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08 Jovanka Kalic.Vp Zbornik radova Vizantolo{kog instituta HßçÇ, 2009 Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’etudes byzantines XßVI, 2009 UDK: 94:322Š(497.11)"12" DOI:10.2298/ZRVI0946129K JOVANKA KALI] (SANU, Beograd) DR@AVA I CRKVA U SRBIJI XIII VEKA Rad sadr`i nekoliko tematskih celina, u kojima se razmatraju prilike u Srbiji u {irim me|unarodnim okvirima pre i posle sloma Vizantije 1204. godine, odnosno u vreme obnove carstva 1261. godine. Novija istra`ivawa do- nose konkretnije podatke o srpskoj istoriji XIII veka. Kqu~ne re~i: dr`ava, crkva, Ras, kraqevstvo, autokefalnost Poznatojedajetajodnosdr`ava–crkva presudno va`an za svako dru- {tvo u sredwem veku, na istoku i na zapadu, iako nerado upotrebqavam geo- grafske oznake za kulturnu istoriju naroda, jer one nose vrlo razli~ite, ~e- sto politi~ki usmerene, pa i protivre~ne sadr`aje. Da bi prostrano podru~je ovog izlagawa bilo doku~ivo u vremenskim okvirima na{eg skupa, ali i nau~no novo, odabrala sam nekoliko mawih te- matskih celina, koje izviru iz istra`iva~kih projekata (interdisciplinar- ni projekti u oblasti metodologije, istorije, terenska istra`ivawa, arheo- lo{ka istra`ivawa, istorija jezika), koji su doneli i nove nau~ne rezulta- te, posebno na podru~ju Beograda i u oblasti stare Ra{ke. Ako danas razmi{qamo o srpsko-bugarskim odnosima u XIII veku, o~i- gledno je da se najpre name}u vizantolo{ki okviri teme. Uz sve o~igledne razlike, vizantijski koreni su nam zajedni~ki, ma kako posmatrali poli- ti~ku i kulturnu istoriju. I vrlo konkretno, godina 1204. iznenada je pro- menila svet u kome su `iveli Srbi i Bugari, kao i drugi narodi istog pro- stora. Zapadnoevropska vojska krsta{a je osvojila Carigrad (april 1204), raspar~ala Vizantiju i podelila plen. Vizantijskog carstva vi{e nema. Na tlu gr~kog niklo je latinsko carstvo, stvorene su mawe dr`ave. Gr~ki svet u Epiru i Nikeji po~iwe borbu za prevlast i obnovu carstva. Na te prilike Srbi nisu uticali, ali su u wima bili prinu|eni da `ive. Da bi se uo~ile promene do kojih dolazi u Srbiji posle 1204. godine, potreban je pogled na dr`avno i crkveno sredi{te zemqe u XII veku. Meto- 130 ZRVI XLVI (2009) 129–137 dolo{ki re~eno, to je pitawe da li je politika Stefana Prvoven~anog posle 1204. godine bila nova ili tradicionalna. I. Srpska dr`ava i crkva u HII veku U doba Komnina (1081–1185) sredi{te srpske dr`ave se postepeno pre- me{ta iz primorskih oblasti (Dukqa, Zeta) u kontinentalno zale|e. Posle smrti kraqa Bodina (1099) unutra{wim sukobima razdirana Dukqa naglo slabi, gubi uticaj, a na drugoj strani raste uloga ra{kih velikih `upana, najpre Vukana, zatim i wegovih naslednika Uro{a I, Uro{a II inajzadSte- fana Nemawe, da pomenem samo zna~ajnija imena. Dr`avno i crkveno sredi- {te nalazilo se u Rasu. Tu se nalazio dvor vladara, upravno i vojno sredi- {te zemqe i, naravno, va`no crkveno sredi{te — saborni hram ra{kih epi- skopa, crkva Sv. apostola Petra i Pavla (danas Petrova crkva kod Novog Pa- zara). Episkop Rasa je bio arhijerej Srbije, izri~it je Dimitrije Homatijan u pismu monahu Savi, sinu velikog `upana Srbije.1 Tu je i vrlo bitan mana- stir Sv. \or|a (\ur|evi stupovi u Rasu), na brdu iznad episkopske crkve, u prostorno i sadr`ajno simboli~nom odnosu. Ve} je zapa`eno da taj Nemawin zavetni hram nosi pobedni~ka obele`ja. Taj manastir, prva vladarska zadu- `bina Stefana Nemawe, izgra|en je 1170–1171. godine, kako kazuje natpis na srpskom jeziku uklesan na portalu crkve. Natpis je prona|en tokom siste- matskih arhitektonskih i arheolo{kih istra`ivawa manastira.2 Tu, u ra{kom sredi{tu srpske dr`ave, ro|en je Rastko Nemawi} 1175. godine.3 U toku svoje duge vladavine (1166–1196) Stefan Nemawa je usko sara|i- vao sa gr~kim arhijerejima, posebno s episkopom u Rasu. Istorijski izvori su nedvosmisleni: sve va`nije odluke (odbrana prave vere i progon jeretika, pi- tawe prestolonasle|a) vladar je donosio uz saglasnost i neposredno u~e{}e ra{kih episkopa. Dvojica su poznata i po imenima, episkopi Jevtimije i Ka- linik. Izme|u rata i mira odvijali su se srpsko-vizantijski odnosi.4 U to doba Srbija te`i samostalnosti, izri~it je Nikita Honijat pi- {u}i o politici Stefana Nemawe.5 Me|utim, i pre wega ~inili su to ra- {ki `upani. Oni su u tome ciqu izgradili ~itav niz politi~kih veza sa ze- mqama van vizantijskog sveta posredstvom dinasti~kih i drugih veza, najpre 1 G. Ostrogorski, Pismo Dimitrija Homatijana sv. Savi i odlomak Homatijanovog pi- sma patrijarhu Germanu o Savinom posve}ewu, Svetosavski zbornik 2, Beograd 1939, 102–103. 2 J. Ne{kovi}, \ur|evi stupovi u Starom Rasu, Kraqevo 1984, 12–14; V. J. \uri}.Pre- okret u umetnosti Nemawinog doba, u kw. Istorija srpskog naroda I, SKZ 1981, 273–296. 3 J. Kali}, Rastko Nemawi}. Istra`ivawa, Hilandarski zbornik 12 (2008), 1–9. 4 Istorija srpskog naroda, I, Beograd SKZ, 1981, 251–262; J. Kali}, Stefan Nemawa u modernoj istoriografiji, Zbornik radova œStefan Nemawa — Sv. Simeon Miroto~ivi, isto- rija i predaweŒ, SANU, Odeqewe istorijskih nauka, kw. 26, Beograd 2000, 5–17. 5 Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Berolini 1975, 159. J. KALI]: Dr`ava i crkva u Srbiji XIII veka 131 sa Ugarskom, zatim ^e{kom, Nema~kom, Poqskom. To su zemqe tzv. œlatin- skogŒ sveta. Da podsetim, primera radi, srpska knegiwa Jelena, k}i velikog `upana Uro{a I, postala je ugarska kraqica udajom za prestolonaslednika i potom kraqa Belu II (1131–1141). Wen brat, `upan Belo{, zvali su ga i ban Bela, prakti~no je vladao Ugarskom preko 20 godina (1135–1157), nosio je titulu duksa, bio je i hrvatsko-dalmatinski ban, najzad i palatin sa svim vladarskim ovla{}ewima koja je taj polo`aj donosio pojedincu. Poveqe se datuju wegovim imenom, a B. Homan je ~itavu tu epohu u Ugarskoj ozna~io kao œdoba vlade bana BeleŒ.6 Preko wega je Srbija uspostavila veze sa Morav- skom i ^e{kom: knegiwa Marija, druga k}i Uro{a I, sestra kraqice Jelene, udatajezaknezaKonradaII od Znojma 1134, wen lik sa mu`em ~uva ktitorska freska u œkraqevskoj kapeliŒ u Znojmu i danas. Posredstvom knegiwe Mari- je uspostavqaju se veze sa Poqskom: k}i Jelena se udaje za vladara Kazimira II Pravednog, velikog vojvodu Poqske (1177–1194) sa sedi{tem u Krakovu. I svuda ove predstavnice srpske dinastije ostavqaju za sobom tragove umetno- sti svog vizantijskig podnebqa.7 Preko knegiwe Marije ra{ka dinastija se orodila sa najvi{im nema~kim plemstvom: porodica bavarskih vojvoda Vi- telsbaha, porodica Babenberg (Isto~na marka 1156. dobija rang vojvodstva). Godine 1139. ugovoren je brak Sofije, unuke srpskog `upana Uro{a I sa pre- stolonaslednikom nema~kog prestola, Henrihom, sinom Konrada III Hoen- {taufovca.8 To je stawe pre 1204. godine. II. Srpska kraqevina i Srpska autokefalna crkva Pogled na prilike posle 1204. godine otkriva da se u Bugarskoj i Sr- biji po~etkom XIII veka odvijaju sli~ni procesi. Bugarski vladar Kalojan (1197–1207) obratio se papi Ino}entiju III u nameri da stekne krunu iz Ri- ma. Poznata je i u nauci davno zapa`ena ta prepiska Bugara (Kalojana) sa pa- pom, koji je usli{io molbu bugarskog vladara. Sli~nim putem krenuo je i Nemawin sin Stefan. On je tra`io i najzad i dobio kraqevsku krunu od pape Honorija III. Krunisawe je obavqeno 1217. godine. Danas znamo i mesto krunisawa:bilajetora{kasabornacrkva, hram Sv. apostola Petra i Pavla. Do izdavawa poznate @i~ke poveqe (oko 1224) vlast u srpskim zemqama se sticala i gubila u Rasu. Marta meseca 1220. godine u pismu papi Honoriju III Stefan Prvoven~ani sebe naziva krunisanim kraqem (rex coronatus). Da je ra{ka Petrova crkva, a ne @i~a, prvo krunidbeno mesto Nemawi}a potvr|uje i jedno kasnije pismo, koje je Srpska crkva posredstvom dvojice mile{evskih monaha, Damjana i Pavla, uputila papi Klimentu VII krajem 1597. godine tra`e}i pomo} u borbi pro- 6 B. Homan, Geschichte des ungarischen Mittelalters, I, Berlin 1940, 384. 7 J. Kali}, Knegiwa Marija, Zograf 17 (1986), 21–34 (= J. Kali}, Evropa i Srbi. Sred- wi vek, Beograd 2006, 593–622). 8 J. Kali}, Dva carstva u srpskoj istoriji HII veka, ZRVI 38 (1999–2000), 197–212. 132 ZRVI XLVI (2009) 129–137 tiv Turaka. I u tom tekstu, pored ostalih ~iwenica koje su nabrojane da bi se do~aralo bogatstvo zemqe, odnosno wene hri{}anske tradicije, navode se krunidbena mesta srpskih kraqeva — Petrova crkva, @i~a, Pe}, tim redom. Ovaj tekst Srpske crkve je pisan, kako stoji u dokumentu, na osnovu dokume- nata œstare gospode srpskeŒ.9 Krunisawe Stefana Prvoven~anog 1217. godine stvorilo je pojam Ra- {ke kraqevine, Regnum Rasciae, Regno di Rassa.Tajnazivseodoma}ioula- tinskim izvorima sredweg veka, naro~ito u rimokatoli~kim zemqama zapad- ne i sredwe Evrope. Tako je jedna anti~ka tvr|ava (Arsa)posvedo~enaudelu Prokopija iz Cezareje u VI veku, u slovenskom obliku (Rasa, Ras) u{la u vi- zantijske izvore (Konstantin Porfirogenit, Jovan Kinam), a zatim posred- stvom hri{}anstva i Ra{ke episkopije postala sredi{te srpske dr`ave u XII veku. Ime grada — naziv oblasti (episkopije) postalo je ime cele dr`ave ve} u doba Stefana Nemawe (podatak iz Kotora 1186. godine).10 Krunisawem prvog srpskog vladara papskom krunom naziv œKraqevina Ra{kaŒ postaje evropski pojam, naravno sa novim zna~ewem. Prenosi se vremenom i na qude, Srbe ponekad nazivaju Ra{anima, Racima, pre svega u Ugarskoj, ali i dru- gde, opet sa novim smislom modernih vremena.
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