBain 1985 SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Species macrorhynchus leucas commersonii Orcinus orca Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops orca Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Steno bredanensis Steno Globicephala Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Kogia breviceps Kogia orca Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Cephalorhyncus Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Orcinus orca Orcinus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h-BID Q24h PO BID 3d BID 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO once 0.5 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg PO BID 0.1 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.2 mg/kg 7.7–11 mg/kg PO mg/kg 7.7–11 25 mg TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 25 mg 7.7 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 7.7 2 mg/kg PO Q24h 2 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO TID PO 5 mg/kg PO BID 6.7 mg/kg PO BID × 20 mg/kg PO BID 22–25 mg/kg PO BID 55 mg/kg 77 mg/kg PO BID 77 mg/kg 55–65 mg/kg PO BID 55–65 mg/kg 0.05–0.1 mg/kg PO 0.05–0.1 mg/kg typical; sulfadiazine sulfadiazine (TMS)* for treatment for treatment ) of Nocardia (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug (1:5 formulation (1:5 formulation Trimethoprim- 1:2 formulation 1:2 formulation Tetracycline Tramadol

9781498796873_C027.indd 616 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 617 Treated Animals Number of 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 2 Unspecified 1 Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes (with erythromycin) of fungal disease) of fungal (with itraconazole) (with itraconazole) Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Indication Streptococcus iniae Streptococcus Aspergillus Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct For tx of Nocardia For References Pharmacopeia 1984 Windsor Wagner 2003 Wagner Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Dalton 2002 Dalton 1998 Pharmacopeia 1984 Windsor 1984 Windsor 2007 Pharmacopeia SeaWorld SeaWorld Thurman and Bonar and 1999 Townsend SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Robeck and Robeck Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson SeaWorld SeaWorld Schroeder et al. et al. Schroeder Thurman and Schmitt et al. et al. Schmitt Cook et al. 1992 et al. Cook SeaWorld SeaWorld Species obliquidens leucas leucas calf leucas commersonii Tursiops truncatus Tursiops aduncus Tursiops Inia geoffrensis Lagenorhyncus Small odontocetes Tursiops truncatus Tursiops orca Orcinus Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinus delphis Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Tursiops aduncus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Cephalorhyncus Cephalorhyncus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h (20–50 mg DOSE) BID TOTAL Q24h, with serum voriconazole monitoring 30d ratio TM:S) ratio 50 mg/kg PO TID PO 50 mg/kg 12 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 12 PO mg/kg 16–22 PO Q24h 25 mg/kg TID mg/kg 1–1.5 2.0–3.0 TID mg/kg 1.5–2.0 TID mg/kg 1.5–2.0 PO 0.27–0.3 mg/kg 22 mg/kg PO Q24h 22 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO Q24h × mg/kg 15 11 mg/kg Q24h (1:2 mg/kg 11 30 mg/kg PO Q24h 30 mg/kg 32 mg/kg IM Q24h 32 mg/kg 15.7 mg/kg Q48h mg/kg 15.7 16 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 16 (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug Vancomycin Voriconazole* Tylosin

9781498796873_C027.indd 617 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM 618 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals practice practice Number of Multiple Multiple 1 1 34 Multiple Common Common Common Common ( Continued ) Precautions SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL S REACTION Clinical Notes with reasonably with reasonably fish handled food Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Empirically effective effective Empirically Indication hepatitis hepatitis Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix septicemia serum iron, or serum iron, calves hand-raised hepatitis deficiency when supplements administered are feeding prior to For treatment of treatment For For hemostasis For For treatment of treatment For Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct For fusariomycosis For Severe anemia, low anemia, low Severe For gastric ulceration gastric For For treatment of treatment For For tx of thiamine For For supplementation supplementation For References Stamper, Stamper, obs. unpubl. Pharmacopeia Stamper, Stamper, obs. unpubl. Pharmacopeia Mergl 2007 Mergl and Berzins 2012 2016 Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. Townsend, Townsend, data unpubl. Stamper, Stamper, obs. unpubl. Byrd and Byrd SeaWorld SeaWorld Byrd and Byrd SeaWorld SeaWorld Choczynski and Naples, Poll, Poll, Naples, Sharp et al. Sharp et al. Staggs and Staggs Staggs and Staggs Byrd and Byrd Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1986 Geraci Species leucas leucas Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Stenella sp.Stenella Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus sp.Stenella Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Small odontocetes Steno bredanensis, bredanensis, Steno Stenella sp.Stenella Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for DOSE PO BID for DOSE PO BID for animal 50 kg (1 cap/100 pounds) (1 cap/100 5d, followed by by 5d, followed serum voriconazole monitoring PO BID BID × 3d, followed BID × 3d, followed 2.5–3.3 mg/kg by PO Q3-7d with serum voriconazole monitoring iron) PO Q24h-BID iron) Follow with oral with oral Follow dosing. DOSE PO TID for TID for DOSE PO animal 50 kg Q24h. Give 2 h Give Q24h. feeding. before 425 mg TOTAL 425 mg TOTAL 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 1 capsule PO QID 3 mg/kg PO BID × 3 mg/kg dose mg total 150 2.5–3.3 mg/kg PO 2.5–3.3 mg/kg 22 mg/kg IM once 22 mg/kg 325 mg tablet (65 mg 325 mg tablet 2 capsules PO BID 1 mg/kg IM Q24h. IM Q24h. 1 mg/kg 175 mg TOTAL 175 mg TOTAL 2–4 mg/kcal feed PO 2–4 mg/kcal feed (S-Adenosyl-E) (S-Adenosyl-E) and silymarin Supplements glycerophosphate/ calcium lactate (thiamine) silymarin) (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug SAMe Vitamins/Minerals/ Yunnan Paiyao Yunnan Artichoke heart Calcium Calcium Vitamin B1 Vitamin Iron (ferrous sulfate) (ferrous Iron Milk thistle (70–80%

9781498796873_C027.indd 618 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 619 Treated Animals practice practice Number of Common Common Multiple Multiple 1 Common 34 1 Multiple Precautions Clinical Notes with reasonably with reasonably fish handled food with reasonably with reasonably fish handled food exertional exertional myopathy Empirically effective effective Empirically Empirically effective effective Empirically Clinical resolution To prevent prevent To Clinical resolution Indication when supplements at administered are time of feeding during TMS use during TMS use during TMS use during TMS use during TMS use stomatitis Erysipelothrix septicemia thrombocytopenia For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For Adjunct tx for necrotic necrotic tx for Adjunct Adjunct tx for tx for Adjunct For treatment of treatment For for pharmacokinetic information. for 27.1 = see Table References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 1975 2016 Mergl 2007 Mergl Stamper, Stamper, obs. unpubl. Geraci 1986 Geraci SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld SeaWorld Colgrove et al. et al. Colgrove Geraci 1986 Geraci Sharp et al. Sharp et al. Choczynski and Byrd and Byrd Species leucas commersonii leucas macrorhynchus leucas Stenella sp.Stenella Orcinus orca Orcinus Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Cephalorhyncus Cephalorhyncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Globicephala Orcinus orca Orcinus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops Cetaceans Small odontocetes Delphinapterus Delphinapterus Tursiops truncatus, truncatus, Tursiops = read text for important cautions; important for cautions; text = read Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Cetaceans (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Cetaceans Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h. Give at main Give Q24h. feeding. BID DOSE PO BID DOSE PO BID DOSE PO BID DOSE PO BID DOSE PO BID Q24h IM BID 25–35 mg/kg fish PO 25–35 mg/kg 0.04–0.06 mg/kg PO 0.04–0.06 mg/kg PO BID 0.1 mg/kg 10–20 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 10–20 20–50 mg TOTAL 20–50 mg TOTAL 25–100 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 25–100 50–100 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 50–100 50–150 mg TOTAL 50–150 mg TOTAL 8 mg/kg PO Q24h 8 mg/kg 100 IU/kg fish PO IU/kg 100 0.06 mg/kg selenium 0.06 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.1 mg/kg 0.3–0.5 mg/kg PO 0.3–0.5 mg/kg dx = diagnosis; tx = treatment; tx = treatment; dx = diagnosis; acid) acid) (Continued) 27.2 Table Drug *Adverse effects observed. effects *Adverse Vitamin B9 (folinic B9 (folinic Vitamin Vitamin C (ascorbic Vitamin Vitamin E Vitamin Vitamin E/selenium Vitamin Vitamin K1 Vitamin Note:

9781498796873_C027.indd 619 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM 620 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 27 Multiple 14 Unspecified 1 1 Unspecified 1 Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes premedication prior premedication anesthesia for to bronchoalveolar lavage diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of fungal diagnosis of fungal disease) concentrations concentrations 8 for maintained hours Used for Used for Animal died (final Animal died (final Clinical resolution Therapeutic plasma Therapeutic Indication gastrointestinal gastrointestinal signs for cases of for leptospirosis- renal associated disease Empirical therapy for for Empirical therapy Bronchodilator To bind phosphorus To Antifibrinolytic References 2001 data Pharmacopeia 2001 data Piche et al. 2010 Piche et al. Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Thornton, unpubl. Thornton, unpubl. Norris et al. 2011 Norris et al. Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Field et al. 2012 et al. Field TMMC Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Sweeney 1986a Sweeney McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Gulland 1999 Kaye et al. 2016 et al. Kaye Species schauinslandi californianus , californianus vitulina , Phoca Mirounga angustirostris rosmarus californianus angustirostris Phoca groenlandica Phoca Neomonachus Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus vitulina Phoca Odobenus Pinnipeds Zalophus Mirounga Mirounga Dosage nebulized BID-QID nebulized 5–7d PO; BID-TID PO; nebulized in 12–15 in 12–15 nebulized mL of saline with 1:50,000 isoproterenol BID-QID 20% solution 5 mg/kg IM BID × 5 mg/kg 2 mg/kg IM 2 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 12 5.5 mg/kg IV, IM, IV, 5.5 mg/kg 6.8 mg/kg IM BID 6.8 mg/kg 12 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 12 400 mg IH BID-QID, 400 mg IH BID-QID, 7.7 mg/kg BID mg/kg 7.7 6–12 mg/kg IM TID IM mg/kg 6–12 30–90 mg/kg PO 30–90 mg/kg 100 mg/kg IV, PO IV, mg/kg 100 Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for isoproterenol Acetylcysteine 27.3 Table Drug Amikacin Aminophylline Amoxicillin Acetylcysteine + Acetylcysteine Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum Aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic

9781498796873_C027.indd 620 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 621 Treated Animals Number of 20 20 Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes maintained above above maintained 4.5h for 10 mcg/mL diagnosis of fungal disease) maintained above above maintained 1.75h for 10 mcg/mL diagnosis of fungal diagnosis of fungal disease) therapy (final therapy diagnosis of meningitis) bacterial resolution Serum concentrations Animal died (final Serum concentrations Clinical resolution Animal died (final Clinical resolution Animal died despite Animal died despite Mixed clinical Mixed Indication calicivirus ulcers soft tissue wounds soft associated with associated Otostrongylus infection circumlitis Subpalpebral lavage lavage Subpalpebral with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. For uveitis For Adjunct therapy for for therapy Adjunct Adjunct therapy for for therapy Adjunct For tx of DIC For For uveitis For For tx of wounds For For tx of keratitis. tx of keratitis. For References Pharmacopeia 2000 Proctor 2014 Proctor 2006 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2015 1999 Pharmacopeia TMMC Gulland et al. 2000 Gulland et al. 2012 et al. Field Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Van Bonn et al. Bonn et al. Van Gulland et al. 2000 Gulland et al. Schmitt and Schmitt Haulena et al. TMMC TMMC Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Braun et al. 2015 et al. Braun Rubio-Garcia et al. et al. Rubio-Garcia Borkowski et al. et al. Borkowski TMMC Species angustirostris californianus californianus rosmarus californianus angustirostris californianus Mirounga Mirounga Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Odobenus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Mirounga Mirounga Pinnipeds Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for 5d Q24h-BID BID 7–10d TID-QID TID 20 mg/kg IV once 20 mg/kg PO BID 22 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 11 PO BID × 5 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 15 14 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 14 PO 0.5 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 0.15 10–15 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–15 20 mg/kg IV once 20 mg/kg 20 mg/kg PO BID 20 mg/kg 5.5 mg/kg PO BID 5.5 mg/kg 20 mg/kg PO BID × 20 mg/kg Ophthalmic 22–50 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 22–50 mg/kg acid coated) sodium Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Amoxicillin/clavulanic Amoxicillin/clavulanic Aspirin (buffered) Aspirin (gastric Ampicillin/sulbactam Ampicillin/sulbactam

9781498796873_C027.indd 621 9/13/2017 6:49:50 PM 622 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 26 Multiple Multiple 2 1 1 Multiple 1 1 Multiple Multiple 1 1 19 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of neoplasia) increase. May take take May increase. see to 1–3 weeks effect controlling pain controlling with associated wounds/meningitis diagnosis of Otostrongylus) resolution Animal died (final Start dose and at low Clinical resolution in Not effective Animal died (final Mixed clinical Mixed Indication contrast seriescontrast MRSA nerve blocks, nerve blocks, including epidural infestation/ inflammation wounds For gastrointestinal gastrointestinal For For analgesia For Adjunct therapy for for therapy Adjunct Anxiolytic For local, or regional local, or regional For For tx of lungworm For For analgesia For For analgesia For Adjunct therapy for for therapy Adjunct References Pharmacopeia 2010 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2011 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2015 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Biancani et al. Fravel et al. 2011 et al. Fravel TMMC TMMC Braun et al. 2015 et al. Braun Dennison et al. Dennison et al. TMMC TMMC Kelly et al. 2005 et al. Kelly Molter et al. 2015 et al. Molter Rubio-Garcia et al. et al. Rubio-Garcia Field et al. 2012 et al. Field TMMC TMMC Species californianus californianus californianus angustirostris californianus Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds s flavesecen Otaria Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Zalophus Mirounga Mirounga Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for Q72h 5d BID kg SQ/intradermal kg IV TID-QID IM, IV TID-QID Q24h Q72h 10d 0.2–0.25 mg/kg SC 0.2–0.25 mg/kg PO BID × 4 mg/kg 1 mg/kg PO 1 mg/kg 0.5–1.0 mg/kg PO mg/kg 0.5–1.0 Maximum of 2 mg/ Maximum 4 mg/kg PO Q24h 4 mg/kg PO Q24h 4 mg/kg 4.4 mg/kg PO Q24h 4.4 mg/kg 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM, 0.1–0.2 mg/kg 0.01–0.02 mg/kg mg/kg 0.01–0.02 1.25 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.25 0.12 mg/kg SC mg/kg 0.12 2 mg/kg PO BID × 2 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 1.8 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg 4 mg/kg PO Q24h 4 mg/kg (extended release) (extended Barium sulfate Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Buspirone Bupivacaine Butorphanol Buprenorphine Carprofen Buprenorphine SR

9781498796873_C027.indd 622 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 623 Treated Animals Number of Multiple 10 3 1 2 14 12 Multiple 5 1 1 Unspecified 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes controlling post- controlling pain operative concentrations concentrations mcg/mL 1.0 above >10d concentrations mcg/ 1.0 above mL = 20d diagnosis of neoplasia) concentrations concentrations mcg/mL 1.0 above >60d concentrations mcg/ 1.0 above mL = 57d diagnosis of neoplasia) concentrations concentrations mcg/mL 1.0 above >26d diagnosis of fungal) Not effective in Not effective Plasma Plasma Animal died (final Plasma Plasma Animal died (final Plasma For perioperative use perioperative For Clinical resolution Animal died (final Indication For tx of leptospirosis For References unpubl. data unpubl. data unpubl. Pharmacopeia unpubl. data unpubl. data unpubl. 2013 2003 unpubl. data unpubl. Pharmacopeia data García-Párraga, García-Párraga, García-Párraga, TMMC Walker et al. 2010 et al. Walker García-Párraga, García-Párraga, García-Párraga, et al. Meegan Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Fauquier et al. et al. Fauquier García-Párraga, García-Párraga, TMMC McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Prager et al. 2015 et al. Prager Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Species rosmarus californianus californianus angustirostris rosmarus californianus californianus Odobenus Zalophus vitulina Phoca grypus Halichoerus Zalophus Pinnipeds Eumetopias jubatus Eumetopias Mirounga Mirounga Phoca vitulina Phoca Otaria flavesecens Otaria Odobenus Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for 7d once BID 2 mg/kg IM once 2 mg/kg SC once 4 mg/kg SC once 4 mg/kg SC once 4 mg/kg IM Q5d 6.6 mg/kg IM Q5d 6.6 mg/kg 4.4 mg/kg IM once 4.4 mg/kg PO Q24h × 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg IM 5 mg/kg 1–2 mg/kg SC, IM SC, 1–2 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–15 20 mg/kg IM, IV TID IM, IV 20 mg/kg 6.6 mg/kg IM once 6.6 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 15 Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Ceftiofur Cefovecin Cefuroxime Cefazolin Cephalexin

9781498796873_C027.indd 623 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM 624 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple Unspecified 14 20 Multiple Multiple 1 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of lead toxicosis) therapy (final therapy diagnosis of meningitis) bacterial Animal died (final Animal died despite Animal died despite Clinical resolution Indication Subpalpebral lavage lavage Subpalpebral and with fluconazole atropine operative operative administration ulcers associated associated ulcers in with uremia patients with leptospirosis For tx of keratitis. tx of keratitis. For Prophylactic post- Prophylactic For tx of leptospirosis For For tx of gastric tx of gastric For References Pharmacopeia data data 1999 2015 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Vandenbroek Vandenbroek 1986 data Zabka et al. 2006 et al. Zabka TMMC Braun et al. 2015 et al. Braun McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Borkowski et al. et al. Borkowski Barbosa et al. Barbosa et al. 2015 et al. Greene TMMC Prager et al. 2015 et al. Prager Sweeney 1977 Sweeney TMMC Koski and Koski McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Gulland 1999 Species californianus rosmarus rosmarus californianus angustirostris californianus californianus californianus californianus Zalophus Odobenus vitulina Phoca Odobenus Pinnipeds Zalophus Mirounga vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Zalophus Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Zalophus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h × 5d TID-QID BID TID BID-TID 25 mg/kg PO BID 25 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.5 PO mg/kg 10 Ophthalmic PO BID 6 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 7.3 20 mg/kg PO TID PO 20 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 10 5–10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 5–10 15 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 15 8.8 mg/kg IT BID IT 8.8 mg/kg IM, PO 5.5 mg/kg 4.1 mg/kg IV, PO IV, 4.1 mg/kg 20–30 mg/kg PO 20–30 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO 5 mg/kg Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Ciprofloxacin Cephaloridine Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Cimetidine

9781498796873_C027.indd 624 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 625 Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified 1 Unspecified 13 19 1 Unspecified 1 Unspecified 5 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes resolution 3–5 days of tx. If no of tx. 3–5 days consider result dinoprost. persists for ~2hr. for persists Clinical resolution Mixed clinical Mixed Clinical resolution Typically abort after abort after Typically Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia Indication calicivirus ulcers pregnant animals pregnant with domoic acid intoxication post-lensectomy infections infections ( Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, ) Neospora dose pregnant animals pregnant with domoic acid intoxication crisis Adjunct therapy for for therapy Adjunct Abortifacient dose for Abortifacient dose for For tx of wounds For For tx of shock For As anti-inflammatory As anti-inflammatory For tx of protozoal tx of protozoal For Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory Abortifacient dose for Abortifacient dose for For hypoglycemic hypoglycemic For References 2000 data 2015 2002 2001 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Van Bonn et al. Bonn et al. Van McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. 2006 et al. Brodie Rubio-Garcia et al. et al. Rubio-Garcia Haulena et al. Haulena et al. Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Esson et al. 2015 et al. Esson TMMC TMMC TMMC Gulland 1999 Fravel et al. 2016 et al. Fravel Species californianus californianus californianus californianus Mirounga angustirostris californianus angustirostris californianus californianus californianus californianus Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Mirounga Mirounga Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Pinnipeds Zalophus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for PO Q24h DOSE tapering dose 14d Q24h × 14d, then 14d, Q24h × 0.05 mg/kg Q24h × 4d PO BID Q24h Q24h kg of 20% kg administered intraperitoneally) 12 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 12 IM, mg/kg 0.2–1.0 TOTAL 40 mg IM 8–11 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 8–11 0.25 mg/kg PO BID, PO BID, 0.25 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO BID × mg/kg 10 2.2 mg/kg IV 2.2 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg PO 0.1 mg/kg 10–15 mg/kg IM, mg/kg 10–15 0.25 mg/kg IM 0.25 mg/kg 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM 0.1–0.2 mg/kg 100 mL/kg/d 100 500 mg/kg (2.5 mL/ 500 mg/kg in LRS) Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Dexamethasone Dextrose (5% Dextrose Dextrose 20% Dextrose

9781498796873_C027.indd 625 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM 626 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 1 Unspecified Unspecified 14 Multiple 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 ( Continued ) SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of fungal) persists for ~2hr. for persists diagnosis of fungal) absorption via IM (Hung et al. route consider 1996); IM for lorazepam anticonvulsant Clinical resolution Animal died (final Clinical resolution Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia Animal died (final pinniped keratitis For Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Inconsistent Inconsistent Indication disease hookworms crisis hookworms Post-lensectomy For tx of periodontal For For tx of Uncinaria For For hypoglycemic hypoglycemic For For tx of Uncinaria For For tx of leptospirosis For tx of leptospirosis For Anticonvulsant References 2011 Pharmacopeia 1981 Esson et al. 2015 et al. Esson Lyons et al. 1978 et al. Lyons Fitzpatrick et al. et al. Fitzpatrick Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Lyons et al. 1980 et al. Lyons Fravel et al. 2016 et al. Fravel TMMC Lyons et al. 1978 et al. Lyons Field et al. 2012 et al. Field 2013 et al. Prager 2015 et al. Prager Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Zabka et al. 2006 et al. Zabka Bigg and Lyons Bigg and Lyons Species californianus californianus associated associated diarrhea californianus californianus californianus californianus Phoca vitulina Phoca Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Zalophus Zalophus Northern fur seal, Zalophus Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Northern fur seal Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for capsule PO then 7 weeks, PO Q24h 1 mg/kg × 5 weeks of 25% administered intravenously) Q24h-BID Q24h tablet PO tablet 29.3–32.8 mg/kg 29.3–32.8 mg/kg PO BID × mg/kg 7.5 PO BID mg/kg 10 500 mg/kg (2 mL/kg (2 mL/kg 500 mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg PO BID 0.55 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg SC mg/kg 12.5 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 9.9 mg/kg SC BID, SC BID, 9.9 mg/kg 2.2 mg/kg PO BID 2.2 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 5–10 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg IV mg/kg 0.15 9.7–11.5 mg/kg mg/kg 9.7–11.5 Dextrose 25% Dextrose Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Diphenhydramine Disophenol* Doxycycline Diazepam Dichlorvos

9781498796873_C027.indd 626 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 627 Treated Animals Number of 18 14 4 Multiple 26 Unspecified 1 1 1 1 Unspecified 1 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of neoplasia) penetrates the tear the tear penetrates 10 and at both film doses and 20 mg/kg can be used for ophthalmic indications therapy (anesthetic therapy death) Otostrongylus diagnosis of fungal) diagnosis of neoplasia) Animal died (final Clinical resolution Doxycycline Doxycycline Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died despite Animal died of Animal died (final Animal died (final Clinical resolution Indication and fluid overload in overload and fluid pups with patent ductus arteriosus corneal ulcers dermatitis For tx of heart failure tx of heartFor failure For tx of superficial For For tx of fungal tx of fungal For For tx of leptospirosis For References Pharmacopeia 2016 2013 2006 data 2010 Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Simeone et al. Simeone et al. Freeman et al. et al. Freeman Sweeney 1974a Sweeney Haulena et al. Haulena et al. Guillot et al. 1998 Guillot et al. Esson et al. 2015 et al. Esson McBain, unpubl. 2015 et al. Braun Fravel et al. 2011 et al. Fravel Kelly et al. 2005 et al. Kelly Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Biancani et al. Biancani et al. Prager et al. 2015 et al. Prager Species californianus angustirostris californianus californianus rosmarus californianus californianus californianus californianus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Mirounga Mirounga Zalophus Zalophus Odobenus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Zalophus s flavesecen Otaria Zalophus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for poloxamer gel, poloxamer applied subconjunctivally Q24h 25d solution 10d Q24h 5–10 mg/kg IM, SQ mg/kg 5–10 2% solution in 10–20 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–20 0.5 mg/kg PO BID 0.5 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO BID × mg/kg 15 0.2% topical 0.2% topical 5.5 mg/kg PO BID 5.5 mg/kg 3.3 mg/kg PO BID 3.3 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 3 mg/kg PO BID 3 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID × 5 mg/kg 5–10 mg/kg IM mg/kg 5–10 Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Enalapril Enilconazole Erythromycin Enrofloxacin

9781498796873_C027.indd 627 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM 628 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Multiple 1 Multiple 4 Unspecified 1 Multiple 7 3 Multiple Multiple Unspecified 39 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of hernia) resolution Animal died (final Animal died (final Animal died (final Clinical resolution Intermittent clinical Intermittent Indication circumlitis Otostrongylus Otostrongylus circumlitis For tx of nematodes For For tx of nematodes For For tx of nematodes For Otostrongylus tx of Otostrongylus For For tx of For References 2012 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 1999 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 1993 Pharmacopeia Biancani et al. Biancani et al. TMMC Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC TMMC TMMC et al. Reidarson Greene et al. 2015 et al. Greene TMMC TMMC Gobush et al. 2011 et al. Gobush Norris et al. 2011 Norris et al. TMMC TMMC Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. Beckmen et al. et al. Beckmen TMMC Species angustirostris schauinslandi schauinslandi , californianus Mirounga angustirostris angustirostris Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Mirounga Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Neomonachus Neomonachus Neomonachus Neomonachus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Zalophus Mirounga Mirounga Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h Q24h-BID Q48h Q24h BID Q24h × 3d Q24h × 3d Q24h × 5d Q24h × 2d Q24h × 10-30d PO TID 0.5 mg/kg PO BID 0.5 mg/kg 15 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 15 0.5–0.8 mg/kg PO 0.5–0.8 mg/kg 15–30 mg/kg PO mg/kg 15–30 SQ, IM 20 mg/kg 0.9 mg/kg IM Q24h 0.9 mg/kg 0.5 mg/kg PO BID 0.5 mg/kg 40 mg/kg SQ Q7d 40 mg/kg 1.0 mg/kg IM, PO mg/kg 1.0 0.5 mg/kg IM, PO 0.5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 11 mg/kg PO mg/kg 11 50 mg/kg PO 50 mg/kg 1–2 tab (325 mg) 1–2 tab release Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Famciclovir Florfenicol Florfenicol, extended extended Florfenicol, Fluconazole Famotidine Fenbendazole Ferrous sulfate Ferrous

9781498796873_C027.indd 628 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 629 Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified 15 1 Unspecified Unspecified 1 4 Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Precautions Clinical Notes controlling post- controlling pain operative diagnosis of neoplasia) for 4 months; slow slow 4 months; for that after recurrence point. Not effective in Not effective Animal died (final Clinical resolution Clinical resolution CONTRAINDICATED Controlled behavior behavior Controlled Indication Subpalpebral lavage lavage Subpalpebral with ciprofloxacin and atropine and stereotypic and stereotypic behavior For tx of keratitis. tx of keratitis. For For tx of uveitis For For tx of regurgitation tx of regurgitation For References 2011 1999 Pharmacopeia 1975 2015 Pharmacopeia data Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Walker et al. 2010, 2010, et al. Walker Borkowski et al. et al. Borkowski 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Farnsworth et al. et al. Farnsworth Rubio-Garcia et al. et al. Rubio-Garcia Phillips et al. 1986 Phillips et al. SeaWorld Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower unpubl. Sweeney, TMMC Dalton et al. 1997 et al. Dalton TMMC TMMC Species californianus Eumetopias jubatus Eumetopias Phoca vitulina Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Neophoca cinerea Neophoca Zalophus vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Pinnipeds CONTRAINDICATED Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for TID-QID loading dose, then loading dose, PO BID 1 mg/kg 6d Q24h × 45d TOTAL DOSE × TOTAL 4 weeks Q24h solution 2d, then Q24h (SLOWLY) IM, IV BID-TID Ophthalmic IM once 1 mg/kg 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg IM × 7d mg/kg 1.1 2 mg/kg IM Q24h × 2 mg/kg PO mg/kg 15 5000 mg/d PO 0.2–1.2 mg/kg PO mg/kg 0.2–1.2 0.05% ophthalmic 0.75 mg/kg IT BID × IT 0.75 mg/kg 1 mg/kg IV TID IV 1 mg/kg 2–4 mg/kg PO, SQ, PO, 2–4 mg/kg 1 mg/kg IM Q24h 1 mg/kg CONTRAINDICATED Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Gentamicin Griseofulvin Fluoxitine HCl Fluoxitine Flurbiprofen Haloperidol* Furosemide Flunixin meglumine

9781498796873_C027.indd 629 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM 630 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 8 Multiple 1 1 Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 ( Continued ) SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of fungal) improvement (final improvement diagnosis of fungal) Animal died (final No clinical Indication of DIC bronchospasm Anticoagulant for tx Anticoagulant for For CT contrast For For tx of For For CT contrast For References Pharmacopeia 2011 Pharmacopeia Sweeney 1986 Sweeney 2001 2001 data 2010 2001 2001 1999 1999 TMMC Dennison et al. Dennison et al. Field et al. 2012 et al. Field TMMC Geraci and Geraci Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Stoskopf, unpubl. unpubl. Stoskopf, Dennison et al. Dennison et al. Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Species californianus californianus bronchospasm , californianus Mirounga angustirostris californianus californianus californianus pinnipeds rosmarus californianus Zalophus Pinnipeds Zalophus Pinnipeds For tx of For Zalophus Halichoerus grypus Halichoerus Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Nonwalrus Nonwalrus Odobenus Zalophus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for mL IV TID (give first dose first TID (give IV) weeks 1% soln. PRN 1% soln. initial dose; initial dose; 0.1–0.2 mg/kg 12–24h maintenance; 48h 0.45 mg/kg tapering dose TID BID-QID BID Q24h 60 mL of 300 mgI/ 50–100 IU/kg SQ IU/kg 50–100 0.08 mg/kg PO BID 0.08 mg/kg 10 mg/kg IM Q2–3 mg/kg 10 5 mL/kg PO PRN 5 mL/kg 90 mg nebulized in 90 mg nebulized 0.1–0.3 mg/kg PO 0.1–0.3 mg/kg 2 mg/kg PO Q24h 2 mg/kg 300 mgI/kg IV 300 mgI/kg 0.4 mg/kg PO BID, PO BID, 0.4 mg/kg 0.5 mL nebulized 0.5 mL nebulized 0.5–1 mg/kg PO 0.5–1 mg/kg 1.5–2 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.5–2 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg Heparin sodium Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Hydrocodone Iron dextran Iron Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen Isoetharine Indomethacin Isoniazid Iohexol* Isoproterenol Itraconazole

9781498796873_C027.indd 630 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 631 Treated Animals Number of 1 1 Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple 3 1 1 Unspecified Unspecified ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes improvement, better better improvement, with combined therapy enilconazole and increased and increased among rate growth Repeat pups. treated days. 10 after undesirable male- undesirable behaviors associated inflammatory for tx of inflammatory or Parafilaroides . Otostrongylus in 2 weeks Repeat parasite heavy for loads Mild clinical Reduced mortalityReduced Controlled Controlled May require anti- require May Indication hookworm lungworm testosterone nematodes, nematodes, , lice, Parafilaroides and mites For Uncinaria For Parafilaroides For Suppression of Suppression For tx of GI For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2009 2011 1999 1999 Pharmacopeia TMMC TMMC 2006 et al. Zabka Guillot et al. 1998 Guillot et al. 2015 et al. Greene TMMC DeLong et al. DeLong et al. Dennison et al. Dennison et al. Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson 1997 et al. Calle Reidarson et al. et al. Reidarson TMMC Dunn et al. 1984 et al. Dunn Species californianus angustirostris californianus pinnipeds californianus rosmarus Pinnipeds Zalophus Pinnipeds Mirounga vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Nonwalrus Nonwalrus Zalophus Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Odobenus Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for kg) IM kg) Q28d kg) SC once kg) kg) IM, SQ once kg) Q24h 1 mg/kg IM Q24h 1 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg (200 μ g/ 0.2 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 10 PO Q24h 20 mg/kg IM 1 mg/kg PO BID 1 mg/kg 0.09–0.12 mg/kg IM mg/kg 0.09–0.12 0.2 mg/kg (200 μ g/ 0.2 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 10 1 mg/kg PO BID 1 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg (200 μ g/ 0.2 mg/kg PO BID 4.4 mg/kg 10 mg/kg IM, PO mg/kg 10 Ketoprofen Leuprolide acetate Leuprolide Ivermectin Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Ketoconazole

9781498796873_C027.indd 631 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM 632 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of 55 Unspecified Unspecified Multiple 1 1 26 Multiple 1 Multiple 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory action due to effects P Substance against diagnosis of neoplasia) kg total dose total kg anticonvulsant anticonvulsant and more effects, IM consistent absorption than diazepam diagnosis of neoplasia) concentrations likely likely concentrations for be effective to with MIC bacteria <0.2 mcg/mL May also have also have May Animal died (final Do not exceed 6 mg/ Do not exceed Longer lasting Animal died (final Plasma Indication local block tx of cranial trauma trauma tx of cranial edema or cerebral Contraceptive For use in retrobulbar use in retrobulbar For Anticonvulsant Osmotic diuretic for for Osmotic diuretic References Robeck 1998 Robeck Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2016 Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 2007 Dalton and Dalton TMMC Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Gutierrez et al. et al. Gutierrez TMMC Zabka et al. 2006 et al. Zabka TMMC Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower KuKanich et al. et al. KuKanich Species californianus , californianus Mirounga angustirostris californianus Zalophus Zalophus Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for or 2 mg/kg PO or 2 mg/kg Q24h (retrobulbar) loading dose, then loading dose, IM, PO 0.1 mg/kg Q24h followed by by followed 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PRN (SLOWLY) 8 mg/kg PO 8 mg/kg 1 mg/kg SQ Q24h 1 mg/kg 15 mg/kg SC mg/kg 15 4.8 mg/kg PO PO 4.8 mg/kg 3.4 mg/kg IM Q28d 3.4 mg/kg 4 mg/kg SQ 4 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg IM, PO 0.2 mg/kg 0.2 mg/kg IM once, IM once, 0.2 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg IM 0.05 mg/kg 250–1500 mg/kg IV mg/kg 250–1500 4 mg/kg PO Q24h 4 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO once 5 mg/kg acetate Levamisole Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Maropitant Levofloxacin Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone Lidocaine Meloxicam Lorazepam Mannitol Marbofloxacin

9781498796873_C027.indd 632 9/13/2017 6:49:51 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 633 Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple 14 2 2 Multiple 1 1 1 1 Unspecified 1 Unspecified 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of neoplasia) (anesthesia) diagnosis of Staphylococcus sepsis) improvement (final improvement diagnosis of hernia) diagnosis of neoplasia) Animal died (final Animal died (final Clinical resolution Animal died (final Animal died Animal died (final Mild clinical Animal died (final Indication For tx of leptospirosis For For pinniped keratitis For References Pharmacopeia 2012 Pharmacopeia 2009 data Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Biancani et al. Biancani et al. Prager et al. 2015 et al. Prager Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Chinnadurai et al. et al. Chinnadurai Greene et al. 2015 et al. Greene McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. TMMC TMMC Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Dunn et al. 1982 et al. Dunn Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC Species californianus angustirostris californianus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Phoca groenlandica Phoca Mirounga Mirounga Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for Q48h 10d (do not exceed dose) 30 mg total BID-TID TID × 3d solution TID DOSE PO TID SQ, IM, IV Q24h-BID 20–40 mg/kg IM 20–40 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg IM 0.1 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID × 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.6 mg/kg IM Q3-4d 20 mg/kg 0.15 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 0.15 0.2 mg/kg PO TID PO 0.2 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 10 0.2 mg/kg IM TID IM 0.2 mg/kg 20 TID mg/kg 10–20 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–20 0.3–0.4 mg/kg IM 0.3–0.4 mg/kg Ophthalmic topical Ophthalmic topical 600,000 IU TOTAL 600,000 IU TOTAL 0.1 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.1 mg/kg 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO, PO, 0.2–0.4 mg/kg B-gramicidin Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Metronidazole Mirazapine Oxytetracycline Metoclopramide Neomycin Neomycin-polymyxin Neomycin-polymyxin Nystatin Omeprazole Ondansetron

9781498796873_C027.indd 633 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 634 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple 14 Multiple 21 Unspecified Multiple 3 Multiple 1 1 Unspecified Multiple Unspecified 1 Multiple Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes of lead toxicosis) cestode infection cestode Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Animal died (final dx Did not eliminate Did not eliminate Indication parturition infections infections ( Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, ) Neospora For milk letdown For For tx of cestodes For For euthanasia For Induction of For tx of leptospirosis For Anticonvulsant For tx of protozoal tx of protozoal For For tx of hypokalemia For References Reproduction Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia 10 See Chapter Schroeder 1993 Schroeder 2011 Norris et al. TMMC TMMC TMMC Prager et al. 2015 et al. Prager Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Gage 1999 Zabka et al. 2006 et al. Zabka TMMC Sweeney 1974b Sweeney 2006 et al. Zabka TMMC TMMC Gobush et al. 2011 et al. Gobush Species schauinslandi californianus californianus californianus californianus californianus schauinslandi Pinnipeds Neomonachus Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Neomonachus Neomonachus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for TOTAL DOSE IM TOTAL once mg/kg 2d, or 10 PO once SQ, IM, IV TOTAL DOSE IM TOTAL IC (2–4 mL/10 kg kg IC (2–4 mL/10 of 390 mg/mL) Q24h Q48h Q48h Q24h-BID BID × 2d, then IM PO, 2 mg/kg BID × 5d Q24h × 28d 20 USP units PO Q24h × 5 mg/kg 5 IU TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 5 IU 20–40 USP units 78–156 mg/kg IV, IV, mg/kg 78–156 30,000 IU/kg IM 30,000 IU/kg 30,000 IU/kg IM 30,000 IU/kg 1–1.5 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1–1.5 1 mg/kg PO 1 mg/kg 4 mg/kg PO, IM PO, 4 mg/kg 4 mg/kg PO BID 4 mg/kg 110 mg/kg PO mg/kg 110 PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10 2 meq/5 kg PO BID 2 meq/5 kg 5 mg/kg IM 5 mg/kg (benzathine/ procaine) (potassium) potassium potassium gluconate Oxytocin* Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Penicillin G Penicillin Pentobarbital Penicillin G Penicillin Phenobarbital Piperazine Ponazuril Potassium chloride/ Potassium Praziquantel

9781498796873_C027.indd 634 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 635 Treated Animals Number of Multiple Multiple 13 Multiple Unspecified Multiple 1 Unspecified 10 1 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes appetite of cases improvement (final improvement diagnosis of fungal) improvement (final improvement diagnosis of neoplasia) Mild improvement in Mild improvement Effective in 94% Effective No clinical No clinical Clinical resolution Indication stimulation largely been largely newer by replaced anticonvulsants) pregnant animals pregnant with domoic acid if intoxication, was dexamethasone not successful in inducing abortion dose animals with domoic acid toxicity dose dose For appetite appetite For For tx of cestodes and trematodes tx of cestodes For Anticonvulsant (has Anticonvulsant For contraception For Abortifacient dose for Post lensectomy Post Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory Abortifacient in Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory References Pharmacopeia 2003 Pharmacopeia et al. 2012 et al. Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Field et al. 2012 et al. Field TMMC Needham 1978 Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. Katsumata et al. et al. Katsumata TMMC Esson et al. 2015 et al. Esson Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Carlson-Bremer Carlson-Bremer Brodie et al. 2006 et al. Brodie TMMC TMMC Species californianus , californianus vitulina , Phoca Mirounga angustirostris californianus californianus californianus californianus Zalophus Pinnipeds Zalophus Zalophus Phoca largha Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for 2d, or 10 mg/kg mg/kg 2d, or 10 IM, PO once loading dose; loading dose; PO 1–2.5 mg/kg Q24h maintenance DOSE IM Q24h × 3d Q24h solution QID TOTAL DOSE IM TOTAL BID, tapering dose BID, IV BID 0.5 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg IM, PO × 5 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg PO TID PO 2.5 mg/kg 10 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 10 10 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 10 0.05–0.3 mg/kg PO 0.05–0.3 mg/kg Ophthalmic topical Ophthalmic topical SQ 5 mg/kg 0.5 mg (500 μ g) 0.2 mg/kg PO BID 0.2 mg/kg 0.4 mg/kg PO BID 0.4 mg/kg 0.25–0.5 mg/kg PO 0.25–0.5 mg/kg 0.25–0.5 mg/kg IM, 0.25–0.5 mg/kg (dinoprost) (cloprostenol) succinate Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Primidone F2a Prostaglandin Prednisone Prednisone-G Proligestone Prostaglandin F2a Prostaglandin Prednisolone Prednisolone sodium Prednisolone

9781498796873_C027.indd 635 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 636 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 Unspecified 1 Unspecified 1 Multiple Unspecified 2 Multiple ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of fungal) diagnosis of neoplasia) Otostrongylus diagnosis of amyloidosis) diagnosis of fungal) diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of neoplasia) diagnosis of fungal) dermatomycosis Animal died (final Animal died (final Animal died of Animal died (final Animal died (final Animal died (final Animal died (final Animal died (final Clinical resolution of Clinical resolution Indication gastroprotectant or enteritis opacities Prophylactic Prophylactic For signs of bloat signs of bloat For For tx of corneal For Gastroprotectant References 2008 2012 1987 data Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Chinnadurai et al. et al. Chinnadurai Kelly et al. 2005 et al. Kelly Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Biancani et al. Biancani et al. Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Field et al. 2012 et al. Field TMMC Braun et al. 1996 et al. Braun TMMC Sos et al. 2013 Sos et al. TMMC Species californianus californianus californianus californianus californianus californianus schauinslandi californianus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Neomonachus Neomonachus Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Zalophus Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for BID × 7d 3d Q24h solution BID TOTAL DOSE per TOTAL feed TID TOTAL DOSE, TID TOTAL 1 g PO >25 kg: DOSE TID TOTAL Q24h (IM, SQ for acute acute (IM, SQ for bronchospasm) 10 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 10 150 mg total PO mg total 150 15–35 mg/kg PO mg/kg 15–35 TID × PO 25 mg/kg 1.25 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 1.25 PO BID mg/kg 1.5 5.5 mg/kg PO BID 5.5 mg/kg 10–13 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–13 5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO BID 5 mg/kg 0.45 mg/kg PO BID 0.45 mg/kg Ophthalmic topical Ophthalmic topical 31.25–62.5 mg 31.25–62.5 <25 kg: 0.5 g PO <25 kg: 2.4–2.6 mg/kg PO 2.4–2.6 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg PO BID 0.1 mg/kg ormetoprim methionine Ranitidine Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Sulfadimethoxine- Rifampin S-adenosyl- Simethicone Suprofen Sucralfate Terbinafine Terbutaline

9781498796873_C027.indd 636 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 637 Treated Animals Number of 66 Multiple 15 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 2 4 1 Unspecified ( Continued ) SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Precautions Clinical Notes improvement (final improvement diagnosis of neoplasia) undetectable in undetectable majority of samples No apparent No apparent Clinical resolution Active M1 metabolite M1 metabolite Active Indication decreased serum decreased thyroxine For tx of alopecia and For For tx of leptospirosis For For analgesia For References data 1975 1985 2015 2015 Pharmacopeia McBain, unpubl. McBain, unpubl. Farnsworth et al. et al. Farnsworth et al. Vandenbroek Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Rubio-Garcia et al. et al. Rubio-Garcia Barnett et al. 2011 et al. Barnett Dierauf et al. 1985 et al. Dierauf Gage et al. 1985 Gage et al. 1986 Sweeney et al. Boonstra TMMC Species rosmarus californianus californianus , californianus Mirounga angustirostris californianus Odobenus Zalophus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Phoca vitulina Phoca Cystophora cristata Cystophora Zalophus Zalophus Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h BID PO BID, increase increase PO BID, 0.02–0.04 mg/ to PO BID during kg molt SLOWLY, twice SLOWLY, BID-QID TID 44 mg/kg PO BID 44 mg/kg 12.5 mg/kg PO mg/kg 12.5 4.5 mg/kg PO TID PO 4.5 mg/kg 0.5–1 mg/kg PO 0.5–1 mg/kg 0.01–0.03 mg/kg mg/kg 0.01–0.03 22 mg/kg PO Q24h 22 mg/kg TID PO 22 mg/kg 0.44 mg/kg IV 0.44 mg/kg 2 mg/kg PO BID 2 mg/kg PO 2–4 mg/kg 20–40 mg/kg IM, IV 20–40 mg/kg 1 mg/kg IM Q24h 1 mg/kg clavulanate clavulanate potassium Tetracycline Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Tramadol Thyroxine (L-thyroxin) Thyroxine Theophylline Ticarcillin + Ticarcillin Thiacetarsamide*

9781498796873_C027.indd 637 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 638 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Multiple 1 Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified 66 1 Multiple 1 ( Continued ) Precautions Clinical Notes improvement (final improvement diagnosis of neoplasia) (Boonstra et al. et al. (Boonstra work May 2015). in conjunction better with NSAID improvement (final improvement diagnosis of neoplasia) No apparent No apparent Questionable efficacy efficacy Questionable Clinical resolution Apparent resolution Apparent No apparent No apparent Indication coccidia For analgesia For For tx of cholestasis For For tx of leptospirosis For For tx of intestinal tx of intestinal For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Vandenbroek Vandenbroek 1986 1985 Proctor 2014 Proctor Pharmacopeia 2003 Pharmacopeia Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower TMMC TMMC Koski and Koski Vandenbroek et al. et al. Vandenbroek Schmitt and Schmitt Dierauf et al. 1985 et al. Dierauf TMMC Fauquier et al. et al. Fauquier TMMC Species californianus rosmarus californianus pups angustirostris angustirostris Phoca vitulina Phoca Pinnipeds Pinnipeds Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Odobenus Zalophus Mirounga Mirounga Mirounga Mirounga Pinnipeds Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for BID-TID Q24h Q24h Q24h, followed by by Q24h, followed serum voriconazole monitoring 7d BID 4.0–5.0 mg/kg PO 4.0–5.0 mg/kg 6.6 mg/kg PO Q24h 6.6 mg/kg 10–15 mg/kg PO mg/kg 10–15 3.6 mg/kg PO BID 3.6 mg/kg 22–30 mg/kg PO 22–30 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.8 33 mg/kg PO Q24h 33 mg/kg PO BID × mg/kg 12 12 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 12 12–20 mg/kg PO mg/kg 12–20 sulfadiazine sulfamethoxazole Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Ursodiol Trimethoprim- Voriconazole* Trimethoprim-

9781498796873_C027.indd 638 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 639 Treated Animals Number of 2 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified 7 ( Continued ) SEE TEXT— POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Precautions Clinical Notes diagnosis of fungal) with reasonably with reasonably fish handled food 3.6 mg/kg Q24h 3.6 mg/kg does not affect absorption of vitamin A or E and thus is not a concern for competition with reasonably with reasonably fish handled food IU/D) may increase increase IU/D) may vit E requirements immediately prior to prior to immediately as feeding, thiaminase degrades thiamine Animal died (final Empirically effective effective Empirically Supplementation of Supplementation Empirically effective effective Empirically High levels (50,000 High levels Supplement in fish Indication deficiency when supplements administered are feeding prior to effects to treat acute acute treat to effects domoic acid toxicosis when supplements at administered are time of feeding deficiency For tx of thiamine For For supplementation supplementation For For antioxidant antioxidant For For supplementation supplementation For To prevent thiamine prevent To For maintenance For For maintenance For References 2011 Pharmacopeia 2003 1995a 1995b Field et al. 2012 et al. Field Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1986 Geraci Mejia-Fava et al. et al. Mejia-Fava TMMC Geraci 1986 Geraci Koutsos et al. 2013 et al. Koutsos Wohlsein et al. et al. Wohlsein Mazzaro et al. et al. Mazzaro Mazzaro et al. et al. Mazzaro Species californianus californianus californianus Zalophus Zalophus Zalophus Pinnipeds Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Callorhinus ursinus Callorhinus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for PO Q24h. Follow Follow PO Q24h. dosing. with oral Q24h PO Q24h. Give 2 h Give PO Q24h. feeding. before Give at main Give feeding. 4 mg/kg PO BID 4 mg/kg 2–4 mg/Kcal feed 2–4 mg/Kcal feed 2–3 mg/kg PO 2–3 mg/kg 25–35 mg/kg fish 25–35 mg/kg 10 mg/kg SQ Q24h mg/kg 10 4.5 mg/kg PO BID. PO BID. 4.5 mg/kg 0.89–3.6 mg/kg 30 mg/kg fish/day 30 mg/kg 100 IU/kg PO in fish IU/kg 100 300–600 IU/day PO 300–600 IU/day (thiamine) Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table Vitamin B1 Vitamin Vitamins/Minerals/Supplements Alpha Lipoic Acid Lutein Vitamin A Vitamin

9781498796873_C027.indd 639 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 640 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Multiple 1 1 Multiple 2 Unspecified Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Precautions Clinical Notes not evaluated Otostrongylus Clinical efficacy was was Clinical efficacy Animal died of Administer in fish Administer Indication For maintenance For For maintenance For For maintenance For For maintenance For For maintenance For References 1987 1989 1989 1989 1989 Stoskopf et al. et al. Stoskopf Bernard and Ullrey Bernard and Ullrey Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Kelly et al. 2005 et al. Kelly Bernard and Ullrey Bernard and Ullrey Flower et al. 2014 et al. Flower Bernard and Ullrey Bernard and Ullrey Geraci 1986 Geraci Bernard and Ullrey Bernard and Ullrey Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1972 Geraci = pharmacokinetic study performed. Species , californianus vitulina Phoca californianus , californianus Odobenus rosmarus , californianus vitulina Phoca rosmarus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Zalophus Phoca vitulina Phoca Zalophus Odobenus Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Pinnipeds (See Text for Precautions) for Text Pinnipeds (See Drug Dosages Reported for = read text for important cautions; important for cautions; text = read Q24h TOTAL DOSE PO TOTAL Q24h Q24h DOSE PO Q24h Q24h IP 0.25 mg/kg PO 0.25 mg/kg 0.25 mg (250 μ g) 3 mg/kg SQ 3 mg/kg 7.5 mg/kg IM mg/kg 7.5 500 mg PO Q24h 600–1000 IU PO 600–1000 5–7 IU/kg IM 5–7 IU/kg 100 mg/day TOTAL TOTAL mg/day 100 2200–3000 IU PO 3 g/kg of fish PO 3 g/kg 100–200 mg/kg PO, PO, mg/kg 100–200 tx = treatment; tx = treatment; (pyridoxine) Vitamin B6 Vitamin Drug (Continued) 27.3 Table *Adverse effects observed. effects *Adverse Vitamin B12 Vitamin Vitamin B complex Vitamin Vitamin C Vitamin Vitamin E Vitamin Sodium chloride Note:

9781498796873_C027.indd 640 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 641 ( Continued ) Treated Number of animals Unspecified 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 1 1 Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified 1 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Precautions Notes Clinical resolution resolution resolution resolution Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Indication brevitoxicosis hemorrhagic colitis, hemorrhagic colitis, adjunct to metronidazole For tx of For For tx of For References 1999 1999 Pharmacopeia 1999 2015 Medicine Sirenian 1999 2015 Gerlach et al. 2013 Gerlach et al. Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Walsh and Bossart Walsh Ball et al. 2014 Ball et al. Hall et al. 2012 Hall et al. 2013 Gerlach et al. 2012 Hall et al. and Bossart Walsh 1990 Stoskopf Orlando SeaWorld 1990 Stoskopf and Bossart Walsh Walsh and de Wit Wit and de Walsh 2012 Hall et al. 2012 Hall et al. 1990 Stoskopf 1999 et al. Walsh 43 , See Chapter Walsh and Bossart Walsh Wit and de Walsh Species* Dosage DOSE, 1/4 given IV, IV, DOSE, 1/4 given SC 3/4 given then 6 mg/kg PO then 6 mg/kg Q24h × 5d once kg) PO kg) 2 mg/kg IM 2 mg/kg 5.5 mg/kg PO Q24h 5.5 mg/kg 0.02 TOTAL mg/kg 7 mg/kg IM BID 7 mg/kg 12 mg/kg PO once, PO once, mg/kg 12 4–10 mg/kg SQ once mg/kg 4–10 SQ once 6.5 mg/kg IM Q24h 22 mg/kg PO Q24h 40 mg/kg IM Q48h 6 mg/kg IM 2.2 mg/kg PO once mg/kg 10 PO mg/kg 10–15 0.3 mg/kg IV once 0.3 mg/kg IM once 0.07 mg/kg IM Q24h 4.4 mg/kg TID PO 2.5 mg/kg PO BID 2.5 mg/kg (200 mcg/ 0.2 mg/kg 1–2 mg/kg IM 1–2 mg/kg Drug Dosages Reported for Sirenians (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Sirenians Drug Dosages Reported for subsalicylate 27.4 Table Drug Ampicillin Atropine Amikacin Bismuth Bismuth Ceftiofur Ceftriaxone Cephalexin Danofloxacin Dexamethasone Fenbendazole Flunixin meglumine Gentamicin Itraconazole Ivermectin Ketoprofen

9781498796873_C027.indd 641 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 642 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies ( Continued ) Treated Number of animals Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Precautions Notes Clinical Indication hemorrhagic colitis, hemorrhagic colitis, adjunct to gentamicin calves For tx of For tx of constipation For For tx of trematodes For For gas relief in relief gas For References 1999 1999 1999 2015 Pharmacopeia Walsh et al. 1999 et al. Walsh and Bossart Walsh Elliot et al. 1981 Elliot et al. 1990 Stoskopf Cohen 1993 Cohen and Bossart Walsh Elliot et al. 1981 Elliot et al. and Bossart Walsh Walsh and de Wit Wit and de Walsh SeaWorld Orlando SeaWorld 43 See Chapter 43 See Chapter ( Dugong dugon ) ( Dugong dugon ) ( Dugong dugon ) Species* Dugong Dugong Dugong Dugong Dugong Dugong Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Sirenians (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Sirenians Drug Dosages Reported for once PO BID-TID 7 mg/kg PO BID 7 mg/kg L 1.5 up to 2–3 mL/kg IM BID 4.5 mg/kg 15 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 15 25,000 IU/kg IM Q24h 25,000 IU/kg 25,000 IU/kg SC 25,000 IU/kg 22,000 IU/kg 8–16 mg/kg PO mg/kg 8–16 PO mg/kg 10–20 80 mg TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 80 mg 10 mg/kg IM BID mg/kg 10 IM BID 55 mg/kg (benzathine/ procaine) Drug (Continued) 27.4 Table Metronidazole oil Mineral Oxytetracycline Penicillin G Penicillin Praziquantel Simethicone Sulfasalazine Tetracycline

9781498796873_C027.indd 642 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 643 Treated Number of animals 1 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Precautions Notes Clinical resolution effective effective with reasonably handled fish food effective effective with reasonably handled fish food Clinical Empirically Empirically Empirically Empirically Indication deficiency when supplements administered are feeding prior to when supplements at administered are time of feeding Empirical therapy For tx of thiamine For For supplementation supplementation For For supplementation supplementation For References 2012 Komarnicki et al. et al. Komarnicki Hall et al. 2012 Hall et al. 2014 Ball et al. Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1986 Geraci Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Geraci 1986 Geraci = pharmacokinetic study performed. Species* Dosage Drug Dosages Reported for Sirenians (See Text for Precautions) for Text (See Sirenians Drug Dosages Reported for Q24h × 8d Follow with oral with oral Follow dosing. Q24h. Give 2 h Give Q24h. feeding. before Q24h. Give at main Give Q24h. feeding. Q24h = read text for important cautions; important for cautions; text = read 1 mg/kg PO Q24h 1 mg/kg 21.5 mg/kg PO mg/kg 21.5 2.5 mg/kg SQ Q7d 2.5 mg/kg 1 mg/kg IM Q24h. IM Q24h. 1 mg/kg 2–4 mg/Kcal feed PO 2–4 mg/Kcal feed 25–35 mg/kg fish PO 25–35 mg/kg 1 mg/kg PO Q24h 1 mg/kg fish PO IU/kg 100 tx = treatment; tx = treatment; sulfamethoxazole (thiamine) acid) Drug (Continued) 27.4 Table Trimethoprim- Tramadol ) unless otherwise specified. manatus latirostris ( Trichechus Florida manatee *All species are Tulathromycin Vitamins/Minerals/Supplements B1 Vitamin Vitamin C (ascorbic Vitamin Vitamin E Vitamin Note:

9781498796873_C027.indd 643 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM 644 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals ( Continued ) Number of Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified 7 2 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Multiple SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— Precautions POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes success replaced by newer newer by replaced NSAIDs Varied clinical Varied Has largely been Has largely Indication testing castration acanthocephalans For analgesia For EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY For tx of coccidia For For ACTH-challenge ACTH-challenge For during Prophylactic For tx of For analgesia For DOSE EMERGENCY analgesia For Anticholinergic References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Moran 2015 Moran Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Kollias and Fernandez- Kollias Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 2016 Lee et al. 2013 et al. McDermott 1993 Williams Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 1995b et al. Williams Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 1999 et al. Calle Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Williams et al. 1995a et al. Williams Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf 1995a et al. Williams Dosage BID-QID 3d, then repeat 3d, then repeat 4 tx cycles Q14d × BID-QID effect to SLOWLY 5–10d 0.01–0.03 mg/kg IM mg/kg 0.01–0.03 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IM, IV 0.02–0.04 mg/kg 19 mg/kg PO Q24h mg/kg 19 40 IU TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 40 IU PO BID × mg/kg 100 IM 0.05–0.5 mg/kg IP IV, mg/kg 50–150 PO BID × mg/kg 1.5–2 IM QID mg/kg 10–30 SC Q5-7d 8 mg/kg SQ once 6.6 mg/kg PO BID 20 mg/kg 5 mg/kg PO, IM PO, 5 mg/kg PO QID mg/kg 10–20 5 mg/kg IM BID 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO Q36h mg/kg 10 0.1–0.4 mg/kg IM BID 0.1–0.4 mg/kg 10 mg/kg IM Q24h mg/kg 10 PO BID mg/kg 10 ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for sulfate Buprenorphine Atropine Amprolium ACTH gel ACTH Albendazole Butorphanol gluconate Calcium Carprofen Cefazolin Cefovecin Ceftiofur Cephalexin 27.5 Table Drug Aminopentamide Aminopentamide Aminophylline Amoxicillin Amikacin* Acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic

9781498796873_C027.indd 644 9/13/2017 6:49:52 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 645 Treated Animals ( Continued ) Number of Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Precautions Clinical Notes undesirable undesirable male-associated behaviors bolus undesirable undesirable male-associated behaviors tube protein/fat meal protein/fat prevent to ASAP rebound hypoglycemia protective benefit if benefit protective in case early given Controlled Controlled of 20 mg Maximum Controlled Controlled Give via orogastric via orogastric Give Follow with a high Follow Some evidence of Some evidence Indication diarrhea in pups agent (shock) ingestion suppress suppress testosterone hypothermia, dehydration seizure seizure hypoglycemia intoxication For hemorrhagic For Testosterone blocking blocking Testosterone EMERGENCY DOSE EMERGENCY epilepticus status For For tx of toxin tx of toxin For To remove external oil external remove To GnRH agonist to For tx of hypoglycemia, tx of hypoglycemia, For hypoglycemic For hypoglycemic For For profound profound For For status epilepticus status For For tx of microcystin tx of microcystin For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Williams 1993 Williams Calle et al. 1999 et al. Calle Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Williams 1993 Williams 1999 et al. Calle Williams et al. 1995b et al. Williams Aquarium Bay Monterey 1993 Williams 1993 Williams Williams 1993 Williams Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Dosage Q24h or intranasal (slurry = 1 g/5 mL water) topically once SLOWLY Q24h-BID PO BID 1.5–2.3 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.5–2.3 5 mg/kg IM TID IM 5 mg/kg per rectum 0.5–2 mg/kg 10 mL slurry/kg PO 10 1:16 dilution, 4–8 L 1:16 SC mg/kg 0.18–0.23 IM, IV 5 mg/kg 2 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 2 mg/kg SQ 20 mL/kg IP effect To IV effect To IP IV, 0.5–2 mL/kg 100 mL TOTAL DOSE TOTAL mL 100 2 g/20 mL water 2 g/20 mL water 0.5–1 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 0.5–1 mg/kg 5–10 mg/kg IV, IM, SC, IM, SC, IV, mg/kg 5–10 ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for normal saline Drug (Continued) 27.5 Table Cyproterone Charcoal, activated Charcoal, Dawn liquid detergent Dawn Deslorelin SP Dexamethasone 2.5% in Dextrose Dexamethasone 5% in LRS Dextrose 10% Dextrose 50% Dextrose Cholestyramine Diazepam Cimetidine

9781498796873_C027.indd 645 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 646 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals ( Continued ) Number of Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple Multiple SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— SEE TEXT— Precautions POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes replaced by by replaced phenobarbital Has largely been Has largely Indication DOSE—anaphylaxis anaphylaxis, vaccine vaccine anaphylaxis, reaction DOSE—cardiac DOSE—cardiac arrest ulcers edema, hypertension Anticonvulsant For bradycardia For EMERGENCY EMERGENCY For allergic reaction, reaction, allergic For DOSE EMERGENCY Adults EMERGENCY EMERGENCY gastric gastritis, For Pups For pulmonary For References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Williams et al. 1995a et al. Williams Williams 1993 Williams 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 1995a et al. Williams 1993 Williams Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey g/kg) IT g/kg) Dosage g/kg) IV, IV, (2.5–5 μ g/kg) (50 μ 0.05 mg/kg sublingual (pups) sublingual Q24h g/kg) IV, 0.2 IV, μ g/kg) (10–20 IT (200 μ g/kg) mg/kg 20 mg/kg PO BID 20 mg/kg 30 mg/kg PO BID × 45d 30 mg/kg 0.0025–0.005 mg/kg 0.0025–0.005 mg/kg 20–30 mg/kg PO BID 20–30 mg/kg IM, IV, mg/kg 5–10 IM, PO 5–20 mg/kg 0.011 mg/kg IV, IM IV, mg/kg 0.011 0.5–2 mg/kg PO BID 0.5–2 mg/kg 2 mg/kg IM PRN 2 mg/kg 0.1–0.2 mg/kg PO BID 0.1–0.2 mg/kg 2 mg/kg IM TID IM 2 mg/kg IM BID 4.4 mg/kg 0.01–0.02 mg/kg mg/kg 0.01–0.02 0.5 mg/kg IM, SQ 0.5 mg/kg IM 2 mg/kg IM BID × 5d 2 mg/kg 2–4 mg/kg IM, IV, SC IM, IV, 2–4 mg/kg ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for Hetacillin Griseofulvin Epinephrine Drug (Continued) 27.5 Table Diphenylhydantoin HCl Doxapram Enrofloxacin Glycopyrrolate Diphenhydramine Diphenoxylate Famotidine Furosemide Gentamicin*

9781498796873_C027.indd 646 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 647 Treated Animals ( Continued ) Number of Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Several Multiple Unspecified Multiple Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified SEE TEXT— Precautions POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes controlled with controlled twice yearly administration required undesirable undesirable male-associated behaviors CONTRAINDICATED Nasal mites Nasal mites To effect, monitoring monitoring effect, To Controlled Controlled Indication DOSE—to reduce reduce DOSE—to intracerebral pressure DOSE—ventricular DOSE—ventricular arrhythmia formulation for shock for testosterone CONTRAINDICATED EMERGENCY EMERGENCY EMERGENCY EMERGENCY epilepticus status For For tx of nasal mites For 4-month depot EMERGENCY DOSE: DOSE: EMERGENCY Maintenance fluids Maintenance of Suppression Pups References Moran 2015 Moran Pharmacopeia 2015 Moran Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Monterey Bay Bay Monterey Aquarium Pharmacopeia Moran 2015 Moran Kollias and Fernandez- Kollias Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey and Fernandez- Kollias Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf McDermott et al. 2013; 2013; et al. McDermott 1990 Stoskopf 1999 et al. Calle Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf 1997 et al. Calle Williams 1993 Williams Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf and Fernandez- Kollias Dosage repeat in 20 min repeat BID intranasal intranasal Q4 months kg IP Q28d DOSE IM, SC Q24h PO, SC, 500 mcg/kg) q2wk as repeat needed CONTRAINDICATED 2 mg/kg IV bolus; IV bolus; 2 mg/kg IM, 0.03–0.04 mg/kg IV once mg/kg 1500 BID × 2d 50 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg (300 mcg/kg) (300 mcg/kg) 0.3 mg/kg IM, SC mg/kg 0.9-1.1 50 mg/kg IV, 5–150 mg/ 5–150 IV, 50 mg/kg 20 mg/kg IM BID 20 mg/kg 10 mg/kg PO TID PO mg/kg 10 SC, IV, 40–50 mL/kg/d IM mg/kg 0.11–0.19 2 IU/kg SC 2 IU/kg 0.1–0.2 mg TOTAL (200- 0.2–0.5 mg/kg 66 mL/kg SC 66 mL/kg ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for Solution (LRS) Levamisole* Drug (Continued) 27.5 Table Lidocaine Lorazepam Mannitol Mebendazole Lactated Ringer’s Ringer’s Lactated Hydrocortisone Lincomycin Ketoconazole acetate Leuprolide Insulin (NPH) Isoproterenol Ivermectin

9781498796873_C027.indd 647 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 648 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies Treated Animals ( Continued ) Number of Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Multiple 2 Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Multiple Precautions Clinical Notes of blood levels levels of blood for indicated long-term maintenance mg/kg total dose total mg/kg clinical signs not uncommon Periodic evaluation evaluation Periodic Do not exceed 20 Do not exceed Recrudescence of Recrudescence Well Well tolerated Indication management prep infection in males borborygmus, borborygmus, colic tenesmus, DOSE—shock Anticonvulsant For chronic seizure seizure chronic For For milk letdown For Anticonvulsant As presurgical GI As presurgical Sarcocystis For Pups To decrease sex drive drive sex decrease To For pups with hyper pups with hyper For EMERGENCY EMERGENCY References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Moran 2015 Moran Pharmacopeia Moran 2015 Moran Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Williams 1993 Williams Williams and Siniff 1983 and Siniff Williams Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Kollias and Fernandez- Kollias 1995a et al. Williams 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey McDermott et al. 2013 et al. McDermott 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf and Fernandez- Kollias Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 1995a et al. Williams Williams et al. 1995a et al. Williams Aquarium Bay Monterey Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey 1995b et al. Williams Dosage min 30–60d doses in 2 weeks repeat 3d; then Q24h 3d; DOSE PO BID-QID 1 mg/kg IV PRN 1 mg/kg 1–5 mg/kg PO BID 1–5 mg/kg 20,000 IU/kg IM BID 20,000 IU/kg 22,000 IU/kg IM BID 22,000 IU/kg 2–4 mg/kg IM, IV Q30 2–4 mg/kg 10–20 USP units IV, IM USP units IV, 10–20 5–10 mg/kg PO Q24h × mg/kg 5–10 15–20 mg/kg BID × 2d mg/kg 15–20 PO Q24h mg/kg 10–14 TID IM 20 mg/kg 75 mg/kg IM Q21d × 3 75 mg/kg SC, PO, 5–25 mg/kg 0.1–0.2 mg/kg SC 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IM BID 0.2 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg PO, IM BID × PO, 0.3 mg/kg PO × 5d 25–30 mg/kg 0.5–1.5 mL TOTAL mL TOTAL 0.5–1.5 0.06 mg/kg/day IM, IV 0.06 mg/kg/day 6 mg/kg IM once 6 mg/kg 15–30 mg/kg IV Q4-6h mg/kg 15–30 TID PO 1–4 mg/kg ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for acetate succinate succinate (Solu-Delta-Cortef) Phenobarbital Penicillin G Penicillin Drug (Continued) 27.5 Table Oxytocin Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone Ponazuril Metronidazole Neomycin Oxacillin Praziquantel Meloxicam HCl Metoclopramide Prednisolone sodium Prednisolone Simethicone Methylprednisolone Ranitidine

9781498796873_C027.indd 648 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 649 Treated Animals Number of Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Multiple Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified SEE TEXT— Precautions POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LETHAL REACTIONS Clinical Notes gravid females gravid Follow by oral by Follow Give in an ice cube Give Contraindicated in Contraindicated 2h before feeding 2h before At main feeding Indication diarrhea in pups DOSE—metabolic DOSE—metabolic acidosis For hemorrhagic For For GI protection For For dental prophylaxis dental For EMERGENCY EMERGENCY Pups Adults = pharmacokinetic study performed. References Pharmacopeia Pharmacopeia Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Williams 1993 Williams 1986 Geraci Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf 1999 et al. Young Williams et al. 1995b et al. Williams Calle et al. 1999 et al. Calle Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Monterey Aquarium Bay Monterey Geraci 1986 Geraci Geraci 1986 Geraci 1993 Williams 1986 Geraci Williams 1993 Williams 1995b et al. Williams Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf 1990 Stoskopf Dosage DOSE PO before DOSE PO before feeding IV, IM Q48h IV, Q24h DOSE IM Q7d SLOWLY Q24h Q24h PO IM, SC DOSE PO, Q24h 500–1000 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 500–1000 IM Q24h 20 mg/kg 20 mg/kg IM BID 20 mg/kg DOSE TOTAL 2.5–5 IU DOSE TOTAL 0.5 mL IM Q24h 1 mg/kg 10–25 mg TOTAL mg TOTAL 10–25 0.5–1 mEq/kg IV 0.5–1 mEq/kg 0.1 mg/kg IV, IM IV, 0.1 mg/kg 33.6 mg/kg PO BID 33.6 mg/kg PO 2–4 mg/kcal feed 4 mg/kg IV, PO BID IV, 4 mg/kg 25–35 mg/kg fish PO 25–35 mg/kg 2.5 mg TOTAL DOSE TOTAL 2.5 mg 2 mL/L fluids SC mg TOTAL 50–100 fish Q24h IU/kg 100 1 mL/10 kg SC kg 1 mL/10 400 IU/day ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text lutris ) (See ( Enhydra Sea Otters Drug Dosages Reported for = read text for important cautions; important for cautions; text = read tx = treatment; tx = treatment; sulfadiazine acid) Trimethoprim- Drug (Continued) 27.5 Table *Adverse effects observed. effects *Adverse Sucralfate Tetracycline Vasopressin gel Zinc chlorhexidate B1 (thiamine) Vitamin Stanozolol* Sodium bicarbonate Vitamins/Minerals/Supplements Selenium Sodium iodide Vitamin C (ascorbic Vitamin Note: Vitamin B9 (folic acid) B9 (folic Vitamin B complex Vitamin E Vitamin

9781498796873_C027.indd 649 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 650 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Multiple Number of Animals Treated Precautions Clinical Notes noted noted food allergy) (final dx of surgery for omental omental surgery for torsion) diagnosis of blastomycosis) Clinical improvement Clinical improvement Clinical resolution Clinical improvement Clinical improvement Clinical resolution stool Did not improve Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Did not improve (required (required Did not improve Clinical resolution Animal died (final Indication prophylaxis Neorickettsia prophylaxis of end-stage of end-stage failure renal For analgesia For Post-surgical tx of For For analgesia For Postsurgical Postsurgical For management For References and Aquariums and Aquariums (AZA) 2009 2014 2014 Velguth et al. 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth Association of Zoos Velguth et al. 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth 2014 Monson et al. Mendez-Angulo et al. 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth 2009 et al. Velguth Mendez-Angulo et al. Mendez-Angulo et al. 2009 et al. Velguth 2014 LaDoucer et al. Velguth et al. 2009 et al. Velguth Morris et al. 1989 Morris et al. LaDoucer et al. 2014 LaDoucer et al. Dosage 2d Q24h-BID 0.75 mg/kg IM 0.75 mg/kg PO Q24h × 0.85 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 11 PO IV Q8h 30 mg/kg 0.2–0.4 mg/kg IM BID 0.2–0.4 mg/kg PO mg/kg 1.5–2 IM once 2.3 mg/kg IM Q24h 3.5 mg/kg PO BID × 5d 0.3 mg/kg IM Q24h 5 mg/kg IM Q24h 5–6 mg/kg IM Q24h 0.5 mg/kg PO BID 0.5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg IV, IM BID IV, mg/kg 10 IM Q24h mg/kg 0.01 12 mg/kg PO BID × 7d mg/kg 12 22 mg/kg PO BID × 7d 22 mg/kg 21.1 mg/kg PO BID mg/kg 21.1 ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text maritimus ) (See ( Ursus Bears Polar Drug Dosages Reported for acid Carprofen Cephalexin Chloramphenicol Butorphanol Ceftiofur Cimetidine Diphenhydramine Enrofloxacin Famotidine Ampicillin Buprenorphine Amoxicillin-clavulanic Amoxicillin-clavulanic Amoxicillin 27.6 Table Drug hydroxide Aluminum

9781498796873_C027.indd 650 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 651 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( Continued ) Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Number of Animals Treated Precautions Clinical Notes (final dx of food allergy) (final dx of (final dx of food allergy) (final dx of Did not improve stool stool Did not improve Intraoperative Clinical resolution Intraoperative stool Did not improve Clinical resolution Indication cestodes of end-stage of end-stage failure renal trematodes blastomycosis Neorickettsia and lice, or and lice, monthly heartworm in preventative endemic areas nematodes Baylisascaris and other nematodes management of end-stage failure renal For tx of For For management For For tx of For For analgesia For tx of For tx of For For tx of mites tx of mites For tx of For tx of For For For analgesia For References 2014 2014 2014 AZA 2009 LaDoucer et al. 2014 LaDoucer et al. 2014 Monson et al. AZA 2009 Mendez-Angulo et al. Morris et al. 1989 Morris et al. AZA 2009 AZA 2009 Mendez-Angulo et al. AZA 2009 AZA 2009 Mendez-Angulo et al. 2014 Monson et al. AZA 2009 2014 LaDoucer et al. Dosage repeat 2 weeks repeat 10–14d 90d PO once ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text maritimus ) (See ( Ursus Bears Polar Drug Dosages Reported for 10 mg/kg PO Q24h × 3d mg/kg 10 PO Q24h × 3d, 25 mg/kg 50 mg/kg PO Q24h × 50 mg/kg 0.53 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.53 mg/kg 0.05 mg/kg IV 0.05 mg/kg PO Q24h × 4.3 mg/kg g/kg) (200 μ g/kg) 0.2 mg/kg IV BID 7 mg/kg 3 mg/kg IV 3 mg/kg PO Q24h × 3d 20 mg/kg Q24h 0.1 mg/kg IM Q24h 0.5 mg/kg PO BID × 7d 25 mg/kg PO once 1 mg/kg PO Q24h 0.82 mg/kg Fenbendazole Drug (Continued) 27.6 Table Hydromorphone Itraconazole Ivermectin Oxytetracycline Ketoprofen Mebendazole Meloxicam Metoclopramide Metronidazole oxime Milbemycin Omeprazole

9781498796873_C027.indd 651 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 652 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 1 1 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Number of Animals Treated Precautions Clinical Notes Clinical resolution Clinical resolution Indication Neorickettsia Neorickettsia prophylaxis For tx of For tx of For Post-surgical = pharmacokinetic study performed. References Velguth et al. 2009 et al. Velguth AZA 2009 AZA 2009 AZA 2009 2009 et al. Velguth Velguth et al. 2009 et al. Velguth Dosage ) (See Text for Precautions) for Text maritimus ) (See ( Ursus Bears Polar Drug Dosages Reported for 16 mg/kg PO BID × 7d mg/kg 16 12 mg/kg PO Q24h × 3d mg/kg 12 TID × 21d PO 20 mg/kg SC BID PO, mg/kg 15 PO Q24h × 7d 30 mg/kg 44,000 IU/kg IM Q48h 44,000 IU/kg = read text for important cautions; important for cautions; text = read tx = treatment; tx = treatment; sulfamethoxazole sulfadiazine (benzathine/ procaine) Trimethoprim- Note: Pyrantel pamoate pamoate Pyrantel Tetracycline Trimethoprim- Drug (Continued) 27.6 Table G Penicillin

9781498796873_C027.indd 652 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 653

Acknowledgments Bonar, C. J., and R.A. Wagner. 2003. A third report of “golf ball dis- ease” in an Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) associated The authors thank Scott Willens and James F. McBain for with Streptococcus iniae. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine their work on previous versions of this chapter; clinicians at 34: 296–301. Monterey Bay Aquarium, SeaWorld, and The Marine Mammal Boonstra, J.L., L. Barbosa, W.G. Van Bonn et al. 2015. Center for sharing their formularies; and Greg Frankfurter, Pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its metabo- Gregg Levine, Andrew Stamper, and Sue Thornton for review- lite O-desmethyltramadol following a single, orally adminis- ing the chapter. tered dose in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46: 476–481. Borkowski, R., P.A. Moore, S. Mumford et al. 1999. Extended use of References subpalpebral lavage systems for treatment of keratitis in a har- bor seal (Phoca vitulina). In Proceedings of the 30th Annual Abdo, W., Y. Kakizoe, M. Ryono et al. 2012. Pulmonary zygomycosis Meeting of the International Association for Aquatic Animal with Cunninghamella bertholletiae in a killer whale (Orcinus Medicine, Boston. orca). Journal of Comparative Pathology 147: 94–99. Braun, R., Paulson, M., Omphroy, C. et al. 1996. Corneal opacities Q1 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Bear TAG. 2009. Polar in Hawaiian monk seals. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Bear (Ursus maritimus) Care Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Meeting of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee. Ball, R., Walsh, C.J., Flewelling, L. et al. 2014. Clinical pathology, Braun, V., U. Eskens, A. Hartmann, A. et al. 2015. Focal bacterial serum brevetoxin, and clinical signs of Florida manatees meningitis following ascending bite wound infection leading (Trichechus manatus latirostris) during the brevetoxin-related to paraparesis in a captive California sea lion (Zalophus cali- mortality event in southwest Florida 2013. In Proceedings of fornianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46: 135–140. the 45th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Brodie, E.C., F.M.D. Gulland, D.J. Greig et al. 2006. Domoic acid Aquatic Animal Medicine, Gold Coast, Australia. causes reproductive failure in California sea lions (Zalophus Barbosa, L., S.P. Johnson, M.G. Papich, and F. Gulland. 2015. californianus). Marine Mammal Science 22: 700–707. Pharmacokinetics of single-dose orally administered ciproflox- Burkhardt, J.E. 1996. Review of quinolone arthropathy in the dog. acin in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal Chemotherapeutics 4: 14–18. of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46: 266–272. Burkhardt, J.E., M.A. Hill, and W.W. Carlton. 1990. Histologic and Barnett, J.E.F., N.J. Davison, S.M. Thornton et al. 2011. Systemic histochemical changes in articular cartilages of immature bea- mucormycosis in a hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Journal gle dogs dosed with difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone. Veterinary of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 42: 338–41. Pathology 27: 162–170. Beckmen, K.B., J. Gerber, and M. Dailey. 1993. Phocid strand- Burkhardt, J.E., N.N. Walterspiel, and U.B. Schaad. 1997. Quinolone ing epizootic attributed to Otostrongylus circumilitus, the arthropathy in animals versus children. Clinical Infectious large pulmonary worm of seals: Epidemiology, diagnosis Diseases 25: 1196–1294. and treatment. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of Calle, P.P., B.L. Raphael, R.A. Cook et al. 1999. Use of depot leup- the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, rolide, cyproterone, and deslorelin to control aggression in an Chicago, IL. all male California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) colony. In Benet, L.Z., S. Oie, and J. Schwartz. 1996. Appendix II, Design Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the International and optimization of dosage regimens; Pharmacokinetic Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Boston, MA. data. In The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Calle, P.P., M.D. Stetter, B.L. Raphael, and R.A. Cook. 1997. Use of ed., ed. L. Goodman, and A. Gilman, 1707–1792. New York: depot leuprolide acetate to control undesirable male associ- Macmillan. ated behaviors in the California sea lion (Zalophus california- Bernard, J.B., and D.E. Ullrey. 1989. Evaluation of dietary husbandry nus) and California sea otter (Enhydra lutris). In Proceedings of marine mammals at two major zoological parks. Journal of of the 28th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20: 45–52. Aquatic Animal Medicine, Hardewijk, Netherlands. Biancani, B., C.L. Field, S. Dennison, R. Pulver, and A.D. Tuttle. Carlson-Bremer, D.P., F.M.D. Gulland, C.K. Johnson, K.M. Colegrove, 2012. Hiatal hernia in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pup. and W.G. Van Bonn. 2012. Diagnosis and treatment of Sarcocystis Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43: 355–359. neurona-induced myositis in a free-ranging California sea lion. Biancani, B., G. Lacave, G.E. Magi, and G. Rossi. 2010. Ovarian inter- Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 240: stitial cell tumor in a South American sea lion (Otaria flaves- 324–328. cens). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46: 1012–1016. Cassle, S.E., E.D. Jensen, C.R. Smith et al. 2013. Diagnosis and suc- Bigg, M.A., and E.T. Lyons. 1981. Clinical observations on three cessful treatment of a lung abscess associated with Brucella northern fur seal pups treated with dichlorvos. Journal of the species infection in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). American Veterinary Medical Association 179: 1284–1286. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44: 495–499.

9781498796873_C027.indd 653 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 654 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

Chinnadurai, S.K., B.V. Troan, K.N. Wolf et al. 2009. Septicemia, Dennison, S.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and W.E. Braselton. 2010. endocarditis, and cerebral infarction due to Staphylococcus Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are aureus in a harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). Journal of Zoo not appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates and Wildlife Medicine 40: 393–397. in anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Chinnadurai, S.K., A. Van Wettere, K.E. Linder, C.A. Harms, and Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41: 144–147. R.S. DeVoe. 2008. Secondary amyloidosis and renal failure in Dennison, S., W. Van Bonn, M. Boor et al. 2011. Antemortem diag- a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal nosis of a ventricular septal defect in a California sea lion of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39: 274–278. Zalophus californianus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 94: Choczynski, S.M., and J. Mergl. 2007. Successful management of 83–88. acute Erysiopelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia in a beluga Dierauf, L., D. Vandenbroek, J. Roletto, J. et al. 1985. An outbreak of Q1 whale (Delphinapterus leucas). In Proceedings of the 38th leptospirosis in California sea lions. Journal of the American Annual Meeting of the International Association for Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association 187: 1145–1148. Animal Medicine, Florida. Doescher, B., M. Renner, A. Clarke et al. 2008. Cutaneous ciliate Chow, D., M.K. Stoskopf, N. Vedros, and D.P. Aucoin. 1992. protozoan infection in healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Ceftazidime pharmacokinetics after intramuscular adminis- (Tursiops truncatus). In Proceedings of the International tration in healthy bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncas). In Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 39: 148–151. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the International Dougherty, M.M., and G.D. Bossart. 2001. The use of a new anti- Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Hong Kong. fungal, terbinafine (Lamisil ®) as a possible prophylactic treat- Clayton, L.A., M.A. Stamper, B.R. Whitaker et al. 2012. Mycobacterium ment for Apophysomyces elegans in cetaceans. In Proceedings abscessus pneumonia in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43: 32: 171–172. 961–965. Driscoll, C.P., V. Pierce, B. Whitaker, and K. Kelly. 2007. Multi-agency Cohen, M.A. 1993. Successful treatment and release of a stranded case report: Clostridium perfringens disseminated infection dugong (Dugong dugon). In Proceedings of the 24th Annual in a live stranded bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Meeting of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Maryland. In Proceedings of the International Association for Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Aquatic Animal Medicine 38: 91–92. Colgrove, G.S., T.R. Sawa, J.T. Brown, P.F. McDowell, and P.E. Dudok van Heel, W.H. 1977. Successful treatment in a case of lobo- Nachtigall. 1975. Necrotic stomatitis in a dolphin. Journal of mycosis (Lobo’s disease) in Tursiops truncatus (Mont) at the Wildlife Diseases 11: 460–464. Dolphinarium Harderwijk. Aquatic Mammals 5: 8–15. Cook, R.A., P.P. Calle, C. McClave, and S. Palma. 1992. Health care Dunn, J.L., J.D. Buck, and S. Spotte. 1982. Candidiasis in cap- and medical problems of a captive bred and mother reared tive cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). In Proceedings of the Association 181: 1316. 23rd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Dunn, J.L., J.D. Buck, and S. Spotte. 1984. Candidiasis in cap- Aquatic Animal Medicine, Hong Kong. tive pinnipeds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Cornell, L.H. 1978. Drug induced granulocytic leukopenia in ceta- Association 185: 1328. ceans. In Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Elliott, H., A. Thomas, P.W. Ladds, and G.E. Heinsohn. 1981. A fatal Veterinarians, Knoxville, TN, USA. case of salmonellosis in a dugong. Journal of Wildlife Diseases Dalton, L.M., and T.R. Robeck. 1998. Florfenicol serum levels in 17: 203–208. beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and bottlenose dol- Esson, D.W., H.H. Nollens, T.L. Schmitt, T.L. et al. 2015. Aphakic Q1 phins (Tursiops truncatus). In Proceedings of the 29th Annual phacoemulsification and automated anterior vitrectomy, and Meeting of the International Association for Aquatic Animal postreturn monitoring of a rehabilitated harbor seal (Phoca Medicine, San Diego, CA. vitulina richardsi) pup. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Dalton, L.M, T.R. Robeck, and T.W. Campbell. 1995. Azithromycin 46: 647–651. serum levels in cetaceans. In Proceedings of the International Farnsworth, R.J., P.J. McKeever, and J.A. Fletcher. 1975. Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 26: 23. Dermatomycosis in a harbor seal caused by Microsporum Dalton, L.M., T.R. Robeck, and W.G. Young. 1997. Aberrant behavior canis. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 6: 26. in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). In Proceedings Fauquier, D., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, and T. Spraker. 2003. Biliary ade- of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine nocarcinoma in a stranded northern elephant seal (Mirounga 28: 137. angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39: 723–726. DeLong, R.L., A.J. Orr, R.S. Jenkinson, and E.T. Lyons. 2009. Field, C.L., A.D. Tuttle, I.F. Sidor et al. 2012. Systemic mycosis in a Treatment of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with detection of with ivermectin reduces hookworm-induced mortality. Marine cystofilobasidiales DNA. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Mammal Science 25 (4): 944–948. 43: 144–152.

9781498796873_C027.indd 654 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 655

Finneran, J.J., D.A. Carder, R. Dear et al. 2005. Pure tone audiograms Gerlach, T.J., V.M. Sadler, and R.L. Ball. 2013. Conservative manage- and possible aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in belugas ment of pneumothorax and pneumoperitoneum in two Florida (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). 44 (4): 996–1001. America 117: 3936–3943. Gobush, K.S., J.D. Baker, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2011. Effectiveness Fitzpatrick, A.W., S.P. Johnson, and C.L. Ruiz. 2011. Orthodontic of an antihelminthic treatment in improving the body condi- intervention in a juvenile California sea lion (Zalophus cali- tion and survival of Hawaiian monk seals. Endangered Species fornianus). In Proceedings of the International Association for Research 15 (1): 29–37. Aquatic Animal Medicine 42: 27–28. Greene, R., W.G. Van Bonn, S.E. Dennison, D.J. Greig, and F.M.D. Flower, J.E., K.C. Gamble, M. Stone et al. 2014. Esophageal squa- Gulland. 2015. Laparoscopic gastropexy for correction of a hia- mous cell carcinoma in six harbor seals. Journal of Zoo and tal hernia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- Wildlife Medicine 45 (3): 620–631. tris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46 (2): 414–416. Fowler, M.E. 1995. Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domestic Guillot, J., T. Petit, F. Degorce-Rubiales, E. Gueho, and R. Chermette. Animals, 2nd Edition, Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1998. Dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a Fravel, V., W. Van Bonn, C. Rios, and F. Gulland. 2011. Methicillin- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The Veterinary resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a harbour seal (Phoca vitu- Record 142 (12): 311–312. lina). The Veterinary Record 169: 155. Gulland, F.M., M.K. Stoskopf, S.P. Johnson, J. Riviere, and M.G. Fravel, V.A., W. Van Bonn, F. Gulland et al. 2016. Intraperitoneal Papich. 2000. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals dextrose administration as an alternative emergency treatment (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga for hypoglycemic yearling California sea lions (Zalophus cali- angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administra- fornianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47: 76–82. tion: Implications for interspecific dose scaling. Journal of Freeman, K.S., S.M. Thomasy, S.D. Stanley et al. 2013. Population Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23: 223–228. pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in the tears and plasma Gulland, F.M.D. 1999. Leptospirosis in marine mammals. In Zoo and following oral drug administration. Journal of the American Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th Edition, ed. M.E. Veterinary Medical Association 243: 1–9. Fowler and R.E. Miller, 469–471. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Gage, L.J. 1999. Geriatric medicine in aged captive pinnipeds. In Gulland, F.M.D., F.B. Nutter, K. Dixon et al. 2008. Health assess- Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic ment, antibiotic treatment, and behavioral responses to herd- Animal Medicine 30: 130–131. ing efforts of a cow-calf pair of humpback whales (Megaptera Gage, L.J., D. Vandenbroek, and L. Amaya. 1985. Common medi- novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California. cal problems encountered in pinnipeds at the California Aquatic Mammals 34 (2): 182–192. Marine Mammal Center. In Proceedings of the International Gutierrez, J., C. Simeone, F. Gulland, and S. Johnson. 2016. Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 16: 42. Development of retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve García-Párraga, D., J.A. Gilabert, F.J. García-Peña et al. 2016. Long- blocks in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal lasting concentrations of cefovecin after subcutaneous and of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47 (1): 236–243. intramuscular administration to Patagonian sea lions (Otaria Guzmán González, J.E., and M.B. Gastélum. 2006. Erysipelosis flavescens). The Veterinary Journal 208: 65–69. in bottlenose dolphin case report, Delfiniti Ixtapa, Mexico. García-Párraga, D., J.A. Gilabert, M. Valls et al. 2012. Updates on In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic the pharmacokinetics of cefovecin (Convenia ®) in marine Animal Medicine 37: 109. mammals. In Proceedings of the International Association for Hall, N.H., M. Walsh, C. Deluca, and A. Bukoski. 2012. Hysteroscopy Aquatic Animal Medicine 43: 169–170. and episiotomy in a rescued, cold-stressed Florida manatee Gearhart, S., M. Walsh, and B. Chittick. 2005. Medical manage- (Trichechus manatus latirostris) for diagnosis and treatment of ment of peracute Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia and a retained fetal skeleton. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine complications in a Tursiops truncatus. In Proceedings of the 43 (3): 670–673. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 36: Hansten, P.D. 1985. Drug Interactions, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & 138–139. Febiger. Geraci, J.R. 1972. Hyponatremia and the need for dietary salt sup- Haulena, M., E.L. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland et al. 2002. Systemic plementation in captive pinnipeds. Journal of the American mycosis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in a stranded Veterinary Medical Association 161: 618. northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) undergoing Geraci, J.R. 1986. Nutrition and nutritional disorders. In Zoo and rehabilitation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33 (2): wild animal medicine, 2nd Edition, ed. M. Fowler, 568. 166–171. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, A. Lawrence et al. 2006. Lesions asso- Geraci, J.R., and J.C. Sweeney. 1986. Clinical techniques. In Zoo ciated with a novel Mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions and wild animal medicine, 2nd Edition, ed. M. Fowler, 771. (Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Wildlife Diseases 42 (1): 40–45.

9781498796873_C027.indd 655 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 656 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

Hoey, A., J. McBain, and J.D. Green. 1982. Incidental post mortem LaDouceur, E.B., M.M. Garner, B. Davis, and F. Tseng. 2014. A ret- findings in a juvenile female Orcinus orca following acciden- rospective study of end-stage renal disease in captive polar tal death. In Proceedings of the International Association for bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Aquatic Animal Medicine 13: 9. 45 (1): 69–77. Houser, D.S., C.D. Champagne, E.D. Jensen et al. 2017. Megestrol Lee, E.A., B.A. Byrne, M. Young et al. 2016. Pharmacokinetic indi- acetate suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ces for cefovecin after single-dose administration to adult sea of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the otters (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology American Veterinary Medical Association, 251: 217–223. and Therapeutics: 1–4. Hung, O.R., J.B. Dyck, J. Varvel, S.L. Shafer, and D.R. Stanski. Linnehan, R.M., R.W. Ulrich, and S. Ridgway. 1999. Enrofloxacin 1996. Comparative absorption kinetics of intramuscular mid- serum bioactivity in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, azolam and diazepam. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 43 (5): following oral administration of 5 mg/kg in whole fish. Journal 450–455. of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22: 170–173. Jensen, E.D., T. Lipscomb, W. Van Bonn et al. 1998. Disseminated Lyons, E.T., M.C. Keyes, and J. Conlogue. 1978. Activities of dichlorvos histoplasmosis in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. Journal of Zoo or disophenol against the hookworm (Uncinaria lucasi) and and Wildlife Medicine 29 (4): 456–460. sucking lice of northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) on Jusko, W.J., and G.P. Lewis. 1973. Comparison of ampicillin and het- St. Paul Island, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14: 455. acillin pharmacokinetics in man. Journal of Pharmaceutical Lyons, E.T., K.C. Kim, and M.C. Keyes. 1980. Variable activity of Sciences 62 (1): 69–76. disophenol against hookworms and lice of northern fur seal Katsumata, E., T. Hori, and T. Tsutsui. 2003. Contraceptive effect of pups on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases proligestone on spotted seals and crossbreeds of spotted seals 16: 53–57. and harbor seals. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65 (5): Manire, C., and H.L. Rhinehart. 2000. Use of human recombinant 619–623. erythropoietin for the treatment of non-regenerative anemia in Kaye, S., S. Johnson, R.D. Arnold et al. 2016. Pharmacokinetic a rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis). Journal of Zoo study of oral ϵ-aminocaproic acid in the northern elephant and Wildlife Medicine 31: 157–163. seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Marcus, A.J. 1982. Hemorrhagic disorders: Abnormalities of plate- Medicine 47 (2): 438–446. let and vascular function. In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, ed. Kelly, T.R., D. Greig, K.M. Colegrove et al. 2005. Metastrongyloid J.B. Wyngaarden, and L.H. Smith, 979–992. Philadelphia: W.B. nematode (Otostrongylus circumlitus) infection in a stranded Saunders. California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)—A new host- Mazzaro, L.M., J.L. Dunn, H.C. Furr, and R.M. Clark. 1995a. Study parasite association. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41 (3): of vitamin A supplementation in captive northern fur seals 593–598. (Callorhinus ursinus) and its effect on serum vitamin E. Kollias, G.V., and J. Fernandez-Moran. 2015. Mustelidae. In Fowler’s Marine Mammal Science 11: 545–553. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8, ed. R.E. Miller, and Mazzaro, L.M., J.L. Dunn, H.C. Furr, and R.M. Clark. 1995b. Vitamin A M.E. Fowler, 491–497. St. Louis: Elsevier. plasma kinetics in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), using Komarnicki, C.B., M. Rodriguez, and J. Richardson. 2012. Assessing vitamin A2 as a tracer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 10–14. behavioral response in a Florida manatee (Trichechus mana- McBain, J.F. 1984. Sulfamethoxazole toxicity in three killer whales. tus latirostris) administered tramadol for a spinal injury. In In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 15: 38. Animal Medicine 43: 12–13. McBain, J.F. 1985. Oral tetracycline absorption and excretion Koski, M., and D.J. Vandenbroek. 1986. Plesiomonas shigelloides- rates in killer whales (Orcinus orca). In Proceedings of the associated gastroenteritis in seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 16: 79. In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic McDermott, A.J., T. Clauss, S. Sakals, J. Mejia-Fava, and M.G. Animal Medicine 17: 125. Radlinsky. 2013. Modified-closed castration: A novel technique Koutsos, E.A., T. Schmitt, C.M.H. Colitz, and L. Mazzaro. 2013. for sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) orchiectomies. Journal of Absorption and ocular deposition of dietary lutein in marine Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44 (3): 786–789. mammals. Zoo Biology 32 (3): 316–323. Meegan, J., W.T. Collard, G.S. Grover et al. 2013. Pharmacokinetics KuKanich, B., M. Papich, D. Huff, and M. Stoskopf. 2004. Comparison of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (Excede sterile suspension®) of amikacin pharmacokinetics in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) administered via intramuscular injection in wild California sea and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Zoo lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife and Wildlife Medicine 35 (2): 179–184. Medicine 44 (3): 714–20. Kukanich, B., D. Huff, J.E. Riviere, and M.G. Papich. 2007. Naïve Meegan, J.M., C.R. Smith, S.P. Johnson et al. 2012. Medical and averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of surgical management of a male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. truncatus) with chronic severe bilateral renal nephrolithiasis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230 In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic (3): 390–395. Animal Medicine 43: 222–223.

9781498796873_C027.indd 656 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 657

Mejia-Fava, J., C.M. Colitz, Z. Don et al. 2011. Alpha lipoic acid, Poelma, F.G., G.A. de Vries, E.A. Blythe-Russel, and H.F. Luykx. a powerful and unique antioxidant: Preliminary results fol- 1974. Lobomycosis in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin in the lowing administration of ALA to pinnipeds. In Proceedings of dolphinarium Harderwijk. Aquatic Mammals 2: 11. the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine 42: Prager, K.C., D.P. Alt, M.G. Buhnerkempe et al. 2015. Antibiotic 158–159. efficacy in eliminating leptospiruria in California sea lions Mendez-Angulo, J.L., Funes, F.J., Trent et al. 2014. Omental torsion (Zalophus californianus) stranding with leptospirosis. Aquatic in a captive polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoo and Mammals 41 (2): 203–212. Wildlife Medicine 45 (1): 169–72. Prager, K.C., D.J. Greig, D.P. Alt et al. 2013. Asymptomatic and Molter, C.M., L. Barbosa, S. Johnson et al. 2015. Pharmacokinetics chronic carriage of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona of a single subcutaneous dose of sustained release buprenor- in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary phine in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Microbiology 164: 177–183. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46 (1): 52–61. Reidarson, T.H., J.H. Harrell, M.G. Rinaldi, and J.F. McBain. 1998. Monson, S., L.J. Minter, M. Krouse, and R.S. De Voe. 2014. Identifying Bronchoscopic and serologic diagnosis of Aspergillus fumig- and managing an adverse food reaction in a polar bear (Ursus atus pulmonary infection in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops maritimus) by an elimination diet trial. Journal of Zoo and truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 451–455. Wildlife Medicine 45 (2): 417–419. Reidarson, T.H., and J.F. McBain. 1994. The use of LDH isoen- Moore, M., R. Andrews, T. Austin et al. 2013. Rope trauma, sedation, zymes to differentiate three medical conditions in cetaceans. disentanglement, and monitoring-tag associated lesions in a In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic terminally entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena Animal Medicine 25: 156. glacialis). Marine Mammal Science 29 (2): 98–113. Reidarson, T.H., and J.F. McBain. 1995. The combined use of itracon- Morris, P.J., A.M. Legendre, T.L. Bowersock et al. 1989. Diagnosis azole and flucytosine in the treatment of chronic candida cysti- and treatment of systemic blastomycosis in a polar bear (Ursus tis in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In Proceedings maritimus) with itraconazole. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Medicine 20 (3): 336–345. 26: 13. Naples, L.M., C.P. Poll, and I.K. Berzins. 2012. Successful treat- Reidarson, T.H., and J.F. McBain. 1999. Hematologic, biochemi- ment of a severe case of fusariomycosis in a beluga whale cal and endocrine effects of dexamethasone on bottlenose (Delphinapterus leucas leucas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43 (3): 596–602. Medicine 30: 310–312. Needham, D.J. 1978. Diseases of marine mammals. In Proceedings Reidarson, T.H., J.F. McBain, L.M. Dalton, and M.G. Rinaldi. 1999. No. 36, Course for Veterinarians—Fauna, Part B, 675–708. Diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in marine mam- University of Sydney, Australia. mals. In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 4th Edition, ed. M.E. Nielsen, L. 1996. Chemical immobilization of free-ranging terres- Fowler, 478–485. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. trial mammals. In Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anaesthesia, ed. Ridgway, S.H. 1965. Medical care of marine mammals. Journal of the H. C. Thurmon, W. J. Tranquilli, and G. J. Benson, 499–504. American Veterinary Medical Association 147 (10): 1077–1085. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Ridgway, S.H., R.F. Green, and J.C. Sweeney, 1975. Mandibular anes- Norris, T.A., C.L. Littnan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2011. Evaluation of the thesia and tooth extraction in the bottlenose dolphin. Journal captive care and post-release behavior and survival of seven of Wildlife Disease 11: 415–418. juvenile female Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauin- Ridgway, S.H., D. Houser, J.J. Finneran et al. 2006. Functional imag- slandi). Aquatic Mammals 37 (3): 342–353. ing of dolphin brain metabolism and blood flow. The Journal Ohishi, K., E. Katsumata, K. Uchida, and T. Maruyama. 2007. Two of Experimental Biology 209: 2902–2910. stranded pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) with anti- Riviere, J.E. 2011. Comparative Pharmacokinetics: Principles, Brucella antibodies in Japan. The Veterinary Record 160: Techniques and Applications. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 628–629. Robeck, T.R., and L.M. Dalton. 2002. Saksenaea vasiformis and Osborn, S., L. Dalton, C. Dold, and T. Robeck. 2012. Management Apophysomyces elegans zygomycotic infections in bottlenose of twin pregnancy and perinatal concerns in a beluga dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), a killer whale (Orcinus orca), (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine and Pacific white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus( obliq- 43 (1): 193–196. uidens). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33: 356–366. Phillips, P.H., P.K. Davenport, and D.J. Schultz. 1986. Microsporum Robeck, T.R., L.M. Dalton, and W.G. Young. 1996. Single daily dos- gypseum dermatophytosis in captive Australian sea lions, ing of amikacin in two beluga whales and an Asian small Neophoca cinerea. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 17: clawed otter. In Proceedings of the International Association 136–138. for Aquatic Animal Medicine 27: 19–21. Piché, C., L. Measures, C. Bédard, and S. Lair. 2010. Bronchoalveolar Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, S. Gearhart et al. 2004. Reproductive lavage and pulmonary histopathology in harp seals (Phoca physiology and development of artificial insemination technol- groenlandica) experimentally infected with Otostrongylus cir- ogy in killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biology of Reproduction cumlitus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46 (2): 409–421. 71: 650–660.

9781498796873_C027.indd 657 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM 658 Pharmaceuticals and Formularies

Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, M. Greenwell et al. 2009. Seasonality, Simeone, C.A., C.M.H. Colitz, K.M. Colegrove et al. 2016. estrous cycle characterisation, estrus synchronization, Subconjunctival antimicrobial poloxamer gel for treatment of semen cryopreservation, and artificial insemination in the corneal ulceration in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus( obliquidens). californianus). Veterinary Ophthalmology 19: 1–9. Reproduction 138: 391–405. Simeone, C.A., H.H. Nollens, J.M. Meegan et al. 2014. Pharmacokinetics Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, G.A. Montano et al. 2010. Deep intra- of single dose oral meloxicam in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops uterine artificial inseminations using cryopreserved sperma- truncatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45: 594–599. tozoa in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Theriogenology 74: Simeone, C.A., J.P. Traversi, M. Meegan et al. 2017. Clinical manage- 989–1001. ment of Candida albicans keratomycosis in a bottlenose dol- Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, M. Yoshioka et al. 2005. Estrous cycle phin (Tursiops truncatus). Veterinary Ophthalmology 20: 1–7. characterisation and artificial insemination using frozen- Sós, E., V. Molnár, Z. Lajos, V. Koroknai, and J. Gál. 2013. Successfully thawed spermatozoa in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trun- treated dermatomycosis in California sea lions (Zalophus cali- catus). Reproduction 129: 659–674. fornianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44: 462–465. Romanov, V.V., M.B. Chelysheva, and T.G. Romanova. 2011. Treatment Stetter, M., B. Mangold, M. Miller, M. Weber, and J. Capobianco. of the Black sea bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus pon- 1999. Successful treatment of lead toxicosis in a bottlenose dol- ticus) with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection. phin (Tursiops truncatus). In Proceedings of the International In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 30: 146–147. Animal Medicine 42: 71–72. Stoskopf, M.K., 1990. Marine mammal pharmacology. In Handbook of Rubio-García, A., G.J. Sánchez Contreras, C. Julía Acosta et al. 2015. Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Surgical treatment of osteoarthritis in harbor seals (Phoca vitu- ed. L.A. Dierauf, 139–162. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. lina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46: 553–559. Stoskopf, M.K., T. Moench, C. Thoen, and P. Charache. 1987. Schmitt, T.L., H.H. Nollens, and J. McBain. 2013. Case series of treat- Tuberculosis in pinnipeds. In Proceedings 1st International ment of subcutaneous nocardiosis in a beluga (Delphinapterus Conference on Zoological and Avian Medicine 393. leucas) with trimethoprim sulfadiazine (1:2) formulation and Sweeney, J.C. 1974a. Common diseases of pinnipeds. Journal of the observed side-effects. In Proceedings of the International American Veterinary Medical Association 165: 805. Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 44: 58. Sweeney, J.C. 1974b. Procedures for clinical management of pinni- Schmitt, T.L., and D.G. Procter. 2014. Coccidioidomycosis in a Pacific peds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Journal of Zoo and 165: 811. Wildlife Medicine 45: 173–175. Sweeney, J.C. 1977. Intratracheal injection of antibiotics in the Schmitt, T., T. Reidarson, J. McBain et al. 2007. Management of cuta- California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, and bottlenose dol- neous nocardiosis in a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) with novel phin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 13: 49. trimethoprim sulfadiazine (1:2) formulation. In Proceedings of Sweeney, J.C. 1985. Serum uptake and excretion rates for orally the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine administered ampicillin and amoxicillin in large killer whales 38: 207. (Orcinus orca). In Proceedings of the International Association Schroeder, J.P. 1983. Apparent toxicity of ketoconazole for Tursiops for Aquatic Animal Medicine 16: 11. truncatus during treatment of lobomycosis. In Proceedings Sweeney, J.C. 1986a. Infectious diseases. In Zoo and Wild Animal of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Medicine, 2nd Edition, ed. M.E. Fowler, 777. Philadelphia: 14: 3. W.B. Saunders. Schroeder, J.P. 1993. Captive marine mammal reproduction. In Zoo Sweeney, J.C. 1986b. Clinical consideration of parasitic and non- and Wild Animal Medicine, 3rd Edition, ed. M.E. Fowler, 428– infectious diseases. In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 2nd 432. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Edition, ed. M.E. Fowler, 785. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Schroeder, J.P., M.B. Cates, and J.B. Wallace. 1984. A Vibrio algino- Thurman, G.D., and I.M. Windsor. 1984. Serological testing for lyticus tissue infection in Tursiops truncatus. In Proceedings viral and mycoplasma antibodies in a captive dolphin of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Association for as an aid in diagnosis and epidemiological control. In Aquatic Animal Medicine, Tampa, FL. Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Sharp, S.M., C.T. Harry, J.M. Hoppe et al. 2016. A comparison of Animal Medicine 15: 75. postrelease survival parameters between single and mass Townsend, F.I. 1999. Medical management of stranded small ceta- stranded delphinids from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ceans. In Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 4th Edition, ed. M.E. Marine Mammal Science 32: 161–180. Fowler, 485–493. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Shlosberg, A., M. Bellaiche, S. Regev et al. 1997. Lead toxicosis in Townsend, F.I., F.J. Materese, and D.G. Sips. 1996. The use of lipo- a captive bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) consequent somal amphotericin-B in the therapy of systemic zygomyco- to ingestion of air gun pellets. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: sis. In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic 135–139. Animal Medicine 27: 18.

9781498796873_C027.indd 658 9/13/2017 6:49:53 PM Pharmaceuticals and Formularies 659

Townsend, F.I., and S. Petro, S. 1998. Significant panhypoprotein- Williams, T.D. 1993. Rehabilitation of sea otters. In Zoo and Wild emia and regenerative anemia secondary to duodenitis in Animal Medicine, 3rd Edition, ed. M.E. Fowler, 432–435. roughed-tooth dolphins (Steno bredanensis). In Proceedings Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Williams, T.D., and D.B. Siniff. 1983. Surgical implantation of radiote- 29: 157. lemetry devices in the sea otter (Enhydra lutra). In Proceedings of Van Bonn, W. 2002. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in bot- the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 14: 31. tlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). In Proceedings of the Williams, T.M., R.W. Davis, J.F. McBain et al. 1995a. Diagnosing International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine 33: 137. and treating common clinical disorders of oiled sea otters. In Van Bonn, W., E.D. Jensen, C. House et al. 2000. Epizootic vesicu- Emergency Care and Rehabilitation of Oiled Sea Otters, ed. lar disease in captive California sea lions. Journal of Wildlife T.M. Williams, and R.W. Davis, 59–95. Fairbanks: University Diseases 36: 500–507. of Alaska Press. Q1 Vandenbroek, D.J., L.A. Dierauf, J. Roletto, J. et al. 1985. An epizo- Williams, T.M., J.F. McBain, P. Tuomi, and R.K. Wilson. 1995b. otic of Leptospira (pomona) in California sea lions (Zalophus Initial clinical evaluation, emergency treatments and assess- californianus). In Proceedings of the International Association ment of oil exposure. In Emergency Care and Rehabilitation for Aquatic Animal Medicine 16: 122. of Oiled Sea Otters, ed. T.M. Williams, and R.W. Davis, 45–58. Velguth, K.E., M.C. Rochat, J.N. Langan, and K. Backues. 2009. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. Acquired umbilical hernias in four captive polar bears (Ursus Wohlsein, P., M. Peters, F. Geburek, F. Seeliger, and M. Böer. 2003. maritimus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40: 767–772. Polioencephalomalacia in captive harbour seals (Phoca vitu- Walker, K.A., M. Horning, J.A.E. Mellish, and D.M. Weary. 2011. The lina). Journal of Veterinary Medicine 50: 145–150. effects of two analgesic regimes on behavior after abdominal Yoon, J.H., R.L. Brooks, A. Khan et al. 2004. The effect of enrofloxa- surgery in Steller sea lions. Veterinary Journal 190: 160–164. cin on cell proliferation and proteoglycans in horse tendon Walker, K.A., J.A.E. Mellish, and D.M. Weary. 2010. Behavioural cells. Cell Biology and Toxicology 20: 41–54. responses of juvenile Steller sea lions to hot-iron branding. Yoshida, K., K. Yabe, X. Nishida et al. 1998. Pharmacokinetic dis- Applied Animal Behaviour Science 122: 58–62. position and arthropathic potential of oral ofloxacin in dogs. Walsh, M.T., and G.D. Bossart. 1999. Manatee medicine. In Zoo and Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21: Wild Animal Medicine, 4th Edition, ed. M.E. Fowler, 507–516. 128–132. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Young, S.J.F., D.G. Huff, and J.M.G. Anthony. 1999. A safe and cost Walsh, M.T., and M. de Wit. 2015. Sirenia. In Fowler’s Zoo and Wild effective oral care regime to control gingivitis and periodon- Animal Medicine, Volume 8, ed. R.E. Miller, and M.E. Fowler, tal disease in the northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris lutris). 450–457. St. Louis: Elsevier. In Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Walsh, M.T., D. Murphy, and S.M. Innis. 1999. Pneumatosis intes- Animal Medicine 30: 6. tinalis in orphan manatees (Trichechus manatus), diagnosis, Zabka, T.S., M. Haulena, B. Puschner et al. 2006. Acute lead toxico- pathological findings and potential therapy. In Proceedings sis in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) consequent to of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30: 1. 42: 651–657.

Q1: Please check authors name.

9781498796873_C027.indd 659 9/13/2017 6:49:54 PM 9781498796873_C027.indd 660 9/13/2017 6:49:54 PM