Plant Disease Aug. 2008 PD-48

Mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

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Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in coopera- tion with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/ Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822. (ULX\HSVWWVY[\UP[`HMÄYTH[P]LHJ[PVUPUZ[P[\[PVUWYV]PKPUNWYVNYHTZHUKZLY]PJLZ[V[OLWLVWSLVM/H^HPºP^P[OV\[YLNHYK[VYHJLZL_HNLYLSPNPVUJVSVYUH[PVUHSVYPNPUHUJLZ[Y`KPZ- ability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site . UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

The pathogen and disease symptoms Table 1. Commercial mango production in Hawai‘i (2005). 7KHXELTXLWRXVIXQJXVColletotrichum gloeosporioides 3HQ]DQG6DFFLVWKHDQDPRUSKVWDJH DVH[XDOVWDJHRI Number of farms 100 WKHSDWKRJHQLFIXQJXV C. gloeosporioidesLVUHVSRQVLEOH Acreage in crop 295 Acreage harvested 190 IRUPDQ\GLVHDVHVDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDV´DQWKUDFQRVHµRQ Total number of trees 13,900 PDQ\WURSLFDOIUXLWVLQFOXGLQJEDQDQDDYRFDGRSDSD\D Number of bearing trees 8900 FRIIHHSDVVLRQIUXLWDQGRWKHUV Utilized production 530,000 pounds  $FFRUGLQJWR3ORHW]  ´FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRI Farm price $1.11 per pound ZRUOGZLGHSRSXODWLRQVRI C. gloeosporioidesLQGLFDWH Value of sales $586,000 WKDWVWUDLQVIURPPDQJRFRPSULVHDJHQHWLFDOO\DQG Source: Hawai‘i Agricultural Statistics Service (2005); data are based SDWKRORJLFDOO\GLVWLQFWSRSXODWLRQRIWKLVVSHFLHV7KH on mango farms participating in HASS’ annual survey and do not PDQJRSRSXODWLRQRIWKHSDWKRJHQDOZD\VSUHGRPLQDWHG YLÅLJ[OHY]LZ[ZMYVTWVW\SH[PVUZVMUH[\YHSPaLKTHUNV[YLLZVY those cultivated by backyard growers. RQPDQJRZDVQRWIRXQGRQRWKHUWURSLFDOIUXLWFURSVDQG KDGDUHVWULFWHGKRVWUDQJHLQVRIDUDVLQGLYLGXDOVIURP WKHSRSXODWLRQZHUHKLJKO\YLUXOHQWRQO\RQPDQJRµ,Q RWKHUZRUGVSRSXODWLRQVRIWKHSDWKRJHQDUHHVVHQWLDOO\ Disease cycle KRVWVSHFLÀF 'LVVHPLQDWLRQVSRUHV FRQLGLD RIWKHSDWKRJHQDUH  2QPDQJRDQWKUDFQRVHV\PSWRPVRFFXURQOHDYHV GLVSHUVHGSDVVLYHO\E\VSODVKLQJUDLQRULUULJDWLRQ WZLJVSHWLROHVÁRZHUFOXVWHUV SDQLFOHV DQGIUXLWV2Q water. OHDYHVOHVLRQVVWDUWDVVPDOODQJXODUEURZQWREODFN ,QRFXODWLRQVSRUHVODQGRQLQIHFWLRQVLWHV SDQLFOHV VSRWVWKDWFDQHQODUJHWRIRUPH[WHQVLYHGHDGDUHDV7KH OHDYHVEUDQFKWHUPLQDOV  OHVLRQVPD\GURSRXWRIOHDYHVGXULQJGU\ZHDWKHU7KHÀUVW ,QIHFWLRQDQGSDWKRJHQGHYHORSPHQWRQLPPDWXUHIUXLWV V\PSWRPVRQSDQLFOHVDUHVPDOOEODFNRUGDUNEURZQVSRWV DQG\RXQJWLVVXHVVSRUHVJHUPLQDWHDQGSHQHWUDWH ZKLFKFDQHQODUJHFRDOHVFHDQGNLOOWKHÁRZHUVEHIRUH WKURXJKWKHFXWLFOHDQGHSLGHUPLVWRUDPLI\WKURXJK IUXLWVDUHSURGXFHGJUHDWO\UHGXFLQJ\LHOG3HWLROHVWZLJV WKHWLVVXHV2QPDWXUHIUXLWVLQIHFWLRQVSHQHWUDWHWKH DQGVWHPVDUHDOVRVXVFHSWLEOHDQGGHYHORSWKHW\SLFDOEODFN FXWLFOHEXWUHPDLQTXLHVFHQWXQWLOULSHQLQJRIWKH H[SDQGLQJOHVLRQVIRXQGRQIUXLWVOHDYHVDQGÁ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ÀFDQW 3DWKRJHQVXUYLYDOWKHSDWKRJHQVXUYLYHVEHWZHHQVHD- DQWKUDFQRVHV\PSWRPVUDSLGO\XSRQULSHQLQJ$VHFRQG VRQVRQLQIHFWHGDQGGHIROLDWHGEUDQFKWHUPLQDOVDQG V\PSWRPW\SHRQIUXLWVFRQVLVWVRID´WHDUVWDLQµV\PS- PDWXUHOHDYHV WRPLQZKLFKDUHOLQHDUQHFURWLFUHJLRQVRQWKHIUXLWWKDW PD\RUPD\QRWEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVXSHUÀFLDOFUDFNLQJ Integrated disease management practices RIWKHHSLGHUPLVOHQGLQJDQ´DOOLJDWRUVNLQµHIIHFWDQG 0DQDJHPHQWRIPDQJRDQWKUDFQRVHFRQVLVWVRIÀYHDS- HYHQFDXVLQJIUXLWVWRGHYHORSZLGHGHHSFUDFNVLQWKH SURDFKHV HSLGHUPLVWKDWH[WHQGLQWRWKHSXOS • VLWHVHOHFWLRQ  /HVLRQVRQVWHPVDQGIUXLWVPD\SURGXFHFRQVSLFXRXV • FXOWLYDUVHOHFWLRQ SLQNLVKRUDQJHVSRUHPDVVHVXQGHUZHWFRQGLWLRQV • FXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVLQWKHÀHOG VDQLWDWLRQSODQWVSDFLQJ  :HWKXPLGZDUPZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVIDYRUDQWKUDF- LQWHUFURSSLQJHWF QRVHLQIHFWLRQVLQWKHÀHOG:DUPKXPLGWHPSHUDWXUHV • IXQJLFLGHVSUD\VLQWKHÀHOG IDYRUSRVWKDUYHVWDQWKUDFQRVHGHYHORSPHQW • SRVWKDUYHVWWUHDWPHQWV SK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO 

2 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

The pathogen. Conidiogenesis in Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesOPNOS`THNUPÄLKMYVTTHUNVPU(TLYPJHU:HTVH(JV- nidium (pl. conidia) is an asexual, nonmotile fungal spore that develops externally or is liberated from the cell that formed it. Conidiogenesis is the formation of asexual spores (conidia or conidiopspores). A conidiophore is simple or branched hypha on which conidia are produced. Photos: Fred

Table 2. Mango cultivar reaction to anthracnose (after Nishijima 1993).

Country Resistant Moderate Susceptible Very susceptible

Australia ‘’ ‘’ ‘Willard’ ‘Caraboa ’ ‘Neelum’ ‘’ ‘Manaranijan’ ‘’

Philippines ‘’ ‘Fernandin’ ‘Carrie’ ‘Ah Ping’, ‘’ ‘Siam’ ‘Arumanis’ ‘Peter Passand’ ‘’, ‘Willard’ ‘Velei-Colomban’ ‘’ ‘Cherakuruasa’ ‘Joe Welch’ ‘Gedong’ ‘Hingurakgoda’ ‘Tjenkir’ ‘Kensington’ ‘Otts’, ‘Pope’

Hawai‘i ‘Paris’, ‘’ ‘’ ‘Exel’ ‘Pirie’ ‘Rapoza’

Florida ‘Zill’ ‘Haden’ ‘’, ‘’ ‘’, ‘’ ‘Tommy Atkins’

3 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

Panicle symptoms of mango anthracnose on various mango cultivars in Hawai‘i and Micronesia. Infections ap- WLHYPUP[PHSS`HZ[PU`^LSSKLÄULKISHJRÅLJRZVYZWLJRZVU all tissues of the panicle. As the infection spreads, clusters of ÅV^LYZ[\YUPUR`ISHJRHUKKPL;OLWHUPJSLILJVTLZWYVUL to nearly complete disintegration.

4 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

Symptoms of mango anthracnose on cultivar ‘Rapoza’: tan- colored centers and blackened margins.

Mango anthracnose symptoms on fruits Above, a basket of anthracnose-diseased mango fruits at a farmer’s market in Hilo, Hawai‘i. Such fruits may be accept- able for some lower-quality local markets but are certainly not for shipping off-island. Development of the lesions occurs within days from quiescent infections after the fruits begin to ripen. Irregular, dark brown to black lesions form anywhere on the fruit and often coalesce to form larger, severely blighted areas. Lesions are somewhat depressed or sunken; they HYLPUP[PHSS`Z\WLYÄJPHSI\[JHUWLUL[YH[LKLLWPU[V[OLÅLZO as disease progresses. During humid or moist conditions, abundant orange-brown to salmon-colored spore masses of On common mango and other mango types, two basic symp- the pathogen form in lesions on the fruit surface. tom types for mango anthracnose are sunken black lesions (above, left) or the “tear stain” effect (above right and below, left), linear necrotic regions lending an alligator-skin effect, often associated with cracking of the epidermis (below).

5 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

Leaf symptoms New mango leaves are most susceptible to infection, espe- cially when their emergence coincides with frequent rainfall. Leaf lesions begin on these immature leaves as tiny brown to black specks (above) which develop chlorotic halos (right). Mature lesions on fully expanded leaves are dark brown and often irregularly shaped, not vein delimited, and tending to occur at leaf margins. The lesions can remain small under most conditions, but can enlarge to create leaf blight where relative humidity is high.

&KRRVHDKRWGU\DUHDDQGDYRLGZHWDUHDV3UDFWL- FDOO\VSHDNLQJWKLVPHDQVLQ+DZDL¶LWKDWRQHVKRXOG Table 3. Disease reactions of fruit of different mango JURZPDQJRWUHHVDWORZHUHOHYDWLRQVRQOHHZDUGVLGHV cultivars to anthracnose (adapted from Pernezny and RILVODQGVZKHUHUDLQIDOOLVOHVVWKDQLQFKHVSHU\HDU Ploetz 2000).  $VLGHIURPVLWHVHOHFWLRQWKHEHVWZD\WRPDQDJH Disease reaction Cultivars DQWKUDFQRVHLVWRSODQWDUHVLVWDQWFXOWLYDU

Highly susceptible ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’ Cultivars recommended for Hawai‘i 7KHIROORZLQJFXOWLYDUVKDYHEHHQUHFRPPHQGHGE\ Susceptible ‘’, ‘Haden’, ‘Palmer’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Zill’, ‘Rapoza’ 8+&7$+5IRU+DZDL¶LEDVHGRQWKHLUKRUWLFXOWXUDO SURSHUWLHV¶$K3LQJ·¶)DLUFKLOG·¶*RXYHLD·¶+DUGHUV· Moderately resistant ‘Carrie’, ‘’, ‘Edward’, ¶.HLWW·¶0RPL.·¶3RSH·DQG¶5DSR]D·$OORIWKHVH ‘Florigon’, ‘’, ‘Julie’, FXOWLYDUVDUHSURGXFWLYHDQGKDYHVXSHULRUTXDOLW\IUXLW ‘Keitt’, ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘’ )ORZHULQJRFFXUVIURP'HFHPEHUWR$SULOLQ+DZDL¶L

6 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

Stem, branch, and twig symptoms. Twig dieback occurs when severe, elongated, blackened lesions form on stems and twigs die back apically. In these photos, abundant sporulation of the pathogen covers the most decomposed points of the infection.

EXWRIIVHDVRQÁRZHULQJLVFRPPRQ*URZHUVPD\KDYH Chemical control WRXVHIXQJLFLGHVSUD\VWRFRQWURODQWKUDFQRVHDQGRU &RQWURORIDQWKUDFQRVHRQYHU\VXVFHSWLEOHPDQJR SRZGHU\PLOGHZRQWKHVHYDULHWLHVLQVRPHORFDWLRQV FXOWLYDUVDQGLQYHU\FRQGXFLYHHQYLURQPHQWVUHTXLUHV SHULRGLFIXQJLFLGHVSUD\V7KHWLPLQJDQGIUHTXHQF\ Cultural practices RIDSSOLFDWLRQVDUHYHU\FULWLFDOIRUDGHTXDWHGLVHDVH 3UDFWLFHVDQLWDWLRQSUXQHWUHHV\HDUO\DQGUHPRYHIDOOHQ FRQWURO6SUD\VVKRXOGEHJLQZKHQSDQLFOHVÀUVWDSSHDU SODQWGHEULVIURPWKHJURXQG DQGFRQWLQXHDWWKHUHFRPPHQGHGLQWHUYDOVXQWLOIUXLWV  3ODQWVSDFLQJZLGHUSODQWVSDFLQJZLOOLQKLELWVHYHUH DUHDERXW ¼2²LQFKHVORQJ HSLGHPLFV  ,Q+DZDL¶LDUDQJHRIIROLDUIXQJLFLGHVDUHUHJLVWHUHG ,QWHUFURSSLQJLQWHUSODQWLQJPDQJRZLWKRWKHUW\SHVRI IRUFRQWURORIPDQJRDQWKUDFQRVHLQFOXGLQJSURGXFWV WUHHVWKDWDUHQRWKRVWVRIPDQJRDQWKUDFQRVHZLOOLQKLELW FRQWDLQLQJFODULÀHGQHHPRLOPRQRDQGGLSRWDVVLXP HSLGHPLFV VDOWVRISKRVSKRURXVDFLGFKORURWKDORQLOEDVLFFXSULF

7 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

Table 4. Some fungicides for sale in Hawai‘i for control of mango anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Glomerella cingulata, the sexual stage of the pathgen.

Product name* Active ingredient Formulation

 5LLTVPS *SHYPÄLKO`KYVWOVIPJULLTVPS  :VS\ISLJVUJLU[YH[L Agri-Fos Systemic Fungicide, Mono- and di-potassium salts of (S\KL:`Z[LTPJ-\UNPJPKL WOVZWOVYV\ZHJPK  ,T\SZPÄHISLJVUJLU[YH[L )HZPJ*VWWLY )HZPJJ\WYPJZ\SMH[L  ,T\SZPÄHISLJVUJLU[YH[L Champ Formula 2 Flowable Agricultural Fungicide/Bactericide Copper hydroxide (37.5%) Flowable concentrate Champion Wettable Powder Copper hydroxide (77%) Wettable powder Agricultural Fungicide (also Champion WG) Decco Salt No. 19 Thiabendazole (98.5%) Wettable powder DuPont Kocide 101 Fungicide/Bactericide Copper hydroxide (77%) Wettable powder (also Kocide 2000, Kocide 2000, (and other formulations) Kocide 4.5 LF, Kocide DF) DuPont Mankocide Fungicide/Bactericide Mancozeb (15%) Copper hydroxide (46.1%) Water dispersible granules DuPont Manzate Pro-Stick Fungicide Mancozeb (75%) Water-dispersible granules ,JOV;\YMHUK6YUHTLU[HS-\UNPJPKL *OSVYV[OHSVUPS  ,T\SZPÄHISLJVUJLU[YH[L Messenger (For Home and Garden) Harpin protein (3%) Water-dispersible granules Nu-Cop 3L (also Nu-Cop 50 DF, Copper hydroxide (37.5%) Flowable concentrate Nu-Cop 50WP, Nu-Cop HB) (other concentrations available (and other formulations) in other Nu-Cop products) 7YLZJYPW[PVU;YLH[TLU[)YHUK *VWWLYZHS[ZVMMH[[`HUK ,T\SZPÄHISLJVUJLU[YH[L Camelot Fungicide/Bactericide, rosin acids (58%) Tenncop 5E Fungicide/Bactericide Sonata Bacillus pumilisZ[YHPU8:; ,T\SZPÄHISLJVUJLU[YH[L 2808 (1.38%)

Source of information: Pesticide Information Retrieval System (HPIRS, http://state.ceris.purdue.edu/doc/hi/statehi.html). Always fol- low pesticide label instructions and allowances exactly. Consult the pesticide label and the Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture for questions about product applications. Other product names with similar active ingredients may not be displayed in this table. Do not use more or less than the label rate.

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8 UH–CTAHR Mango Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) PD-48 — Aug. 2008

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