DOCSLIB.ORG

Ciguatera: Current Concepts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ciguatera: Current Concepts Ciguatera: Current concepts DAVID Z. LEVINE, DO Ciguatera poisoning develops unraveling the diagnosis may prove difficult. after ingestion of certain coral reef-asso­ Although the syndrome has been known for at ciated fish. With travel to and from the least hundreds of years, its mechanisms are tropics and importation of tropical food only beginning to be elucidated. Effective treat­ fish increasing, ciguatera has begun to ments have just begun to emerge. appear in temperate countries with more Ciguatera is a major public health prob­ frequency. The causative agents are cer­ lem in the tropics, with probably more than tain varieties of the protozoan dinofla­ 30,000 poisonings yearly in Puerto Rico and gellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, but bacte­ the US Virgin Islands alone. The endemic area ria associated with these protozoa may is bounded by latitudes 37° north and south. have a role in toxin elaboration. A specif­ Ciguatera in temperate countries is a concern ic "ciguatoxin" seems to cause the symptoms, because people returning from business trips, but toxicosis may also be a result of a fam­ vacations, or living in the tropics may have ily of toxins. Toxicosis develops from 10 been poisoned through food they had eaten. minutes to 30 hours after ingestion of poi­ The development of worldwide marketing of soned fish, and the syndrome can include fish from a variety of ecosystems creates a dan­ gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, ger of ciguatera intoxication in climates far as well as chills, sweating, pruritus, brady­ removed from sandy beaches and waving·palms. cardia, tachycardia, and long-lasting weak­ Outbreaks have been reported in Vermont, ness and fatigue. More severe features are Rhode Island, New York State, Montreal, and rare. In this review, the pathophysiologic British Columbia. In Canada alone, ciguatera features and symptoms of ciguatera are costs more than $3 million a year in medical and reviewed and compared with those of other indirect costs.1 seafood-related syndromes. Although no definitive therapy is known, the most Means of toxicosis promising treatment for ciguatera is intra­ Ingestion of anyone of more than 400 species venous administration of mannitol. Physi­ of tropical or subtropical reef fish can cause cians should warn patients who are trav­ ciguatera. Larger reef-associated carnivorous eling to endemic areas about this toxicosis. fish such as barracuda, some groupers, jacks, (Key words: Ciguatera, ciguatoxin, fish, and snappers are most likely to cause toxicosis, mannitol, seafood, shellfish, temperature but many other fish are implicated as well reversal) (Table 1). Ciguatoxin (CTX) itself has been identified Worldwide, ciguatera is the most common tox­ as a lipid polyether with several hydroxyl groups icity borne by fish. Its group of symptoms is and a molecular weight of 1112, one of the most bizarre, and unless the physician is familiar potent nonproteinaceous poisons known. Con­ with the strange manifestations of ciguatera, troversy exists as to whether toxicosis results from one toxin or from many. Through research in the past 5 years, the picture regarding the Dr Levine is board certified in family practice and is in solo practice in Port Orchard, Wash. causative agent has actually become less clear. Correspondence to David Z. Levine, DO, 3280 SE Lund (Yet another example of just how right Heisen­ Ave, Suite 9, Port Orchard, WA 98366. berg really was! The closer we get to a subject, Review article • Levine JAOA • Vol 95 • No 3 • March 1995 • 193 Table 1 Some Fish Implicated in Cases '-"" ' ....,: :~ .,~, . of Ciguatera Poisoning Herrings Goatfish ,'.. .. Tarpon Mullet . ~ " ~ : '{,:/ ( :';: Anchovy Triggerfish , .;!;"~';' ...,.:. .P;'~ ~ . True eels Snappers " Flying fish Porgies " Squirrelfish Jacks Sea perch Parrotfish Dolphins Surgeonfish Sailfish Grunts Figure. Author's drawing of GambierdisCllS toxiCllS, a benthic Bass Tunas dinoflagellate involved in ciguatera poisoning. (Source: "Ciguat· era in the North Eastern Caribbean," Datos Marinos, No. 7A, Grouper Swordfish Department of Marine Sciences, UPR·RUM, Mayaguez, PR [undated)) the less we seem able to understand it.) It may rhea, and abdominal pain in common with other be that toxicosis results from a family of tox­ food poisonings. Onset is 10 minutes to 30 hours ins rather than from one specific ciguatoxin.2 after ingestion of a toxic meal, and this gas­ Ciguatoxin(s) are evolved by certain vari­ trointestinal aspect of the intoxication usually eties of the protozoan dinoflagellate Gam­ resolves in 24 to 48 hours. Arthralgia and myal­ bierdiscus toxic us (Figure ). Recently, it has been gia are common. The neurologic symptoms are suggested that they may also be elaborated by the most bizarre and are also most specific to another strain of dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis len­ ciguatera as an entity. The patient may have ticularis, which is found associated with G tox­ dizziness, oral and circumoral paresthesia, icus. To complicate matters even further, recent headache, paresthesia of the extremities, and research indicates that certain bacteria are taste disturbance. Chills and profuse sweat­ found symbiotically associated with dinofla­ ing are relatively common. Whole-body pruri­ gellates and seem to have a role in the elabo­ tus or pruritus limited to the palms and soles ration of toxins by the symbiont dinoflagellates. can be extremely distressing. Bradycardia and Bacteria found associated with dinoflagellates hypotension or tachycardia and mild hyper­ include strains of Pseudomonas (most common), tension may occur. Nocardia, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, The "signature" of ciguatera is hot/cold and Moraxella. 3,4 reversal. The patient perceives cold sensations Dinoflagellates are responsible for several as hot (for example, interpreting a cool breeze other known toxins, as well as the infamous as burning hot) and vice versa (Table 2). In "red tides." It has been suggested that G toxi­ very rare cases, delirium, coma, cardiac and cus flourishes where reef ecology has been dis­ respiratory failure, and death may occur, but turbed by construction, pollution, military activ­ no deaths from ciguatera have occurred in ity, or natural causes.5 The organism attaches North America. Persistent weakness and fatigue itself to macro algae and is eaten by herbivo­ are the symptoms most responsible for loss of rous reef fish. These herbivores are eaten by working days.6 Discomfort may lead to severe carnivores, and these carnivores are preyed insomnia. upon by larger carnivores, passing on-and con­ centrating-the toxin. When humans are at the Differential diagnosis top of this food chain, they become vulnerable Most other forms of seafood poisoning should to ingestion of ciguatoxin and other benthic be reasonably easy to distinguish from ciguat­ (sea-bottom)-associated) marine toxins. era (Table 3 ). Scombroid poisoning usually results from ingestion of tuna or mackerel that Clinical characteristics has been inadequately refrigerated. The disor­ The symptoms of ciguatera are unique (Table 2), der is histamine mediated and resembles other although ciguatera has nausea, vomiting, diar- histamine reactions. Patients may experience 194· JAOA· Vol 95 • No 3 · March 1995 Review article • Levine Table 2 Signs and Symptoms of Ciguatera General Gastrointestinal Neurologic Weakness Nausea Oral and circumoral (especially Vomiting paresthesias lower extremity) Diarrhea Acral paresthesias Malaise Abdominal pain Dizziness Fatigue Temperature reversal Myalgia Pruritus Arthralgia Ataxia Chills flushing, coryza, severe headache, dizziness, the fish is toxic, the coating turns a deep blue­ burning of the mouth and throat, abdominal purple.10 The assay has been used very suc­ cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pruritus. 7 cessfully by commercial fisherman in Hawaii, Paralytic shellfish poisoning and neurotoxic according to Dr Hokama (personal telephone shellfish poisoning result from ingestion of communication, 1992).11 It has been argued, dinoflagellate-contaminated shellfish. Neuro­ however, that the test is inadequately specific toxic shellfish poisoning is typically a mild syn­ and has been tested only in Hawaii, where drome involving the usual gastrointestinal ciguatera is reportedly not a major problem, symptoms, as well as varying paresthesias and and that therefore the appearance of success may cerebellar symptoms. It is limited to a few days' be caused by the Hawthorn effect. (T.R. Toste­ duration.8 (Temperature reversal has also been son, PhD, conversation, December 1992). The noted with this syndrome, which somewhat patent for the stick test was sold by the Uni­ complicates the diagnosis of ciguatera.) Paralytic versity of Hawaii to a California corporation shellfish poisoning, as the name would suggest, (Ciguatect, Hawaii Chemtect International, carries more potential morbidity and mortali­ Pasadena, Calif). Apparently it has been devel­ ty, and is usually encountered in the summer. oped for commercial marketing, but release An initial neurologic symptom, circumoral pares­ has been delayed indefinitely pending litiga­ thesia, may be followed by cerebellar symp­ tion between the company and the University toms, cranial nerve involvement, and motor of Hawaii (Robert Goldsmith, MA, Hawaii paralysis including respiratory failure. Treatment Chemtect International, personal telephone is supportive, and patients usually recover with­ communication, February 1995). It is hoped in a week.9 that the stick test, if proved practical, will soon
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for the Detection And
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/544247; this version posted February 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus lapillus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Key words:Ciguatera fish poisoning, Gambierdiscus lapillus, Quantitative PCR assay, Great Barrier Reef Kretzschmar, A.L.1,2, Verma, A.1, Kohli, G.S.1,3, Murray, S.A.1 1Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia 2ithree institute (i3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia, [email protected] 3Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, in triplicate to determine the presence and patchiness of these species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Studies
    MOTE MARINE LABORATORY RED TIDE STUDIES FINAL REPORT FL DEP Contract MR 042 July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995 Submitted To: Dr. Karen Steidinger Florida Marine Research Institute FL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 100 Eighth Street South East St. Petersburg, FL 33701-3093 Submitted By: Dr. Richard H. Pierce Director of Research MOTE MARINE LABORATORY 1600 Thompson Parkway Sarasota, FL 34236 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 429 June 20, 1995 This document is printed on recycled paper Suggested reference Pierce RH. 1995. Mote Marine Red Tide Studies July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995. Florida Department of Environmental Pro- tection. Contract no MR 042. Mote Marine Lab- oratory Technical Report no 429. 64 p. Available from: Mote Marine Laboratory Library. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SUMMARY. 1 II. CULTURE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES . 1 Ill. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION STUDIES . 2 A. Brevetoxin Ingestion in Black Seabass B. Evaluation of Food Carriers C. First Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure With Depuration (2/6/95) D. Second Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure (3/21/95) IV. RED TIDE FIELD STUDIES . 24 A. 1994 Red Tide Bloom (9/16/94 - 1/4/95) B. Red Tide Bloom (4/13/94 - 6/16/95) C. Red Tide Pigment D. Bacteriological Studies E. Brevetoxin Analysis in Marine Organisms Exposed to Sublethal Levels of the 1994 Natural Red Tide Bloom V. REFERENCES . 61 Tables Table 1. Monthly Combined Production and Use of Laboratory C. breve Culture. ....... 2 Table 2. Brevetoxin Concentration in Brevetoxin Spiked Shrimp and in Black Seabass Muscle Tissue and Digestive Tract Following Ingestion of the Shrimp ...............
    [Show full text]
  • The Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis
    G Model HARALG-488; No of Pages 11 Harmful Algae xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review The Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: New insights into cellular and molecular processes underlying bloom dynamics Frances M. Van Dolah a,*, Kristy B. Lidie a, Emily A. Monroe a, Debashish Bhattacharya b, Lisa Campbell c, Gregory J. Doucette a, Daniel Kamykowski d a Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Resarch, Charleston, SC, United States b Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States c Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States d Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is responsible for nearly annual red tides in the Gulf of Mexico that Available online xxx cause extensive marine mortalities and human illness due to the production of brevetoxins. Although the mechanisms regulating its bloom dynamics and toxicity have received considerable attention, Keywords: investigation into these processes at the cellular and molecular level has only begun in earnest during Bacterial–algal interactions the past decade. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the Cell cycle cellular and molecular biology on K. brevis. Several molecular resources developed for K. brevis, including Dinoflagellate cDNA and genomic DNA libraries, DNA microarrays, metagenomic libraries, and probes for population Florida red tide genetics, have revolutionized our ability to investigate fundamental questions about K.
    [Show full text]
  • Ph.D. AC1.H3 5016 R.Pdf
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY EVALUATING THE RISK OF CIGUATERA FISH POISONING FROM REEF FISH IN HAWAI'I: DEVELOPMENT OF ELISA APPLICATIONS FOR THE DETECTION OF CIGUATOXIN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MAY 2008 By Cara Empey Campora Dissertation Committee: Yoshitsugi Hokama, Chairperson Martin Rayner Andre Theriault Kenichi Yabusaki Clyde Tamaru We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cell and Molecu1ar Biology. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE 1~cb:io~A ~dL tiL!Z;~ LL- L:--6/ ii Acknowledgements The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to her major professor, Dr. Yoshitsugi Hokama, for his continual support, encouragement, and guidance throughout this entire project and beyond. The author also gratefully thanks all current and former committee members, Dr. Martin Rayner, Dr. John Bertram, Dr. Andre Theriault, Dr. Kenichi Yabusaki and Dr. Clyde Tamaru, for their valuable comments, criticism and involvement through the duration of this project. I wish to acknowledge and thank the technical staff who gave their time and energy in support of this project, as well as the many individuals including Jan Dierking, Gary Dill, and Dr. Clyde Tamaru who helped obtain fish specimens to test. Without their help, this study could not have been completed. Special appreciation is extended to my husband Cory Campora and my three daughters, as well as my extended family for their patience and understanding in my pursuit of this goal.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia Brevis
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 8-7-2020 Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis Edward W. Young Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all Part of the Marine Biology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Edward W. Young. 2020. Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis. Capstone. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (13) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13. This Capstone is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Capstone of Edward W. Young Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Marine Science Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences August 2020 Approved: Capstone Committee Major Professor: D. Abigail Renegar, Ph.D. Committee Member: Robert Smith, Ph.D. This capstone is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13 Nova Southeastern Univeristy Halmos College of Arts and Sciences Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis By Edward William Young Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University September 8th, 2020 1 Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Virginia Hospital US Postage Paid Department of Medicine Charlottesville, VA P.O
    NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION University of Virginia Hospital US Postage Paid Department of Medicine Charlottesville, VA P.O. Box 800466 Permit 164 Charlottesville, VA 22908-0466 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA JOURNAL of MEDICINE Inside: Clinical Vignettes ................................................................. 1 • Falls and Gait Instability as the Presenting Symptoms of an Extramedullary Cervical Spinal Meningioma J. Genda, M. Williams • Glucarpidase: A Novel Therapy for Methotrexate Toxicity S. Bhojwani, M. Douvas • Extranodal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting with Involvement of the Myocardium and Large Intestine C. Hudak, J. Prichard, M. Quesenberry • A Case of Relapsing Sarcoidosis with Myopathy S. Kunaparaju, R. Krishna, I. Ipkan • Invoking Occam’s Razor: A Case Report of Cardiac Sarcoidosis L. Mirch, M. Sartin, D. Henderson • Minoxidil-Associated Pericardial Effusion J.Huang, R. Schutt, P. Pollak, J. Dent • Hypertensive Emergency after Mannitol Administration for Ciguatera Fish Poisoning R.Schutt, P. Monteleone, D. Lawrence Images in Medicine .............................................................27 • An Unusual Presentation of Multiple Myeloma K. Peichert • Aggressive Potassium Repletion Leading to Iatrogenic Pill Esophagitis G. Moulder • Identification of Massive Free Air on Supine Roentgenogram of the Abdomen R. Schutt, P. Jackson, D.Green, M. Indihar, C. Rose, Jr • Swyer-James-MacLeod Syndrome A. Zandieh, R. Becker, S. Martinez, S. Erickson ACP Abstracts ........................................................................33 October 2011 • Volume 8 Editor-in-Chief: Managing Editors: Gerald R. Donowitz M.D. Richard Hall, MD University of Virginia Primary Care Offices Edward W. Hook Professor of Peter P. Monteleone, MD Infectious Diseases Heather Y. Hughes, MD Christopher J. Arnold, MD Cancer Center Chief Medical Residents 434-924-9333 • 1-800-223-9713 Cardiology Clinic 434-243-1000 Review Board: Digestive Health Clinic Cynthia Brown, M.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Towards Diagnostic and Vaccine Development
    Characterization of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum towards Diagnostic and Vaccine Development Elizabeth Mary Crump B. Sc., University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1995 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology O Elizabeth Mary Crump, 2003 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor: Dr. W.W. Kay Abstract Flavobacteria are a poorly understood and speciated group of commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens. The psychrophile, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is the etiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and bacterial cold water disease (BCWD), septicaemic diseases which heavily impact salmonids. These diseases have been controlled with limited success by chemotherapy, as no vaccine is commercially available. A comprehensive study of F. psychrophilum was carried out with respect to growth, speciation and antigen characterization, culminating in successful recombinant vaccines trials in rainbow trout fry. Two verified but geographically diverse isolates were characterized phenotypically and biochemically. A growth medium was developed which improved the growth of F. psychrophilum, enabling large scale fermentation. A PCR-based typing system was devised which readily discriminated between closely related species and was verified against a pool of recent prospective isolates. In collaborative work, LPS O- antigen was purified and used to generate specific polyclonal rabbit antisera against F. psychrophilum. This antiserum was used to develop diagnostic ELISA and latex bead agglutination tests for F. psychrophilum. F. psychrophilum was found to be enveloped in a loosely attached, strongly antigenic outer layer comprised of a predominant, highly immunogenic, low MW carbohydrate antigen, as well as several protein antigens.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Disease Impacts of Hatcheries on Downstream Salmonids in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Michelle Jakaitis for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology presented on November 4th, 2014. Title: Assessing Disease Impacts of Hatcheries on Downstream Salmonids in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Abstract approved: ____________________________________________________________ Jerri L. Bartholomew Hatcheries are often perceived as a source of pathogen amplification, potentially increasing disease risk to free-ranging populations; at the same time, free-ranging fishes may introduce pathogens into hatcheries through untreated water sources. Many pathogens exist naturally within the environment (with the exception of introduced pathogens) and the presence of a pathogen does not guarantee infection or disease (Naish, Taylor III, Levin, Quinn, Winton, Huppert & Hilborn 2007). Infections can be acute, chronic, or asymptomatic, fish may die, recover, or become carriers (Naish et al. 2007), and pathogens may be shed from any of these stages (Scottish Executive 2002). Most salmon and trout hatcheries along the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA, utilize an untreated river water supply for their rearing ponds and release this water, untreated, back into the river. This creates a potential for waterborne pathogens present in free-ranging hosts to be transmitted through the water supply to hatchery populations. Moreover, any hatchery epizootic can amplify pathogens and release these into the water, which could have a direct impact on free- ranging populations exposed to those pathogens in hatchery effluent. The goal of this thesis was to assess transmission of the pathogens Flavobacterium columnare, F. psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmonicida, and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV), at selected hatcheries in the Willamette River Basin. To accomplish this, I considered historical data and hatchery-specific and pathogen-specific factors involved in transmission and disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Fda and Epa Safety Levels in Regulations and Guidance
    APPENDIX 5: FDA AND EPA SAFETY LEVELS IN REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the telephone number listed on the title page of this guidance. This appendix lists FDA and EPA levels relating to safety attributes of fish and fishery products. In many cases, these levels represent the point at which the agency could take legal action to include removing product from market. Consequently, the levels contained in this table may not always be suitable for critical limits. Regardless of an established level or not, FDA may take legal action against food deemed to be adulterated as defined by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) [21 U.S.C. 342]. A food is adulterated if the food bears or contains any poisonous or deleterious substance which may render it injurious to health under section 402 (a)(1) of the FD&C Act. Additionally, a food is adulterated if the food has been prepared, packed or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health under section 402 (a)(4) of the FD&C Act.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genomic Journey Through a Genus of Large DNA Viruses
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Virology Papers Virology, Nebraska Center for 2013 Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses Adrien Jeanniard Aix-Marseille Université David D. Dunigan University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] James Gurnon University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Irina V. Agarkova University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Ming Kang University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Immunology Commons, Medical Pathology Commons, and the Virology Commons Jeanniard, Adrien; Dunigan, David D.; Gurnon, James; Agarkova, Irina V.; Kang, Ming; Vitek, Jason; Duncan, Garry; McClung, O William; Larsen, Megan; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Van Etten, James L.; and Blanc, Guillaume, "Towards defining the chloroviruses: a genomic journey through a genus of large DNA viruses" (2013). Virology Papers. 245. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/virologypub/245 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Virology, Nebraska Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Virology Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Adrien Jeanniard, David D. Dunigan, James Gurnon, Irina V. Agarkova, Ming Kang, Jason Vitek, Garry Duncan, O William McClung, Megan Larsen, Jean-Michel Claverie, James L. Van Etten, and Guillaume Blanc This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ virologypub/245 Jeanniard, Dunigan, Gurnon, Agarkova, Kang, Vitek, Duncan, McClung, Larsen, Claverie, Van Etten & Blanc in BMC Genomics (2013) 14.
    [Show full text]
  • A Hidden Danger Lurks Among the Reefs Beware of Ciguatera (Pronounced Sig-Wa-Terra)
    A Hidden Danger Lurks Among the Reefs Beware of Ciguatera (pronounced sig-wa-terra) Florida’s Marine Toxins Marine toxins are produced by microscopic algae that form the base of the ocean’s food chain. These tiny algae can produce toxins that concentrate in the organs and flesh of large carnivorous reef fish (such as barracuda, hogfish, red snapper and grouper). Some marine toxins are extremely potent and can cause human illness or even death. While historically, fish poisoning from marine toxins was common only in fishing communities, the growth of the global market for seafood has meant that almost every country now reports cases of these illnesses. Marine toxin poisonings are often under-reported to public health officials. Much remains unknown about why marine algae produce toxins. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Ciguatera is the most common marine toxin disease worldwide, particularly in Florida, the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands. Larger reef fish can accumulate high concentrations of a natural toxin in their flesh and organs. Fish that are “ciguatoxic” do not seem to be affected by the toxin. Ciguatoxic fish do not look or taste bad or appear sick. People who ate a ciguatoxic fish generally said the fish was delicious. After people eat toxic fish, they may experience a variety of symptoms, some of which may persist for months (or even years). Symptoms typically appear within 6-24 hours, and may include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, as well as unusual sensations such as itching skin; aching teeth, muscles and joints; and painful urination. The classic symptom of ciguatera is the sensation that cold things (such as food, drinks, ice, and water) feel hot to the touch or hot items feel cold.
    [Show full text]