Srbi Među Europskim Narodima

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Srbi Među Europskim Narodima Sima M. Ćirković SRBI MEĐU EUROPSKIM NARODIMA Zagreb, 2008. Naslov engleskog izdanja The Serbs © 2004 by Sima M. Ćirković Ovaj prijevod odgovara prvom engleskom izdanju iz 2004. SADRŽAJ Predgovor hrvatskom izdanju Predgovor Uvod: vrijeme, prostor, ljudi Antičko nasljeđe Rimske provincije Naseljavanje Slavena Sklavinije Kristijanizacija Tema Srbija i kneževina Srbija Kraljevstvo Dalmacije i Duklje Ras i Raška zemlja Dinastija „svetoga korijena“ Nemanjino nasljeđe Samodržavno kraljevstvo Autokefalna arhiepiskopija Stabilnost na kušnji Dva kraljevstva Privredni uspon Dinastički ideal i stvarnost Carstvo „Zemlja careva“ i „zemlja kraljeva“ Nedovršeno društvo Raskol u dinastiji Između križa i polumjeseca Nova gospoda i kraj dinastije Prenošenje kraljevstva (translatio regni) u Bosnu Kosovska bitka – stvarnost i legenda Posljedice Despot i njegova zemlja Nemirno Pomorje Privredni polet Kontinuitet kao ideal Teret dvostrukog vazalstva Kronika propadanja Sultanovi štićenici Staro i novo Bježanja, preseljavanja, naseljavanja 1 Varoš i kasaba – orijentalizacija grada Naslijeđeno i stečeno u privrednom životu Plemena i plemensko društvo Crkva u ropstvu Od podložnika do odmetnika Nastajanje modernoga kršćanskog društva Novi državni okvir Proširenje i preuređenje okvira Seljaci i građani, vojnici i „blagorodna gospoda“ Kršćansko prosvjećivanje Počeci europeizacije U razdoblju demokratskih revolucija „Srpska revolucija“ Nametnuta revolucija Od knezove autonomije do autonomne kneževine Srbi i Srbija u revoluciji 1848–1849. Za nacionalnu državu i protiv nje Promjene u stvarnosti i promjene u idejama Vladajuća nacija Manjinska narodnost U žarištu velike istočne krize (1875–1878) Divergentni razvojni putovi Ustavnost i parlamentarizam na provjeri Vrijeme ratovanja Svi Srbi u jednoj državi Između unitarnog ideala i pluralističke stvarnosti Oktroirana Jugoslavija Stradanje i uskrsnuće Obnova i izgradnja Modernizacija putem socijalizma Epilog: raspad federacije, borba za državu Izabrana bibliografija Bilješka o autoru Predgovor hrvatskom izdanju Izlazeći pred hrvatsku čitateljsku publiku knjigom o Srbima, autor je, zajedno s nakladnikom, smatrao da treba dodati nekoliko riječi kojih u drugim izdanjima nije bilo. Nije se pritom mislilo na konvencionalno pridobivanje naklonosti, retoričku captatio benevolentiae, nego se u prvome redu željelo upozoriti na posljedice koje ima kritički pristup u proučavanju srpskoga etničkoga razvoja na tradicionalna i duboko ukorijenjena gledanja na prošlost Srba i u proučavanju njihova odnosa prema drugim narodima. Uvođenje novih dimenzija kritičnosti razlikuje ovaj prikaz srpske povijesti od prijašnjih. Pod kritičkim se pristupom ovdje ne razumijeva samo suočavanje povijesnih izvora, provjeravanje njihove autentičnosti i vjerodostojnosti, poslovi s kojima se od sredine 19. stoljeća uspješno nosila povijesna znanost u Srba i njihovih susjeda. Kritički pristup ovdje podrazumijeva također ispitivanje i provjeru općih misaonih sredstava kojima se služilo i okvira kojima se djelovalo tijekom rekonstrukcije prošlosti. Svrha kritičkoga pristupa nije bila sustavno precijeniti i problematizirati konkretne rezultate do kojih su došli naraštaji povjesničara koji su sebe smatrali „kritičkim historicima“. Nasuprot tome, kritički je pristup trebao prepoznati neizbježnu 2 ograničenost tih rezultata, ovisnost o općim idejama vremena u kojemu su djelovali i ideologija kojima je, najčešće nehotice, bila usmjeravana njihova misao. Elementarna je kritičnost do izražaja dolazila u istraživanjima pojedinosti i parcijalnih aspekata povijesnoga procesa, dok su ideološke premise predstavljale oslonac u pokušajima da se rekonstruiraju velike cjeline kao što su povijesti naroda, zemalja i velikih epoha. U sintezama, pri iznošenju općih razvojnih smjerova, koristi se malo misaonih alata, termina, koncepcija, metodskih postupaka i mjerila koja se sama po sebi podrazumijevaju, a ne podvrgavaju se ispitivanju i provjeri. To počinje već kod naroda, središnjeg pojma koji određuje predmet istraživanja. Do sadržajnog i koliko-toliko preciznog pojma nije se dolazilo empirijskim istraživanjem niti usporedbom, nego prešutnim prihvaćanjem tradicionalne zamisli ili prenošenjem modela iz nekog drugog područja, na primjer etnologije. Pri rekonstrukciji nacionalnih povijesti, koncepcija naroda unaprijed je usmjeravala istraživanja, i nije se mijenjala niti prilagođavala u skladu s napretkom empirijskih istraživanja. Zbog toga je, na temelju iste izvorne građe i brižljivo utvrđivanih pojedinosti, bilo moguće doći do veoma različitih rekonstrukcija cjeline. Kada je riječ o etničkom razvoju, koji je u biti ove knjige, preispitivanju je podložna prije svega koncepcija etničkog, osnovni misaoni alat kojim se služimo govoreći o etničkim zajednicama (plemenima, narodima, nacijama). Jesu li one poput velike skupine krvnih srodnika, čiji pripadnici, unatoč individualnim razlikama, imaju nešto zajedničko što se prenosi nasljeđivanjem, pa se identitet prenosi generacijama? Povijest takve zajednice se u krajnjem svodi na vrstu genealogije. Tomu je, ne tako davno, suprotstavljeno shvaćanje da su plemena, narodi, nacije, jednostavno društvene skupine koje, poput spona, drže na okupu svijest o pripadanju istoj zajednici. A ta svijest izvire iz različitih okolnosti: pokoravanje istoj vlasti, jednaka vjerovanja i običaji te zajednički simboli, a prati je i percepcija razlika koje ih odvajaju od pripadnika drugih takvih skupina. Ako je takva koncepcija primjerena, onda genealogija igra malu ulogu. Neusporedivo je veća uloga promjena u društvenoj strukturi i kulturi o kojima ovisi priroda spomenutih spona, koje osiguravaju koheziju društvenoj skupini. I starija je historiografija bila svjesna razlika među razdobljima u razvoju pojedinog naroda. Bilo bi neopravdano i lakomisleno zamjerati povjesničarima 19. stoljeća da su bili slijepi za promjene koje su se događale unutar naroda kao cjeline; sve što su otkrivali i pronalazili u izvorima, na vidjelo je iznosilo razliku između njih i njihovih suvremenika na jednoj, te bližih ili daljnjih predaka na drugoj strani. Osjećaja za razlike među epohama i generacijama bilo je i prije pojave „kritičke historiografije“, ali te razlike nisu ugrožavale identitet. Podrazumijevalo se da one ne dotiču bit koja je ostajala ista. A o tome što bi činilo bit, nema izričitih iskaza. Iz tekstova se može izvesti da su se u toj ulozi nalazili: ime, jezik, „duh naroda“ izražen u običajima i umotvorinama, teritorij te zajedničko podrijetlo ili vjerovanje u njega. Prešutna pretpostavka da Srbi, uzeti kao primjer, i u 9. i u 19. stoljeću predstavljaju dijelove iste cjeline, ima dalekosežne posljedice na povijesno mišljenje i time što postulira statičnost zbog koje se ne mogu sagledati veličina i dubina promjena koje su se dogodile tijekom vremena te koje su zahvaćale i ono za što se misli da čini „bit“. Koliko to ima ozbiljne posljedice, može pokazati primjer iz rane povijesti naseljavanja Slavena na Balkanski poluotok, s početka ove knjige. U spisu bizantskog cara Konstantina VII Porfirogeneta sažeto je ispričano o doseljavanju plemena Hrvata i Srba te njihovu rasporedu u zapadnome dijelu Balkana. Izričito je navedena granica među njima na Cetini, a posredno se može zaključiti da se protezala istočno od hrvatskih županija Imote, Plive i Livna. Srpsko se pleme prema istoku naseljavalo do grada Rasa (kod današnjeg Novog Pazara), koji se u drugoj polovici 9. stoljeća nalazio na granici između onodobne Bugarske i Srbije. Utemeljena na različitim podacima, dijelom poteklim iz sredine samih plemena, careva se priča odnosila na dio slavenskoga svijeta o kojemu se zna vrlo malo, a prepuna je izazova koji se odnose na kompleks pitanja o kretanjima, društvenoj strukturi, razlikama među plemenima, 3 njihovim međusobnim odnosima i odnosima prema skupinama jednakoga imena, ali prostorno odvojenima. Prirodno bi bilo da su se careva kazivanja interpretirala u kontekstu onoga što je prethodilo i što je bilo suvremeno događajima. Dogodilo se, međutim, da su podaci iz tih kazivanja često ograničeni onime što je slijedilo, podrazumijevajući identitet plemena tijekom tisuća godina, tako da su u teritorijalnom rasporedu za plemena od 7. do 10. stoljeća, traženi i nalaženi granični kameni koji razdvajaju nacionalne teritorije 19. i 20. stoljeća, oko kojih se borilo i sporazumijevalo. Prešutno izjednačavanje pripadnika plemena iz doba seobe Slavena s pripadnicima srpske nacije u 19. stoljeću sprečava da se sagledaju i realno procijene velike promjene s dalekosežnim posljedicama, koje su se u međuvremenu dogodile na istome prostoru. Prisjetimo se samo postanka bosanske države s posebnom organizacijom i strukturom, dinastijom i staleškim saborom, posebne verzije kršćanstva u obliku „Crkve bosanske“; zatim se podsjetimo na raspad i propast te države i stvaranje upravnih jedinica Osmanskoga Carstva; temeljitu promjenu vjerskih odnosa, golema pomicanja stanovništva iseljavanjem s toga prostora i doseljavanjem na taj prostor. Zanemarivanje promjena i njihovih posljedica djelovalo je kao poruka da se narod ne mijenja, bez obzira na sve što se s njime i oko njega događa. To uvjerenje nisu mogla poljuljati ni iskustva iz stvarnoga svijeta u kojemu se, ne samo na planu porodica, nego i manjih skupina, osobito u migracijama, narodnost mijenja tijekom dvije do tri generacije. Posljedica dogme o nepromjenljivosti bila je činjenica da se svim državnim tvorevinama prethodnih razdoblja prešutno pripisivao karakter nacionalne države, makar u embrijskom stadiju, iako su istraživanja otkrivala
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