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University of Bergamo Title Heritage Re UNIVERSITY OF BERGAMO School of Doctoral Studies Doctoral Degree in Intercultural Humanistic Studies XXX Cycle SSD: L-LIN/10 LETTERATURA INGLESE M-DEA/01 DISCIPLINE DEMOETNOANTROPOLOGICHE L-LIN/21 SLAVISTICA M-PED/04 PEDAGOGIA SPERIMENTALE TITLE HERITAGE RE-INTERPRETATION AS A TOOL FOR RETHINKING LAYERED IDENTITY ISSUES Belgrade: Confluence-Encounter of East and West Advisor Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Rossana Bonadei Co-Advisor Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Stefania Gandolfi Doctoral Thesis Sanja IGUMAN Student ID 1021728 Academic Year 2016/17 Dedicated to Belgrade, my hometown Acknowledgments Without a doubt, my gratitude goes first and foremost to my mentor, Rossana Bonadei. Her careful criticism and unwavering support guided me through the various phases of my work from the first day to the last. Were it not for her, I most probably would not be where I am. I would also like to mention my co-mentor, Stefania Gandolfi, whose kind words of support and praise encouraged me after each of our consultations and motivated me to continue confidently towards my aim. I am very thankful to all those who participated in this research one way or another. In particular, Maja Curcić, my friend and collaborator, with whom I started an early project that illuminated the direction of my research. The assistance of historian Dr Dragan Bakić proved invaluable during archival research. Words of sincere gratitude also go to all the interviewees that generously offered their time and expertise: their contribution to this dissertation was essential. Although I know my friends would think this is unnecessary, I would like to thank them as well. I am unable to single out any one of them, but I am sure they will recognize themselves. Daily doses of laughter and support coming from Belgrade, Bergamo, Paris and San Francisco, constantly kept me positive and in a good mood, serving as the wind beneath my wings. Finally, and just as important… Constant love, support and pride provided by my parents throughout my entire life, have meant even more in the past three years, as, although geographically separated, we stayed together the whole time. 2 Table of Contents 1. General Introduction .............................................................................................. 5 1.1 Research ground ............................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Research statement ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Methodology of research .............................................................................................. 7 1.4 Dissertation layout ......................................................................................................... 8 2. Relevant discourse foundation .......................................................................... 12 2.1 Geo-political settings ................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Multiple perspectives on Belgrade’s historical events .................................... 12 2.1.2 Which history for the Balkans? ................................................................................. 25 2.2 Socio-anthropological settings .................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Theoretical studies on the question of Serbian identity ................................. 27 2.2.2 Reflections on identity construction in Geographical and Environmental studies ................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Identity dynamics. Self and other ............................................................................. 35 2.2.4 Balkanism ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.5 Relations between identity and heritage—The Balkans’ case ..................... 41 3. Theoretical concepts in context ......................................................................... 47 3.1 Heritage as a tool for elucidating identity – Strategic issues ............................. 47 3.1.1 Cultural heritage.............................................................................................................. 50 3.1.2 Relation between heritage and past........................................................................ 53 3.1.3 The symbiosis of natural and cultural heritage .................................................. 57 3.1.4. Memory and Identity in relation to heritage ...................................................... 62 3.1.5 Managing heritage .......................................................................................................... 67 3.1.6 Policies and strategies .................................................................................................. 69 3.2 Methods and concepts applied .................................................................................. 74 3.2.1 Landscape – Seeing heritage ...................................................................................... 74 3.2.2 Soundscape – Hearing heritage ................................................................................. 79 3.2.3 Space, place, cities ........................................................................................................... 83 4. Hypothesis testing ................................................................................................. 98 4.1 Corpora .......................................................................................................................... 98 4.1.1 The relevance of discourse analysis ........................................................................ 98 3 4.1.2 Definition of the empirical methods for testing the hypothesis .................. 99 4.1.3 Newspapers analysis .................................................................................................. 101 4.1.4 Analysis of governmental institutions’ policies .............................................. 116 4.2 Semi-structured interviews to relevant actors ................................................... 121 4.2.1 Definition of the empirical methods for interview conducting ................ 121 4.2.2 Presentation of the interviewees and paraphrasing of interviews ......... 122 4.2.3 Analysis of the interviews ........................................................................................ 145 5. “Belgrade Confluence – Encounter of East and West”- The project .... 155 5.1 Theoretical background of the project ................................................................ 155 5.2 Project explanation ................................................................................................... 160 5.3 Project summary ....................................................................................................... 163 5.3.1 Project objectives ..................................................................................................... 165 5.3.2 Target groups ................................................................................................................ 166 5.3.3 Project activities ........................................................................................................... 167 5.3.4 Project results ............................................................................................................... 168 6. General conclusion ............................................................................................ 170 Bibliography............................................................................................................ 176 Illustrations ............................................................................................................. 194 Appendix A .............................................................................................................. 196 4 1. General Introduction 1.1 Research ground The present dissertation, positioned in the broad interdisciplinary framework of cultural studies, aims to offer a fresh view of specific cultural dynamics that involve the perception and interpretation of heritage in the Balkan region, with particular focus on Serbia and Belgrade, my home city and territory. Cultural and Heritage studies during the Master program in tourism provided the necessary background and general outline for the research that followed. While the presence of the two rivers Sava and Danube has long been recognized as immediately relevant to the development of Belgrade as a city “at the crossroads”, I submit that The Belgrade Confluence, together with island known as the Great War Island, mark in fact a crucial spatial setting for the configuration of Belgrade, not only geographically but also culturally and historically. The meaning of this “crossroad” characterization will be investigated in the following chapters. What matters now is to point out that once I came to terms with the far-reaching ramifications of natural and cultural heritage studies, I felt the need to interrogate heritage sites that surrounded me my entire life and to delve deeper in the intricate network of relations that heritage has with issues of past, memory and identity. As I was writing my master thesis, I repeatedly came across the issue of Serbian “hybrid” identity, which drew my attention. And while a conclusive understanding of Serbian identity is arguably impossible to reach,
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