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Home , Bhili language, Bhil languages, Hindustani language, Kutchi language

Calendar 2006

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Over 15 years of responding to the Research, Documentation, Capacity Building and Communication needs of the social and rural development sector

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New Concept was set up in 1988 by professionals belonging to diverse disciplines. It is a unique multi-dimensional, multi-faceted organisation which has effectively leveraged its diversity to provide a comprehensive package of quality services.

We have grown in experience, tackling more than 300 diverse assignments, for more than 100 clients in several states of . of the peoples of India

Language, even in its primal form as signs and shapes, has been arterial to human development since the beginning of time. It gives expression, in spoken and written form, to the culture and psychology of a people, to their strivings. It is an instrument of struggle and development of society.

In the fl ow of history, many languages have surfaced, many have drowned, and many have been transported to distant shores. Those languages that remained in constant development survived. They have developed along with society, incorporating new words and enriching their vocabulary.

No other country of the world is as linguistically rich as India. There are over two thousand spoken languages and dialects today. Some of the languages are spoken by crores of people, many others by a few thousand.

Indian languages have distinct alphabets and most of them are native to India. A signifi cant aspect of Indian alphabets is the manner in which they are organised in accordance with the phonetic principle – unlike the Roman alphabet with its random sequence of letters.

As with the development of languages elsewhere in the world, the languages and dialects of the have enriched and infl uenced each other over thousands of years. In the long course of the development of Indian civilisation, many languages and dialects have died out, many new languages have been born, and the have both infl uenced and been infl uenced by the languages of other peoples of the world with whom the peoples of India have interacted.

Eighteen languages are at present in the Government of India’s list of ‘scheduled languages’. These are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, , , Kashmiri, Konkani, , Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, , Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and . Hindi and English are the ‘offi cial languages’ of communication.

This year, our calendar portrays the incomparable richness of Indian languages, with a special focus on some of their most earthy expressions and forms, the number restricted by the fact that there are only twelve months in the year! 2007 new concept JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL SUN 7 14 21 28 SUN 4 11 18 25 SUN 4 11 18 25 SUN 1 8 15 22 29 MON 1 8 15 22 29 MON 5 12 19 26 MON 5 12 19 26 MON 2 9 16 23 30 TUE 2 9 16 23 30 TUE 6 13 20 27 TUE 6 13 20 27 TUE 3 10 17 24 WED 3 10 17 24 31 WED 7 14 21 28 WED 7 14 21 28 WED 4 11 18 25 THU 4 11 18 25 THU 1 8 15 22 THU 1 8 15 22 29 THU 5 12 19 26 FRI 5 12 19 26 FRI 2 9 16 23 FRI 2 9 16 23 30 FRI 6 13 20 27 SAT 6 13 20 27 SAT 3 10 17 24 SAT 3 10 17 24 31 SAT 7 14 21 28

MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SUN 6 13 20 27 SUN 3 10 17 24 SUN 1 8 15 22 29 SUN 5 12 19 26 MON 7 14 21 28 MON 4 11 18 25 MON 2 9 16 23 30 MON 6 13 20 27 TUE 1 8 15 22 29 TUE 5 12 19 26 TUE 3 10 17 24 31 TUE 7 14 21 28 WED 2 9 16 23 30 WED 6 13 20 27 WED 4 11 18 25 WED 1 8 15 22 29 THU 3 10 17 24 31 THU 7 14 21 28 THU 5 12 19 26 THU 2 9 16 23 30 FRI 4 11 18 25 FRI 1 8 15 22 29 FRI 6 13 20 27 FRI 3 10 17 24 31 SAT 5 12 19 26 SAT 2 9 16 23 30 SAT 7 14 21 28 SAT 4 11 18 25

SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER SUN 30 2 9 16 23 SUN 7 14 21 28 SUN 4 11 18 25 SUN 30 2 9 16 23 MON 3 10 17 24 MON 1 8 15 22 29 MON 5 12 19 26 MON 31 3 10 17 24 TUE 4 11 18 25 TUE 2 9 16 23 30 TUE 6 13 20 27 TUE 4 11 18 25 WED 5 12 19 26 WED 3 10 17 24 31 WED 7 14 21 28 WED 5 12 19 26 THU 6 13 20 27 THU 4 11 18 25 THU 1 8 15 22 29 THU 6 13 20 27 FRI 7 14 21 28 FRI 5 12 19 26 FRI 2 9 16 23 30 FRI 7 14 21 28 SAT 1 8 15 22 29 SAT 6 13 20 27 SAT 3 10 17 24 SAT 1 8 15 22 29 Andamanese Andamanese languages form a unique lingua family spoken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They can be divided into two broad subfamilies – Great Andamanese and South Andamanese. The Great Andamanese languages are virtually extinct with the 2006 JANUARY exception of ‘Pucikwar’ – a spoken by a handful of people at last count. On the other hand, the S M T W T F S South Andamanese languages have managed to survive primarily because of the geographical isolation of their 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 speakers and the aversion of indegenous people like the Onges and the Jarawas to outside contact. Onge, Jarawa 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 and Sentinelese are the important South Andamanese langaguages but the total numbers of speakers would at 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 best be only a few hundred. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 new concept Awadhi 2006 Spoken by an estimated two million people, Awadhi is often considered FEBRUARY to be a dialect of Hindi. It primarily belongs to the Awadh region of S M T W T F S and is the tradtional hub-centre of the 1 2 3 4 language. Awadhi speaking people are also found in , Madhya 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pradesh and the neighbouring country of Nepal. A lot of classical 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 literature has been written in Awadhi. These include literary epics like the Ramacharitmanas of Tulsidas. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Gangapari, Mirzapuri, Pardesi and Uttari are some of the local 26 27 28 variations of Awadhi.

The that is today widely spoken on the Fijian Islands is considered to have descended from Awadhi.

new concept Bhili MARCH 2006 Bhili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India – in the region east of Ahmedabad. Bhagoria, Bhil, S M T W T F S Bhilbari, Bhilboli, Bhilla, Lengotia and Vil are some of the other names for which is written using a variation of the script. 1 2 3 4 Bhili is a part of the spoken by some six 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 million Bhils residing in western and central India and also some pockets of eastern India. They constitute the primary languages of the southern Aravalli Range in 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 and the western Satpura Range in . Bhil languages form an important linguistic link between 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Gujarati and Rajasthani and include languages like Garasia, Bareli, Bauria, Bhilori, Dhodia, Dungra, Mawchi, Pardhi, 26 27 28 29 30 31 Rathawi and . new concept Chhattisgarhi 2006 APRIL Chhattisgarhi has approximately 11.5 million speakers, concentrated in the Indian state of and in S M T W T F S the adjacent states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Bihar. Closely related to Bagheli and Awadhi, it is classifi ed in 30 1 the East Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages. Like Sanskrit and Hindi, Chhattisgarhi is written using the 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Devanagari script. Chhattisgarhi is recognised as an eastern dialect of Hindi, although many linguists consider it to be distinct enough from Hindi to be be regarded as a separate 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 language. Over and above Chhattisgarhi proper, the language has several identifi ed dialects of its own. These 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 include Baighani, Bhulia, Binjhwari, Kalanga, Kavardi, KhairKhairagarhi,agarhi, Sadri Korwa and SurSurgujia.gujia. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

neeww concept Kodava Kodava Thakk or Coorgi language is the original language of the south district of Kodagu or Coorg. Kod means ‘give’ and Avva means ‘mother’ (a reference to the River Kaveri as mother).The primary language of the Coorgis, Kodava is spoken by about 300,000 people from 18 ethnic groups including Kodava, Heggade, Iri, Amma Kodava, Koyava, Banna, Madivala, Hajama, Kembatti and Meda.

Kodava Thakk belongs to the family. It is related to and infl uenced by Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam. Kodava Thakk also has many words which are absolutely unique to it. The language has no written script of its own and the is usually used to write Kodava Thakk.

MAY 2006 S M T W T F S

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 new concept JUNE 2006 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Kutchi Spoken in the Kutch region of , Kutchi is related to Sindhi and is often considered to be a linguistic blend of Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Rajasthani. The phonology is very similar to Sindhi but the vocabulary is closer to that of Gujarati. Kutchi was originally written using the now extinct Khojki or Khojaki script adopted and used by the community primarily to record Shia Ismaili religious literature. Kutchi now survives only as a spoken language and is written using the Gujarati alphabet. Besides the people of the Kutch region of Gujarat, Kutchi is also spoken by the and Ismailis whose holy scriptures are written in the language. Jadeji, which is close to Sindhi, is a dialect of Kutchi. new concept Magadhi With almost thirteen million speakers,speakers, Magadhi (also known as Magahi) is closely related to Bhojpuri and 2006 Maithili. TThesehese languageslanguages,, together JULY with seseveralveral other related languageslanguages,, are known as the .

S M T W T F S Magadhi is spoken primarily in the Magadh area of BiharBihar.. TThishis includes 30 31 1 PPatna,atna, GaGaya,, Nalanda, Rajgir and their adjacent districts. It is also spoken in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 parts of Hazaribagh, Giridih, PPalamau,alamau, Munger and BhagalpurBhagalpur,, with some 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 speakers in the Malda district of WWestest . GenerGenerallyally written in the DeDevanagarivanagari script, it sounds like 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hindi and has a rich trtraditionadition of folk songs and stories. An ancient form 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 of Magadhi is beliebelievedved to hahaveve been the language spoken bbyy the Buddha. Some ancient JJainain texts hahaveve also been written in old Magadhi.

new concept AUGUST 2006 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Maithili Derived from Sanskrit and containing many Sanskrit root forms, Maithili is the mother tongue of most Maithils. Spoken in the Indian state of Bihar and in some areas of neighbouring Nepal, the language has many regional forms. Its most famous proponent has been Vidyapati, who is believed to have been born in the later half of the 14th century A.D. A famous Vaishnava poet whose works are quoted even today, Vidyapati wrote in Maithili, Hindi, Bengali and Sanskrit. He is famous for his songs celebrating the eternal play of Radha and Krishna. new concept SEPTEMBER 2006 Marwari Culturally rooted in Rajasthan, Marwari is also spoken in S M T W T F S parts of Gujarat and in the bordering regions of . Marwaris, a group of people from the Marwar region of 1 2 Rajasthan are traditionally known to speak the language. The language is spoken widely, in and around Jodhpur. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Written in the Devanagari script, Marwari is part of the Rajasthani linguistic cluster. Some languages 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 closely related to Marwari in the Rajasthani cluster are Shekhawati, Hadoti, Dundhari, Mewari, Bruj, Bagri, Wagri 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 and Mewati. Marwari has a that is similar to Hindi. Many words are common but there are important 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 phonetic and vowel differences. new concept OCTOBER 2006 Meitei Meitei or Manipuri is the S M T W T F S predominant language and in the northeastern state of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Manipur. Recognised as one of the scheduled national languages by 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 the Indian Union, Meitei is taught as a subject in Indian universities 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 and is also a medium of instruction upto the undergraduate level in Manipur. Meitei had its own script 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 called Meetei-Mayek, which was in use until the 18th century. For 29 30 31 many years, the Bengali script has been in use for writing Meitei.

new concept Santali NOVEMBER 2006 Spoken by about six million people, Santali is a language of the Munda subfamily of Austro- S M T W T F S Asiatic languages. are generally considered to be the autochthonous 1 2 3 4 (Greek for ‘sprung from the earth’) languages of eastern India. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Santali has its own alphabet. Known as Ol Cemet, it was created in the 1920s by Pandit 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Raghunath Murmu. Until its invention, Santali was generally written with Bengali or Oriya 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 alphabets. Recognised as an offi cial language of India, Santali is spoken by Santhals and its 26 27 28 29 30 speakers are distributed across the states of , Bihar, Orissa, Tripura, and Assam.

Amongst Munda languages, Santali is considered to be a part of what is known as the North Munda subfamily which also includes languages like Korku, Mundari, Bhumij and Ho.

Munda languages like Santali have infl uenced the development of other Indian languages including Sanskrit.

new concept 2006 Tulu Tulu is a Dravidian language with DECEMBER about two million speakers, belonging primarily to the South Kanara district S M T W T F S of Karnataka. The original script of Tulu is akin to Malayalam but is rarely used 31 1 2 and today Tulu is generally written in the Kannada script. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lack of literary works has rendered the precise dating of the origin of TTuluulu 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 language diffi cult. TThehe debate continues whether TTuluulu originated from MalaMalayalamyalam 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 or vice vversa,ersa, but inscriptions indicate that TTuluulu could be much older than both 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Malayalam and Kannada.

Tulu is spoken as the local language by Mangaloreans. The language has become increasingly popular and local people relate closely to TTuluulu speakers. The language also shows regional variations and scholars generally identify four different dialects. neeww concept