Modernization in Colombia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Modernization in Colombia Introduction | i Modernization in Colombia Copyright 2001 by James D. Henderson. This work is licensed un- der a modified Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You are free to electronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. However, all printing rights are reserved by the University Press of Florida (http://www.upf.com). Please contact UPF for information about how to obtain copies of the work for print distribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the li- cense terms of this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola Modernization in Colombia The Laureano Gómez Years, 1889–1965 James D. Henderson University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Copyright 2001 by James D. Henderson Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 06 05 04 03 02 01 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Henderson, James D. 1942– Modernization in Colombia: the Laureano Gómez years, 1889–1965 / James D. Henderson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8130-1824-2 (alk. paper) 1. Colombia–History–1886–1903. 2. Colombia–History–1903–1946. 3. Colombia–History–1946–1974. 4. Gómez, Laureano, 1889–1965. I. Title. F2276.5.H46 2001 986.106’2–dc21 00-051051 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611–2079 http://www.upf.com This book is dedicated to the memory of my parents, James and Barbara Pardue Henderson Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii I. Toward Modernity, 1889–1932 1. Fin de Siècle Colombia 1 2. Teaching the Generation of the Centenary 25 3. Reyes and Republicanism 49 4. The Bourgeois Republic 81 5. Money Comes to Colombia 114 6. Social Change and the Challenge to Traditional Authority 154 II. The Dangers of Political Inauthenticity, 1932–1965 7. The Liberal Republic and Its Critics 191 8. A Society in Flux 239 9. Orchestrating the War of Seven Thousand Days 286 10. Economic Progress and Social Change: From Ospina Pérez to the National Front 325 11. Politics and Violence under Gómez and Rojas 348 12. A Time of Transition, 1957–1965 380 Epilogue: The Passing of the Centenarians 417 Appendix 1. Distribution of Violencia-Related Deaths by Department 423 Appendix 2. Violencia-Related Deaths by Year, 1947–1966 424 Appendix 3. Violencia-Related Deaths per 100,000 Population as a Percentage of 1960 and 1966 Intentional Deaths in Colombia; Intentional Deaths in Colombia Compared with Those in Other Countries 425 Notes 427 Bibliography 459 Index 485 Illustrations 1. Physical map of Colombia 2 2. Political map of Colombia 3 3. Government soldiers during the War of the Thousand Days, circa 1901 43 4. Aristides Fernández, circa 1902 44 5. Bogotá’s Calle Real, circa 1905 61 6. Laureano Gómez, 1921 112 7. Coffee harvesters 127 8. Formal photograph of an Antioquian campesino, circa 1920 128 9. Luis Jaramillo Walker, circa 1916 130 10. President Pedro Nel Ospina and Minister of Public Works Laureano Gómez in Bucaramanga, 1926 144 11. Ignacio Torres Giraldo, María Cano, Raúl Eduardo Mahecha, and Sofía López 165 12. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, 1946 292 13. Laureano Gómez at home, mid-1940s 297 14. Laureano Gómez and Mariano Ospina Pérez shortly before April 9, 1948 308 15. Looters in Bogotá, April 9, 1948 315 16. Alfonso López Pumarejo and Mariano Ospina Pérez, with President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, May 1953 365 17. A guerrilla father greets his soldier son during the surrenders in Tolima, September 1953 367 18. Laureano Gómez and Alberto Lleras Camargo in Sitges, Spain, July 1957 383 19. The Carrera Thirty complex 415 20. Laureano Gómez congratulates Alfonso López Pumarejo on the latter’s receipt of a doctorate honoris causa, May 1962 419 Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people and institutions for their encouragement and support during my years of work on this book. My wife, Linda, my children, and my parents were especially understanding of my need to devote time and attention to “the Gómez study.” My colleagues at Coastal Carolina University were supportive in many ways. Members of Coastal’s Department of Politics and International Studies collegially supported my request for leave from teaching duties during 1990–91, when I wrote the first half of this volume. Our departmental administrative assistant, Bonnie Senser, was unfailingly helpful and good-humored. Faculty of the Reference Department at the university’s Kimbel Library—Margaret Fain, Marchita Phifer, and Blake Deegan—helped me locate hard-to-find volumes on Colombian history via interlibrary loan. Tabby Shelton spent many hours reformatting the manuscript. Colombianists Jane Rausch of the University of Massachusetts and Mau- rice Brungardt of Loyola University of New Orleans made invaluable sugges- tions in helping me ready the manuscript for publication. A great many Colombians aided my research. Especially helpful were Al- varo Gómez Hurtado, Roberto Herrera Soto, Alberto Bermúdez, and staff of the Sala de Investigadores of the National Library in Bogotá. Institutional support was provided by both the University of South Caro- lina and Coastal Carolina University, and by my previous employer, Gram- bling State University in Louisiana. The American Philosophical Society, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Council for International Ex- change of Scholars, and the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board provided generous assistance that allowed me to work a total of three years on this project in Colombia, between 1980 and 1993. I am deeply grateful to all these people and institutions. Introduction Colombia is a country best described in superlatives. Its mountains are South America’s most verdant, its coffee the mildest, its red tape the most vexing, and its system of public transportation the world’s cheapest and most accessible. Colombian history is the hemisphere’s most confounding. And its transition to modernity has been the most abrupt. Over most of the present century its civil life has been the most consistently violent of any American republic. These things make Colombia an intriguing, compelling place, all the more so when one comes to know Colombians, their civility, their patience before adversity. The extraordinary complexity of Colombia’s recent past stands in sharp contrast to the unremarkable character of its nineteenth-century history. As elsewhere in Latin America, the country’s social calm was regularly punctuated by civil wars in which members of the social and political elite led armies in contests whose goal was overthrow of the central government. During lapses between civil wars, Colombian society reverted to its sleepy premodern char- acter. Campesino soldiers put aside their rifles and returned to the land. Like the rest of Latin America, Colombia was an intensely rural place whose people were locked in a seignorial system characterized by extreme social inequality, hierarchy, and networks of reciprocal interdependence. Kinship ties, and those of clientage, were the chief forces of cohesion in the premodern nation. In the nineteenth century, before the rapid and violent social change that is the chief focus of this study, Colombia was more static than most other Latin American nations. Lacking lucrative exports—coffee not yet having loomed large in the national economy—foreigners and foreign capital kept their dis- tance. Colombians traveled little, for there was little reason to do so. Not much money circulated, and there were few consumer goods to be had, even by those lucky enough to possess discretionary income. Inward looking and parochial, Colombians were shut away in a mountain fastness that separated them al- most as effectively from one another as from the wider world. The study that follows traces Colombia’s transition from nineteenth-cen- tury social stasis, isolation, and poverty, to rapid integration into the global market economy during the first third of the twentieth century. Burgeoning xiv | Introduction coffee exports gave impetus to the physical development that national leaders had long sought. Thanks largely to coffee Colombia rapidly became a mobile and acquisitive society whose chief feature was an aggressive rural middle class. Conservative Party politician Laureano Gómez stands at the center of the present work. Gómez’s life spanned the era during which Colombian society became increasingly individualized and violent. Thoroughly schooled in his country’s tradition of political polemic shaped intellectually by militant Span- ish Jesuits, young Gómez was encouraged by his elders to become a crusader for religiously orthodox approaches to national affairs. First a newspaperman, then a politician, Laureano Gómez became his nation’s greatest orator and parliamentarian at a moment when eloquence in representative bodies was prized above all else.
Recommended publications
  • 1. Conceptualización Institución Educativa
    INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA BETHLEMITAS BRIGHTON ACTIVIDADES DE REPASO DEL ÁREA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS DEL ESTUDIANTE: __ FECHA: 27 de Octubre al 10 de Noviembre del 2020 IV PERÍODO GRADO CALIFICACIÓN: __DOCENTE: ________________________________________________ 5º “ ” GUÍA TALLER - REPASO 1. CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN LA REGENERACIÓN (1880 - 1898) Los conservadores y liberales moderados introdujeron reformas notables al país (las reformas liberales y el sistema federal), la cual fue adoptado en 1863 propiciando un estado permanente. La Constitución Política de 1886: El Concordato: La Regeneración: Los gobiernos regeneradores: - Proyecto político. - Tuvieron conciencia de la importancia del catolicismo como - Unió liberales independientes y conservadores. factor de cohesión social. - Crean un Estado fuerte y centralizado. - Preocupación por restablecer las relaciones con la Iglesia. Personajes Importantes: En 1887: - El liberal Rafael Núñez: Presidente 1880 - 1892. - El gobierno nacional firmó un concordato con la Santa Sede. - Miguel Antonio Caro: Vicepresidente y luego presidente - La Iglesia católica recuperó sus antiguos privilegios y la conservador 1892 - 1898. influencia que tenía en la política y la sociedad. La guerra civil de 1895: La colonización antioqueña y la Caficultura: El proyecto de la Regeneración: Durante el siglo XIX: - Se apoyó en un acuerdo entre liberales independientes y - Grupos de población migraron hacia varios territorios del conservadores. occidente y noreste de Colombia. - El conservatismo acabó dominando el movimiento. A finales del siglo XVIII: - Los liberales fueron marginados del poder y de la burocracia. - La producción minera Antioquia entró en decadencia. - Se organizó la oposición política y armada contra el gobierno. Durante las décadas siguientes: - Numerosas familias migraron hacia territorios del sur de Antioquia y de los actuales del departamentos de Caldas, Quindío y Risaralda.
    [Show full text]
  • Thysanoptera: Thripidae
    Preferences of Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood 1919 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for different structures of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in the Magdalena warm valley of Colombia Preferencias de Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood 1919 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) por diferentes estructuras de la planta del algodón (Gossypium hirsutum L.) en el valle cálido del Magdalena Everth Ebratt1*, Andrés Rodríguez2, Buenaventura Monje2, Edgar Varón2, Helena Brochero3, and Arturo Goldarazena4 ABSTRACT RESUMEN Thrips samples were collected from cotton crops in the Andean En la región Andina que comprende el valle cálido del alto region of the Magdalena warm valley, an area represented by the Magdalena representado por los departamentos de Tolima, Colombian departments of Tolima, Huila and Cundinamarca. Huila y Cundinamarca en Colombia se recolectaron muestras Ten cotton plants were randomly selected per hectare in each de trips en cultivos de algodón. En cada predio se selecciona- plot. Five young leaves, five floral buds, five opened flowers ron diez plantas de algodón al azar por hectárea en las cuales and five bolls or fruits were inspected. Immature stages were se inspeccionaron cinco hojas jóvenes o terminales foliares, separated from the adults and a first classification was made cinco botones florales, cinco flores abiertas y cinco cápsulas o according to the present thrips morphotypes, separating the frutos. Los estados inmaduros se separaron de los adultos y se adults of possible S. dorsalis specimens from the others. T- hizo una primera clasificación de acuerdo a los morfotipos de Student and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed in order trips presentes, separando los adultos de posibles especímenes to find statistical differences between the different evaluated de S.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Organización Y Participación Política Campesina En El Conflicto Por Las Condiciones Laborales Y La Tenencia De La Tierra E
    Organización y participación política campesina en el conflicto por las condiciones laborales y la tenencia de la tierra en la hacienda cafetera de Fusagasugá: Entre la decadencia de la Hegemonía Conservadora y el auge de la República liberal (1926-1936) Paula Andrea Rodríguez Monroy Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Facultad de Humanidades Departamento de Ciencias Sociales Licenciatura en Ciencias Sociales Línea de Investigación en Historia Bogotá, D.C Diciembre 2020. 1 Organización y participación política campesina en el conflicto por las condiciones laborales y la tenencia de la tierra en la hacienda cafetera de Fusagasugá: Entre la decadencia de la Hegemonía Conservadora y el auge de la República liberal (1926-1936) Trabajo presentado para obtener el título de: Licenciada en Ciencias Sociales Paula Andrea Rodríguez Monroy Cód. 2014260051 Asesor: Juan Manuel Martínez Fonseca Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Facultad de Humanidades Departamento de Ciencias Sociales Licenciatura en Ciencias Sociales Línea de Investigación en Historia Bogotá, D.C Diciembre 2020. 2 Dedicado a: Todas las luces que, aunque pensaron que las apagaron, continúan encendidas porque dejaron semilla en este amado país Colombia. A la fuerza campesina que más he amado en esta existencia mi abuelito Julio Monroy, a mi familia, amigos, amigas y compañeros de ideas y saberes con quienes construimos desde la cotidianidad. A la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional y todos los compañeros y compañeras con quienes me forme, su huella seguirá formándome en los caminos venideros. Agradecimientos al profesor Juan Manuel Martínez Fonseca por sembrar esta duda investigativa que a través del amor por la historia hoy intento aclarar. Por supuesto a los campesinos de Fusagasugá de los años treinta, a quienes no conocí, pero por medio de las fuentes tuve la oportunidad de dialogar con ellos.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Military Studies Office
    community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 8 Issue #5 OEWATCH May 2018 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT CHINA’S REACH MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA LATIN AMERICA 3 Tension between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea 24 Colombia and Brazil Look for Solutions to Deal with 44 China Holds Naval Review in the South China Sea 4 Disputes over Natural Gas Exploration in the Eastern Massive Venezuelan Migration 45 China’s Carrier Aviation Unit Improves Training Mediterranean 25 Brazil’s Federal Government Open Border Policy 46 Relocation in Southern Xinjiang: China Expands the Program 6 Iran and Russia Compete for Influence in Syria Challenges Frontier States 47 Perspectives on the Future of Marawi 8 “Turkey-Russia Rapprochement” Continues 26 Colombian-Venezuelan Border Ills 48 Indonesia Brings Terrorists and Victims Together 9 Turkish Defense Companies Reach Agreements with 27 Bolivarians Gain Influence over Colombian Resources 49 Thailand and Malaysia Build Border Wall Qatar’s Armed Forces 29 Venezuelan Elections Worth Anything? 10 A New Striking Power for the Turkish Armed Forces 30 Regarding the Colombian Elections 11 Will Iran Interfere in Kashmir? 31 Archbishop of Bogotá Confesses Left CAUCASUS, CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA 12 Rouhani Speaks about the Internet 31 Peruvian President Resigns, Replaced 50 India’s Red Line for China 13 Why Did the Mayor of Tehran Resign? 32 Brazilians Send Former President to Jail 51 The Future of Indian-Russian Security Cooperation 14 Former Governor: ISIS May
    [Show full text]
  • Chiscas, Guican, El Cocuy (Boyacä)
    MINISTERIO DE DESARROLLO ECONOMICO ARTESANIAS DE COLOMBIA S.A. CUADERNO DE DISEf.l'O : CHISCAS, GUICAN, EL COCUY (BOYACÄ) LUISA FERNANDA INTEROQU G. Diseñadora Textil SANTA FE DE BOGOTA SEPTIEMBRE DE 1999. ..;;Jfr.ilM inisterio de Desarrollo Econ6m ico 1!::!11!::::!artesanfas de colom bia s.a. CECILIA DUQUE DUQUE. GERENTE GENERAL LUIS JAIRO CARRILLO REINA. SUBGERENTE DE DESARROLLO ASER VEGA CAMARCO COORDINADOR REGIONAL CENTRO ORIENTE LYDA DEL CARMEN DIAZ DIRECTORA OFICINA DE DISENO i;ilfr.ilMinisterio de Desarrollo Econ6mico 1!:!11!::! artesan1as de colombia s.a. CUADERNO DE DISENO EL COCUY, G0ICAN Y CHISCAS 1999. 1 Antecedentes 1.1 Asesorias Prestadas por Artesanias de Colombia S.A. 1.2 Analisis de Mercado 2 Propuesta de Disano 2.1 Sustentaci6n Fichas Tecnicas 3 Producci6n 3.1 Proceso de Producci6n 3.1.1 proceso de Producci6n El Cocuyo 3.1.l.1Producci6n Ruana a Rayas 1 3 .1.1.2 Producci6n Ruana a Rayas 2 3.1.1. 3 Producci6n Ruana a Rayas 3 3 .1.1.4 Producci6n Ruana a Cuadros 3.1.2 Proceso de Producci6n Gilican 3.1.2.1 Cobija Manta 3.1.2.2 Cobija Rayas 3.1.2.3 Cobija a Cuadros 3.1.2.4 Cobija Virgen 3.1.2 Proceso de Producci6n Guican 3.1.3.1 Gualdrapa 1 3.1.3.2 Gualdrapa 2 3.1.3.3 Gualdrapa 3 3.1.3.4 Gualdrapa 4 3.2 Capacidad de Producci6n 3.2.1 Capacidad de Producci6n El Cocuy 3.2.2 Capacidad de Producci6n Guican 3.2.3 Capacidad de Producci6n Chiscas 3.3 Costos de Producci6n 3.3.1 Costos de Producci6n El Cocuyo 3.3.2 Costos de Producci6n Guican 3.3.3 Costos de Producci6n Chiscas 3.4 Control de Calidad 3.4.1 Control de Calidad El Cocuyo ..;;Jfr.ilM inisterio de Desarrollo Econ6m ico 1!::!11!::::!artesanfas de colom bia s.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3. the Provision of School Education in Colombia
    3. THE PROVISION OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN COLOMBIA │ 151 Chapter 3. The provision of school education in Colombia This chapter looks at i) the organisation of the school network, including private school provision; ii) school governance, leadership and community participation; and iii) the organisation of teaching and learning in Colombia. This includes flexible school models, ethnic and special needs education, learning standards, instruction time, educational materials and evaluation. Transitions between school education and other levels and programmes, such as early childhood education provided by the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare and vocational training provided by the National Learning Service are also considered. The chapter analyses strengths and challenges with a particular focus on access to a good education in rural areas. Finally, recommendations are presented, highlighting the need to improve school clusters, transport and boarding while strengthening school leadership and collaboration between schools. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. OECD REVIEWS OF SCHOOL RESOURCES: COLOMBIA 2018 © OECD 2018 152 │ 3. THE PROVISION OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN COLOMBIA Context and features School network Compulsory education in Colombia lasts 12 years. Students enter the education system with a year of pre-school (Year 0 or transition year, age 5) and have five years of primary (básica primaria, Years 1-5) and four years of lower secondary education (básica secundaria, Years 6-9).
    [Show full text]
  • IN PORTUGAL Br the SAME AUTHOR
    II! KiiHI I iiiii liililt'jliiiilr IN PORTUGAL Br THE SAME AUTHOR THE MAGIC OF SPAIN Crown 8vo. 5j. net IN PORTUGAL BY AUBREY F. G. BELL Oh quern fora a Portugal, Terra que Deus bemdizia ! Romance (0 to go to Portugal, land heaven-blest) THE BODLEY HEAD, LONDON : JOHN LANE, COMPANY. MCMXIL NEW YORK : JOHN LANE WILUAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LOKDON AND BECCLES —; PREFACE guide-books give full details of THEthe marvellous convents, gorgeous palaces and solemn temples of Portugal, and no attempt is here made to write complete descriptions of them, the very names of some of them being omitted. But the guide-books too often treat Portugal as a continuation, almost as a province of Spain. It is hoped that this little book may give some idea of the individual character of the countiy, of the quaintnesses of its cities, and of peasant life in its remoter districts. While the utterly opposed characters of the two peoples must probably render the divorce between Spain and Portugal eternal and reduce hopes of union to the idle dreams of politicians, Portugal in itself contains an infinite variety the charjiecas and cornlands of Alemtejo ; the hills and moors, pinewoods, corkwoods and olives of Extremadura; the red soil and faint blue mountains of Algarve, with its figs and carobs and palms, and little sandy fishing-bays 414:810 ; vi PREFACE the clear streams and high massive ranges and chimneyless granite villages of Beira Baixa and Beira Alta ; the vines and sand-dunes and rice- growing alagadicos of Douro ; the wooded hills, mountain valleys, flowery meadows and trans- parent streams and rivers of rainy Minho, with its white and grey scattered houses, its crosses and shrines and chapels, its maize-fields and orchards and tree- or granite-propped vines and, finally, remote inaccessible Traz-os-IMontes, bounded on two sides by Spain, on the South by the Douro, to which its rivers of Spanish origin, Tamega, Tua, Sabor, flow through its range on range of bare mountains, with pre- cipitous ravines and yellow-brown clustered villages among olives, chestnuts and rye.
    [Show full text]
  • Fonds Guy Debord I. Guy Debord 1. Oeuvres Hurlements En Faveur De
    BnF Archives et manuscrits Fonds Guy Debord Cote : NAF 28603 Réserver Fonds Guy Debord XXème siècle Fonds produit par : Fonds constitué par Guy et Alice Debord Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département des Manuscrits Manuscrits en français. Conditions d'accès La communication de ce document fait l'objet d'une procédure spécifique. Veuillez adresser votre demande à [email protected]. Informations sur les modalités d’entrée Achat, 2010 et 2011. A 10-01 et A. 11-01. Informations sur le traitement Le fonds est en cours de traitement, et l'inventaire en cours de rédaction. Présentation du contenu Classées en janvier 2009 trésor national, les archives de Guy Debord ont rejoint les collections du département des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Conservées et mises en ordre par l’auteur, puis par son épouse Alice Debord, elles se répartissent en deux grands ensembles : d’une part, des manuscrits et documents directement liés à l'oeuvre de Guy Debord (versions préparatoires de l’ensemble de ses œuvres, imprimées ou cinématographiques ; correspondance ; papiers, photographies, objets personnels ; bibliothèque) ; d’autre part, des documents liés aux activités des mouvements lettristes et situationnistes (tracts, affiches, tirés à part, publications rares françaises ou étrangères). Ces archives sont donc à la fois le témoin du travail de l’auteur, de l’élaboration de ses œuvres, et la mémoire de l’activité éditoriale et politique de deux mouvements dont l’existence parmi les avant-gardes n’est plus à prouver, mais dont le rôle
    [Show full text]
  • Political Visions and Historical Scores
    Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres.
    [Show full text]
  • Cie” Para 35 Jovenes De Cada Municipio De Tunja, Sogamoso, Guican De
    “IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA CAMBIO INTEGRAL ECOLOGISTA “CIE” PARA 35 JOVENES DE CADA MUNICIPIO DE TUNJA, SOGAMOSO, GUICAN DE LA SIERRA, BELÉN, CHISCAS, NOBSA, SIACHOQUE, STA. ROSA DE VITERBO Y PAIPA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE BOYACÁ.” (Proyecto aplicado) CARLOS JULIÁN BARRERA ORDUZ JESSICA ESMERALDA QUINTANA LAGOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, PECUARIAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE SOGAMOSO 2017 “IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA METODOLOGÍA CAMBIO INTEGRAL ECOLOGISTA “CIE” PARA 35 JOVENES DE CADA MUNICIPIO DE TUNJA, SOGAMOSO, GUICAN DE LA SIERRA, BELÉN, CHISCAS, NOBSA, SIACHOQUE, STA. ROSA DE VITERBO Y PAIPA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE BOYACÁ.” (Proyecto aplicado) CARLOS JULIÁN BARRERA ORDUZ JESSICA ESMERALDA QUINTANA LAGOS Proyecto de grado para optar al título de ingeniería ambiental Directora: GUISETT ADELIA GOMEZ Ing. Ambiental. Esp Gestión Ambiental UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA (UNAD) ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, PECUARIAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE SOGAMOSO ii Nota de Aceptación __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Firma del presidente del jurado __________________________________ Firma del jurado __________________________________ Firma del jurado Sogamoso, noviembre 2017 iii Dedicatoria Dedicamos este proyecto al dador de sueños Dios, quien con su amor infinito nos llena de fortaleza para superar las dificultades y nos ha permitido llegar lejos. A mi Padre... Juan Carlos Quintana por ser mi mayor fuente de inspiración por guiarme por el buen camino, por su amor, compresión, apoyo y por creer en mí. A mi madre… Esmeralda Lagos mi mayor ejemplo a seguir, por su esfuerzo y dedicación por ser quien siempre me impulsa a ser mejor. A mi hermano... Jonathan Quintana que siempre ha estado junto a mí, brindándome su apoyo, amor y comprensión, gracias por todos los bonitos momentos que hemos pasado.
    [Show full text]
  • Vigencia 2016 Relacionado Con El SGP
    Gobernación de Tolima - Secretaria de Planeación y TIC Dirección de Gestión Pública Territorial INFORME DEPARTAMENTAL EVALUACIÓN REQUISITOS LEGALES 2016. Ibagué, Diciembre 2017 Gobernación de Tolima - Secretaria de Planeación y TIC Dirección de Gestión Pública Territorial INFORME DEPARTAMENTAL EVALUACION REQUISITOS LEGALES 2016 OSCAR BARRETO QUIROGA Gobernador del Tolima OLGA LUCIA ALFONSO LANNINI Secretaria de Planeación y Tic MARIA MARLENY CARDENAS QUESADA Directora Gestión Pública Territorial NANCY CORREA RAMÍREZ Profesional Universitario MARIA YINETH OVIEDO Profesional Universitario Ibagué, diciembre 2017 Gobernación de Tolima - Secretaria de Planeación y TIC Dirección de Gestión Pública Territorial TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. RESULTADOS DEL COMPONENTE CUMPLIMIENTO DE REQUISITOS LEGALES ....................... 7 1.1. METODOLOGÍA GENERAL DE EVALUACIÓN DEL SISTEMA GENERAL DE PARTICIPACIONES-SGP ...... 7 1.2 MEDICIÓN REQUISITOS LEGALES – SEGUIMIENTO AL SGP ................................................................................ 9 RECOMENDACIONES SECTORIALES ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.3 RANKING DE CUMPLIMIENTO DE REQUISITOS LEGALES ...................................................................................... 12 1.4 NIVEL DE ADECUADA EJECUCIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS DEL SGP..................................................................... 17 1.4.1. RESULTADOS SECTORIALES EN LA PROGRAMACIÓN Y EJECUCIÓN DEL GASTO DE INVERSIÓN DEL SGP
    [Show full text]
  • Education System Colombia
    Education system Colombi a described and compared with the Dutch system Education system | Evaluation chart Education system Colombia This document contains information on the education system of Colombia. We explain the Dutch equivalent of the most common qualifications from Colombia for the purpose of admission to Dutch higher education. Disclaimer We assemble the information for these descriptions of education systems with the greatest care. However, we cannot be held responsible for the consequences of errors or incomplete information in this document. With the exception of images and illustrations, the content of this publication is subject to the Creative Commons Name NonCommercial 3.0 Unported licence. Visit www.nuffic.nl/en/home/copyright for more information on the reuse of this publication. Education system Colombia | Nuffic | 1st edition, December 2012 | version 2, January 2015 2 Education system | Evaluation chart Education system Colombia Education system Colombia Doctor L8 (PhD) 2-4 Magíster L7 Especialista L6 Tecnólogo especializado L5 (universities) (universities / technological (technological institutions) institutions) 1-2 1-2 2 postgraduate Licenciado/ L6 Tecnólogo L4 Título profesional (technological institutions) (universities) 2-3 work experience L4 1 Técnico profesional L4 (technical training institutes) undergraduate 5-7 2 Examen de Estado/ICFES L4 Certificado de Aptitud L4 (state exam) profesional – CAP (SENA) ½ -1 Bachiller Académico L4 Bachiller Técnico/Comercial L4 (educación media: upper secondary education)
    [Show full text]