DOCSLIB.ORG

Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Studies MOTE MARINE LABORATORY RED TIDE STUDIES FINAL REPORT FL DEP Contract MR 042 July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995 Submitted To: Dr. Karen Steidinger Florida Marine Research Institute FL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 100 Eighth Street South East St. Petersburg, FL 33701-3093 Submitted By: Dr. Richard H. Pierce Director of Research MOTE MARINE LABORATORY 1600 Thompson Parkway Sarasota, FL 34236 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 429 June 20, 1995 This document is printed on recycled paper Suggested reference Pierce RH. 1995. Mote Marine Red Tide Studies July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995. Florida Department of Environmental Pro- tection. Contract no MR 042. Mote Marine Lab- oratory Technical Report no 429. 64 p. Available from: Mote Marine Laboratory Library. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SUMMARY. 1 II. CULTURE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES . 1 Ill. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION STUDIES . 2 A. Brevetoxin Ingestion in Black Seabass B. Evaluation of Food Carriers C. First Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure With Depuration (2/6/95) D. Second Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure (3/21/95) IV. RED TIDE FIELD STUDIES . 24 A. 1994 Red Tide Bloom (9/16/94 - 1/4/95) B. Red Tide Bloom (4/13/94 - 6/16/95) C. Red Tide Pigment D. Bacteriological Studies E. Brevetoxin Analysis in Marine Organisms Exposed to Sublethal Levels of the 1994 Natural Red Tide Bloom V. REFERENCES . 61 Tables Table 1. Monthly Combined Production and Use of Laboratory C. breve Culture. ....... 2 Table 2. Brevetoxin Concentration in Brevetoxin Spiked Shrimp and in Black Seabass Muscle Tissue and Digestive Tract Following Ingestion of the Shrimp ................ 5 Table 3. 14 Day Clam Exposure With Depuration - Water Quality and C. breve Concentrations ...................................... 7 Table 4. Clam Exposure - Bioaccumulation: 14 Day Exposure With Depuration Brevetoxin Concentrations in Exposure Water and Clams .................. 11 Table 5. Second 14 Day Clam Exposure - Water Quality and C. breve Concentrations ................................................ 16 Table 6. Brevetoxin Concentrations in Exposure Media and in Clams Exposed to Live G. breve Cells (Second Clam Exposure) ........................... 23 Table 7. Red Tide Field Studies (9/19/94 - 12/30/94) ............................ 25 Table 8. Brevetoxin Analysis from Natural Red Tide Bloom Areas .................. 33 Table 9. Red Tide Field Studies (4/13/95 - 6/16/95) ............................. 34 Table 10. Bacteriological Samples Collected From Gulf and Bay Waters for the 1994/1995 Red Tide Project ................................. 48 Table 11. Genera/Groups of Bacteria Recovered From Plate Counts .................. 50 Table 12. Vibrio spp. Recovered From Direct Plating (TCBS) and MPN Tubes ........... 51 Table 13. Oyster, Seasquirt and Mullet Analysis for 9/94 - 1/95 Red Tide Natural Bloom ... 53 i (Table of Contents Continued) Figures Figure 1. G. breve Test Tank Cell Counts at 24 Hours for a 7 Day Clam Exposure . 13 Figure 2. G. breve Test Tank Cell Counts at 24 Hours for a 14 Day Clam Exposure . 14 Figure 3. G. breve Cell Counts for Individual Exposure - Tanks After 24 Hours . 21 Figure 4. T. chuii Cell Counts for individual - Control Tank Counts After 24 Hours . 22 Figure 5. New Pass Dock Cell Concentrations, During the 1994 Red Tide Bloom . 32 Figure 6. Red Tide Cell Count; New Pass, 1995 Red Tide Bloom . 41 Figure 7. Chlorophyll a Content of G. breve at Two Samplings Depths During a Natural Red Tide Bloom. September - December, 1994 . 45 Figure 8. Gyroxanthin-diester Content of G. breve at Two Sampling Depths During a Natural Red Tide Bloom. September - May 1994 . 46 Figure 9. Comparison of the Concentration of Three Pigments with Chlorophyll, a Concentration in G. breve Collected at 2m Depth During a Natural Red Tide Bloom . 47 Figure 10. Red Tide Toxin (BTX) in Oysters & Seasquirts During a Natural Red Tide Bloom in Sarasota Bay . 60 Appendixes Appendix “A” Methods for Obtaining Phytoplankton Cell Counts .................. 62 Participants Mote Marine Laboratory Dr. Richard Pierce ............................................ Project Manager Dr. Gary Kirkpatrick ..........................Phytoplankton Ecology/Pigment Analysis Dr. John Buck ................................................. Microbiology Mr. Mike Henry ................................... Toxin Analysis/Field Monitoring Ms. Jing Zhou .................................... Toxin Analysis/Field Monitoring Ms. Cindy Aller .................. Culture Maintenance/Bioaccumulation/Field Monitoring Ms. Tammy Seaman ............... Culture Maintenance/Bioaccumulation/Field Monitoring National Marine Fisheries Service, Charleston Laboratory Dr. Fran VanDolah .......................... Receptor Binding Assay for Brevetoxins Mr. Todd Leighfield .......................... Receptor Binding Assay for Brevetoxins ii 1. SUMMARY The Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Research Program encompasses four study areas: 1. Laboratory culture maintenance and growth; 2. Ecological interactions; 3. Toxin chemistry and analysis; and, 4. Red tide bloom investigations. These studies, in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research institute, focus on the accumulation of red tide toxins in fish and shellfish and the effects of chronic exposure to red tide toxins during natural blooms and under controlled laboratory exposure conditions. Natural red tide bloom studies included weekly monitoring of the intensity and distribution of the bloom, analysis of toxin and pigment content of intensive bloom areas, marine bacteria associated with the bloom and bioaccumulation of brevetoxins in sea squirts, oysters, clams and mullet collected from an area of Sarasota Bay experiencing chronic, low levels of the red tide bloom. In addition to natural bloom monitoring, laboratory red tide cultures were maintained for use in exposure - bioaccumulation studies with clams and a fish, black seabass. Tissues were analyzed for toxin content. Extracts of exposed invertebrates were sent to the NOAA-NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center in Charleston, SC, for receptor binding analysis. II. CULTURE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES Gymnodinium breve culture production was maintained between 120-200 liters throughout the twelve-month period with volume varying according to experimental use. Production and use of G. breve culture are found in Table 1. Cultures were maintained in both artificial (NH-15) media and (f/2) a natural seawater base media (Guillard & Ryther, 1962). In addition to G. breve, Mote Marine Laboratory maintained other phytoplankton cultures. Presently, Tetraselmis sp., Dunneliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira psuedonana, T. weissflogii, Iochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis occulata, and Skeletonema costatum are cultured for pigment comparisons. Tetraselmis chuii is cultured in large volume as a primary food source for clams in bioassay. Twelve liter polycarbonate carboys were tested as a substitute for fragile glass carboys. The growth and life cycle of G. breve were found to be comparable in both types of carboys. However, in the twenty liter polycarbonate carboys, the stationary phase of G. breve was prolonged. Cultures were maintained without inoculation in these carboys for 279 days. The randomly monitored parameters of dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity demonstrated an extended typical “stationary phase”. C. breve culture was received from Dr. David Millie, USDA. New Orleans, and was used to simulate repopulation of our culture supply after a facility culture crash. The culture was successfully grown from test tube to carboy in 300 days. Table 1. Monthly combined production and use of laboratory G. breve culture. Total volume Total volume Net change in of new culture of culture total culture inoculated (L) used (L) volume (L) Months July 1994 108 174 -66 August 1994 180 102 78 September 1994 54 66 -12 October 1994 180 150 -30 November* 1994 198 186 -12 December 1994 120 120 0 (up to the 21st) January 1995 155.5 151.5 4 February 1995 118 146 -28 March 1995 228 247 -19 ApriI 1995 185 206 -21 May 1995 130 72 +58 June 16th 1995 0 0 0 * in the month of November, the culture room had an AC problem which contributed to loss of culture. Ill. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION STUDIES A. Brevetoxin Ingestion in Black Seabass 1) Materials and Methods Fish are very susceptible to red tide toxins when they enter the blood stream through the gills. The effect from ingestion, however has not been established. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of brevetoxins ingested by black seabass and the fate of the ingested toxins. Black seabass (Centropristis striatus), 16.5 to 20.5 cm in length, were placed three each in (250 L) aquaria and fed a daily diet of commercial fish feed pellets (Ziggler, Inc., P.A.). Brevetoxin was ingested by daily feeding with pieces of shrimp spiked with known amounts of brevetoxins. The brevetoxin concentrations were 0, 100, 250 & 500 µg/day, fed continuously over a 4 day (96 hour) period. The source of the brevetoxins was cultures of G. breve grown at Mote Marine Laboratory. Brevetoxins were extracted from the cultures and isolated according to the procedure of Pierce et al., 1992, with quantitative analysis performed by HPLC. Known quantities of toxin were injected into pieces of shrimp in methanol solution, and the shrimp were subsequently fed to each fish. Fish were fed about 4 g of shrimp twice daily for four days, with half of the daily toxin dose provided each time. Ingestion of the shrimp was carefully monitored. 2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis
    G Model HARALG-488; No of Pages 11 Harmful Algae xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review The Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: New insights into cellular and molecular processes underlying bloom dynamics Frances M. Van Dolah a,*, Kristy B. Lidie a, Emily A. Monroe a, Debashish Bhattacharya b, Lisa Campbell c, Gregory J. Doucette a, Daniel Kamykowski d a Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Resarch, Charleston, SC, United States b Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States c Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States d Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is responsible for nearly annual red tides in the Gulf of Mexico that Available online xxx cause extensive marine mortalities and human illness due to the production of brevetoxins. Although the mechanisms regulating its bloom dynamics and toxicity have received considerable attention, Keywords: investigation into these processes at the cellular and molecular level has only begun in earnest during Bacterial–algal interactions the past decade. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the Cell cycle cellular and molecular biology on K. brevis. Several molecular resources developed for K. brevis, including Dinoflagellate cDNA and genomic DNA libraries, DNA microarrays, metagenomic libraries, and probes for population Florida red tide genetics, have revolutionized our ability to investigate fundamental questions about K.
    [Show full text]
  • Ciguatera: Current Concepts
    Ciguatera: Current concepts DAVID Z. LEVINE, DO Ciguatera poisoning develops unraveling the diagnosis may prove difficult. after ingestion of certain coral reef-asso­ Although the syndrome has been known for at ciated fish. With travel to and from the least hundreds of years, its mechanisms are tropics and importation of tropical food only beginning to be elucidated. Effective treat­ fish increasing, ciguatera has begun to ments have just begun to emerge. appear in temperate countries with more Ciguatera is a major public health prob­ frequency. The causative agents are cer­ lem in the tropics, with probably more than tain varieties of the protozoan dinofla­ 30,000 poisonings yearly in Puerto Rico and gellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, but bacte­ the US Virgin Islands alone. The endemic area ria associated with these protozoa may is bounded by latitudes 37° north and south. have a role in toxin elaboration. A specif­ Ciguatera in temperate countries is a concern ic "ciguatoxin" seems to cause the symptoms, because people returning from business trips, but toxicosis may also be a result of a fam­ vacations, or living in the tropics may have ily of toxins. Toxicosis develops from 10 been poisoned through food they had eaten. minutes to 30 hours after ingestion of poi­ The development of worldwide marketing of soned fish, and the syndrome can include fish from a variety of ecosystems creates a dan­ gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, ger of ciguatera intoxication in climates far as well as chills, sweating, pruritus, brady­ removed from sandy beaches and waving·palms. cardia, tachycardia, and long-lasting weak­ Outbreaks have been reported in Vermont, ness and fatigue.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia Brevis
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 8-7-2020 Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis Edward W. Young Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all Part of the Marine Biology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Edward W. Young. 2020. Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis. Capstone. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (13) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13. This Capstone is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Capstone of Edward W. Young Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Marine Science Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences August 2020 Approved: Capstone Committee Major Professor: D. Abigail Renegar, Ph.D. Committee Member: Robert Smith, Ph.D. This capstone is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13 Nova Southeastern Univeristy Halmos College of Arts and Sciences Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis By Edward William Young Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University September 8th, 2020 1 Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Algal Toxins and Reverse Osmosis Desalination Operations: Laboratory Bench Testing and field Monitoring of Domoic Acid, Saxitoxin, Brevetoxin and Okadaic Acid
    water research 46 (2012) 6563e6573 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres Algal toxins and reverse osmosis desalination operations: Laboratory bench testing and field monitoring of domoic acid, saxitoxin, brevetoxin and okadaic acid Erica L. Seubert a,*, Shane Trussell b, John Eagleton c,1, Astrid Schnetzer a,2, Ivona Cetinic a,3, Phil Lauri d,4, Burton H. Jones a,5, David A. Caron a a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 301, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA b Trussell Technologies Inc., 6540 Lusk Boulevard, Suite C175, San Diego, CA 92121, USA c Separation Processes Inc., 3156 Lionshead Ave., Suite 2, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA d West Basin Municipal Water District, 17140 Avalon Blvd., Suite 210, Carson, CA 90746, USA article info abstract Article history: The occurrence and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasing globally Received 10 June 2012 during the past few decades. The impact of these events on seawater desalination facilities Received in revised form has become an important topic in recent years due to enhanced societal interest and 24 August 2012 reliance on this technology for augmenting world water supplies. A variety of harmful Accepted 23 September 2012 bloom-forming species of microalgae occur in southern California, as well as many other Available online 4 October 2012 locations throughout the world, and several of these species are known to produce potent neurotoxins. These algal toxins can cause a myriad of human health issues, including Keywords: death, when ingested via contaminated seafood.
    [Show full text]
  • (Rhincodon Typus) from the GULF of CALIFORNIA
    INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN TISSUES OF WHALE SHARK (Rhincodon typus) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS MARINAS PRESENTA FRANCESCA PANCALDI LA PAZ, B.C.S., JULIO DE 2020 En la Ciudad de La Paz, B.C.S., el día 06 del mes de Junio del año 2020 El (la) que suscribe M en C. FRANCESCA PANCALDI Alumno (a) del Programa DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS MARINAS con número de registro B161000 adscrito al CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS manifiesta que es autor(a) intelectual del presente trabajo de tesis, bajo la dirección de: Dr. FELIPE GALVÁN MAGAÑA Y DR. FEDERICO PAEZ OSUNA y cede los derechos del trabajo titulado: “BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN TISSUES OF WHALE SHARK (Rhincodon typus) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA” al Instituto Politécnico Nacional, para su difusión con fines académicos y de investigación. Los usuarios de la información no deben reproducir el contenido textual, gráficas o datos del trabajo sin el permiso expreso del autor y/o director del trabajo. Éste, puede ser obtenido escribiendo a la siguiente dirección: [email protected] - [email protected] – Si el permiso se otorga, el usuario deberá dar el agradecimiento correspondiente y citar la fuente del mismo. M en C. FRANCESCA PANCALDI Nombre y firma del alumno Dedication ...all’Oceano e a tutte le meravigliose creature che vivono in lui, soprattutto gli squali balena... Acknowledgements Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) y al Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR) que me dieron la oportunidad de ser parte de esta grande familia.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Towards Diagnostic and Vaccine Development
    Characterization of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum towards Diagnostic and Vaccine Development Elizabeth Mary Crump B. Sc., University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1995 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology O Elizabeth Mary Crump, 2003 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. W.W. Kay Abstract Flavobacteria are a poorly understood and speciated group of commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens. The psychrophile, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is the etiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and bacterial cold water disease (BCWD), septicaemic diseases which heavily impact salmonids. These diseases have been controlled with limited success by chemotherapy, as no vaccine is commercially available. A comprehensive study of F. psychrophilum was carried out with respect to growth, speciation and antigen characterization, culminating in successful recombinant vaccines trials in rainbow trout fry. Two verified but geographically diverse isolates were characterized phenotypically and biochemically. A growth medium was developed which improved the growth of F. psychrophilum, enabling large scale fermentation. A PCR-based typing system was devised which readily discriminated between closely related species and was verified against a pool of recent prospective isolates. In collaborative work, LPS O- antigen was purified and used to generate specific polyclonal rabbit antisera against F. psychrophilum. This antiserum was used to develop diagnostic ELISA and latex bead agglutination tests for F. psychrophilum. F. psychrophilum was found to be enveloped in a loosely attached, strongly antigenic outer layer comprised of a predominant, highly immunogenic, low MW carbohydrate antigen, as well as several protein antigens.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Disease Impacts of Hatcheries on Downstream Salmonids in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Michelle Jakaitis for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology presented on November 4th, 2014. Title: Assessing Disease Impacts of Hatcheries on Downstream Salmonids in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Abstract approved: ____________________________________________________________ Jerri L. Bartholomew Hatcheries are often perceived as a source of pathogen amplification, potentially increasing disease risk to free-ranging populations; at the same time, free-ranging fishes may introduce pathogens into hatcheries through untreated water sources. Many pathogens exist naturally within the environment (with the exception of introduced pathogens) and the presence of a pathogen does not guarantee infection or disease (Naish, Taylor III, Levin, Quinn, Winton, Huppert & Hilborn 2007). Infections can be acute, chronic, or asymptomatic, fish may die, recover, or become carriers (Naish et al. 2007), and pathogens may be shed from any of these stages (Scottish Executive 2002). Most salmon and trout hatcheries along the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA, utilize an untreated river water supply for their rearing ponds and release this water, untreated, back into the river. This creates a potential for waterborne pathogens present in free-ranging hosts to be transmitted through the water supply to hatchery populations. Moreover, any hatchery epizootic can amplify pathogens and release these into the water, which could have a direct impact on free- ranging populations exposed to those pathogens in hatchery effluent. The goal of this thesis was to assess transmission of the pathogens Flavobacterium columnare, F. psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmonicida, and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV), at selected hatcheries in the Willamette River Basin. To accomplish this, I considered historical data and hatchery-specific and pathogen-specific factors involved in transmission and disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammal Pharmacology
    27 PHARMACEUTICALS AND FORMULARIES CLAIRE A. SIMEONE AND MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF Contents Introduction Introduction .......................................................................... 593 This chapter aims to provide clinicians and scientists working Routes for Administering Drugs to Marine Mammals ......... 594 with marine mammals with a convenient and rapidly acces- Dose Scaling ......................................................................... 595 sible single source on the subject. A compilation of the avail- Drug Interactions and Adverse Effects ................................ 596 able pharmacological information on cetaceans, pinnipeds, Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions .................................... 596 sirenians, sea otters (Enhydra lutris), and polar bears (Ursus Hepatic Effects ...................................................................... 596 maritimus) is provided. Readers must be aware at all times Renal Effects ......................................................................... 597 that drugs discussed in this chapter may have only been Gastrointestinal Effects ......................................................... 597 used on a limited number of individual animals from a nar- Nervous System Effects ........................................................ 597 row range of species, so all information must be interpreted Dermal Effects ...................................................................... 598 with caution. No drugs have been licensed for use in marine Otic Effects ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Genomic Journey Through a Genus of Large DNA Viruses
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for 2013 Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses Adrien Jeanniard Aix-Marseille Université David D. Dunigan University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] James Gurnon University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Irina V. Agarkova University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Ming Kang University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Immunology Commons, Medical Pathology Commons, and the Virology Commons Jeanniard, Adrien; Dunigan, David D.; Gurnon, James; Agarkova, Irina V.; Kang, Ming; Vitek, Jason; Duncan, Garry; McClung, O William; Larsen, Megan; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Van Etten, James L.; and Blanc, Guillaume, "Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses" (2013). Virology Papers. 245. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub/245 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virology, Nebraska Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Virology Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Adrien Jeanniard, David D. Dunigan, James Gurnon, Irina V. Agarkova, Ming Kang, Jason Vitek, Garry Duncan, O William McClung, Megan Larsen, Jean-Michel Claverie, James L. Van Etten, and Guillaume Blanc This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ virologypub/245 Jeanniard, Dunigan, Gurnon, Agarkova, Kang, Vitek, Duncan, McClung, Larsen, Claverie, Van Etten & Blanc in BMC Genomics (2013) 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Quorum Sensing of Microalgae Associated Marine Ponticoccus Sp
    Chi et al. AMB Expr (2017) 7:59 DOI 10.1186/s13568-017-0357-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Quorum sensing of microalgae associated marine Ponticoccus sp. PD‑2 and its algicidal function regulation Wendan Chi1, Li Zheng1,2*, Changfei He1, Bin Han1, Minggang Zheng1, Wei Gao1, Chengjun Sun1,2, Gefei Zhou3 and Xiangxing Gao4 Abstract Quorum sensing (QS) systems play important roles in regulating many physiological functions of microorganisms, such as biofilm formation, bioluminescence, and antibiotic production. One marine algicidal bacterium, Ponticoc- cus sp. PD-2, was isolated from the microalga Prorocentrum donghaiense, and its N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)- mediated QS system was verified. In this study, we analyzed the AHLs profile of strain PD-2. Two AHLs, 3-oxo-C8-HSL and 3-oxo-C10-HSL, were detected using a biosensor overlay assay and GC–MS methods. Two complete AHL-QS systems (designated zlaI/R and zlbI/R) were identified in the genome of strain PD-2. When expressed in Escherichia coli, both zlaI and zlbI genes could each produce 3-oxo-C8-HSL and 3-oxo-C10-HSL. Algicidal activity was investigated by evaluating the inhibitory rate (IR) of microalgae growth by measuring the fluorescence of viable cells. We found that the metabolites of strain PD-2 had algicidal activity against its host P. donghaiense (IR 84.81%) and two other red tide microalgae, Phaeocystis globosa (IR 78.91%) and Alexandrium tamarense (IR 67.14%). β-cyclodextrin which binds to AHLs and inhibits the QS system reduced the algicidal activity more than 50%. This indicates that inhibiting the QS system may affect the algicidal metabolites production of strain PD-2.
    [Show full text]
  • Lists of Names of Prokaryotic Candidatus Taxa
    NOTIFICATION LIST: CANDIDATUS LIST NO. 1 Oren et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.003789 Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus taxa Aharon Oren1,*, George M. Garrity2,3, Charles T. Parker3, Maria Chuvochina4 and Martha E. Trujillo5 Abstract We here present annotated lists of names of Candidatus taxa of prokaryotes with ranks between subspecies and class, pro- posed between the mid- 1990s, when the provisional status of Candidatus taxa was first established, and the end of 2018. Where necessary, corrected names are proposed that comply with the current provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and its Orthography appendix. These lists, as well as updated lists of newly published names of Candidatus taxa with additions and corrections to the current lists to be published periodically in the International Journal of Systematic and Evo- lutionary Microbiology, may serve as the basis for the valid publication of the Candidatus names if and when the current propos- als to expand the type material for naming of prokaryotes to also include gene sequences of yet-uncultivated taxa is accepted by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Introduction of the category called Candidatus was first pro- morphology, basis of assignment as Candidatus, habitat, posed by Murray and Schleifer in 1994 [1]. The provisional metabolism and more. However, no such lists have yet been status Candidatus was intended for putative taxa of any rank published in the journal. that could not be described in sufficient details to warrant Currently, the nomenclature of Candidatus taxa is not covered establishment of a novel taxon, usually because of the absence by the rules of the Prokaryotic Code.
    [Show full text]