lookingback: Earth from space | 17 AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY

Newsletter of the AAS History Committee | www.astronautical.org | Editor: Tim Chamberlin ([email protected]) INSIDE Anniversaries on my mind FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5 nniversaries are appearing on calendars on a regular basis, A which in some ways attests to the significance of events 50 years ago: From the Soviet launch of Sputnik in October 1957 to the U.S. launch of Explorer 1 (our namesake) in January 1958 … and looking down the road we see NASA’s birthday looming prominently. By Michael L. Ciancone, Chair, AAS History Committee SPACE HISTORY As much as I enjoy a good cele- ON THE RADIO bration, I prefer instead to anticipate future anniversaries, such as setting some remote participants. ® Dr. David Livingston and his ‘Space Show’ has a the cornerstone for the first perma- I always seem to get an adrena- global following / 2 nent human settlement on the moon, line rush coming out of these meet- and the first human landing on Mars. ® Doors open on new Saturn V ings, flush with ideas and plans. The facility in Huntsville, Ala. / 3 I like to think that current spaceflight results of the meeting are reflected in ® Notes from the AAS annual activities around the world are laying the History Committee’s goals listed meeting / 6 the groundwork for new anniver- on page six of this newsletter, along ® History Committee goals saries and celebrations and providing with reports on various activities. for 2008 / 6 fodder for future historians. I appreciate the opportunity that ® News briefs / 8 The History Committee met History Committee membership has ® The History Committee’s during the Society’s national confer- provided to mix and mingle with annual list of astronautical books / 10 ence in Houston in November. The such a fascinating group of folks. I meeting was very well attended look forward to our efforts over the ® Space calendar / 15 (there are worse places to be than coming year to bring our ideas to ® Remembering Kenneth Kleinknecht, a pioneer of NASA’s Houston in November), including fruition. piloted spaceflight programs / 23 In the absence of clearly-defined goals, we become strangely loyal to performing daily trivia until ultimately we become enslaved by it. — Robert Heinlein (1907 - 1988) www.quotationspage.com

Read about Rick W. Sturdevant, deputy director of history at Spotlight Headquarters Air Force Space Command, Peterson Air Force Base in 16 Colorado Springs, Colo.

AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY | AMERICA’S NETWORK OF SPACE PROFESSIONALS EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ IN THE NEWS Space history common theme of ‘Space Show’

By Matt Bille

pace history tends to get short shrift in the main- stream media, except during anniversary years S and when someone wants to make a comparison (often an irrelevant one) to the success of Apollo. Fortunately, there are sources that fill in the gap and maintain a flow of information. One of these is “The Space Show.” The brainchild of Dr. David Livingston, “The Space Show” is heard live on one radio station (AM 1150 in Seattle) but has a global following through Internet broadcasting. The show is available as a podcast on the iTunes Web site. Livingson is a business consultant and space aficionado who wrote his dissertation on space commerce. As the program he created approaches its seventh anniversary, Livingston reflected on the show’s evolution and its value as a resource for space history. COURTESY OF DAVIDLIVINGSTON.COM “I am actually overwhelmed by the growth of the “The Space Show,” hosted by David Livingston, can be heard show, including the international growth,” he said. live on AM 1150 in Seattle. The show is podcast for free on The number of high-profile guests has grown along iTunes and available for free download at thespaceshow.com. with the show’s reputation. “Early on, it was very difficult to have people on from NASA, Boeing and many other organizations or GUESTS OF ‘THE SPACE SHOW’ special interest groups. I still run into some problems David Livingston has hosted more than 870 shows since the program’s with some government agencies and large private debut in 2001 and has interviewed former Apollo astronauts, rocket scien- corporations, but often I am now contacted to do a tists and space historians, including: show around a top person.” Charles Lundquist, a scientist who helped launch Explorer 1, the first On space history, “I can tell you that some of my U.S. satellite. (Feb. 8, 2008) favorite topics are talking about how space develop- Jay Barbree, NBC reporter who has covered NASA’s human space- ment can improve our living here on Earth, inspiring flight program since 1961. (Sept. 24, 2007) Listen here others to be the best they can be,” he said. “I also enjoy Rusty Schweickart, Apollo 9 astronaut who served as pilot during the oral histories by the gray beards that have been first manned flight of the lunar module. (April 21, 2006 ) Listen here guests. On “The Space Show,” gray beards are not just Gene Kranz, NASA flight director during the Gemini and Apollo limited to rockets and engineering but also to oral histo- programs. (Aug.21, 2005) Listen here Wally Schirra and Ed Buckbee. Schirra was one of the original ries.” Mercury 7 astronauts, and Buckbee was the first director of the “Several of the Apollo and Gemini astronauts have Alabama Space & Rocket Center. (May 9, 2005) Listen here Note: (date show was recorded) Continued on next page ®

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¢ IN THE NEWS

® THE SPACE SHOW Continued from Page 2 been on, like Wally (Schirra) for example. We talked lots of history. A good many of the Saturn 5 guys have been on. People who wrote terrific books on the Atlas rocket’s history, the Saturn 5, Dyna-Soar and so much more.” The anniversary of Sputnik, the first satellite in space, brought an unusual number of history shows for 2007. Guests included best-selling author Andy Chaikin, Soviet-era space scientist Dr. Roald Sagdeev (from Moscow), writer Paul Dickson and journalist Jay Barbree of NBC. COURTESY U.S. SPACE AND ROCKET CENTER Livingston is gratified by the role his show serves in The Davidson Center for Space Exploration in preserving space history. Huntsville, Ala. “I have 872 shows, and many of them refer to space history even if that was not the major subject. One can search for a guest by last name, so I would advise an Doors open to new interested person to go to www.thespaceshow.com and use the “Guest search tool” in the middle of the page in Saturn 5 facility the upper half of the Web site. “First, do a search for the last name of a guest you The new Davidson Center for Space are interested in and see if the person has been on the Exploration officially opened to the public Jan. 31 show. If so, it shows you the date the person was on and at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in then on the Web site you can simply go to that specific Hunstville, Ala., during a gala dinner celebration show. If a reader is looking for a specific history subject, attended by more than 1,000 people. please e-mail me with the subject. I can see if a program The event coincided with the 50th anniver- has addressed that issue, its date and by who, as I can sary of the launching of the first U.S. satellite, search files that are not part of the Web site,” he said. Explorer 1. What if a listener wants to suggest a guest? The 68,200-square-foot Davidson Center “If the person you had in mind has not been on, houses a fully restored Saturn 5 rocket — one of please send me a note at [email protected] only three remaining in the United States — and and suggest the person. Include contact information if will serve as the visitor entrance to the U.S. you have it,” he said. Space and Rocket Center. The rocket is separat- “The Space Show” now broadcasts four times a ed into its various stages and elevated for visi- week. Listeners can subscribe to an email bulletin tors to walk under. announcing the guests for each show. The new center is part of an ongoing improvement plan to prominently display the On Oct. 3, 2007, Matt Bille was a guest on “The Space contributions made to space exploration by Show” with Erika Lishock, whom he collaborated with to NASA at the adjacent Marshal Space Flight write “The First .” Bille says Livingston is Center. highly knowledgeable and keeps the program moving with Read a review of the Davidson Center online his own questions and comments plus those from listeners at The Space Review. who range from astronauts to entrepreneurs (not to mention a few eccentrics).

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 3 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ EMME AWARD FOR ASTRONAUTICAL LITERATURE Yale University researcher named recipient

By Michael Ciancone 2 006 EMME AWARD WINNER eter J. Westwick received the 2006 Emme Award for Astronautical Literature at the American Into the Black — P Astronautical Society’s national conference in JPL and the American Space November in Houston for Into the Black — JPL and the Program, 1976-2004 American Space Program, 1976-2004. Published by Yale University Press, the book By Peter J. Westwick recounts the extraordinary story of Hardcover: 416 pages the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Publisher: Yale University Press accomplishments, failures and evolu- ISBN: 978-0-300-11075-3 tion. (See review on next page). Westwick teaches about the histo- PREVIOUS WINNERS ry of modern science and technology 1983 Global Talk, by Joseph N. 1996 Blind Watchers of the Sky – at the University of California, Santa Pelton The People and Ideas that Barbara. He is currently doing 1984 2010: Space Odyssey Two, by Shaped Our View of the research for a book about the Arthur C. Clarke Universe, by Rocky Kolb Strategic Defense Initiative. 1985 Beachheads in Space, by 1997 Space and the American Jerry Grey Imagination, by Howard E. Westwick In addition to Westwick’s book, 1986 Pioneering the Space McCurdy aerospace historian Maura Mackowski Frontier. Report of the 1998 This New Ocean – The Story was recognized with an honorable National Commission on of the First Space Age, by Space William E. Burrows mention at the national conference for Testing the Limits 1987 Before Lift Off, by Henry S.F. 1999 America’s Space Sentinels: — Aviation Medicine and the Origins of Manned Space Cooper, Jr. DSP Satellites and National Flight (Texas A&M University Press). 1988 No Award Given Security, by Jeffrey T. Richelson 1989 Journey Into Space: The First 2000 Challenge to Apollo – The The Emme Award, named in recognition of Eugene 30 Years of Space Soviet Union and the Space M. Emme, the first NASA historian, was established in Exploration, by Bruce C. Murray Race 1945 - 1974, by Asif A. 1982 to annually recognize an outstanding book serving 1990 The Home Planet, by Kevin W. Siddiqi public understanding about the influence of astronautics Kelley 2001 Moon Lander – How We 1991 Exploring the Sun: Solar Science Developed the Apollo Lunar on society and its potential for the future. Since Galileo, by Karl Hufbauer Module, by Thomas J. Kelly Auburn University history professor James R. 1992 Blueprint for Space: From 2002 The Secret of Apollo: Hansen was the recipient of the award last year for Science Fiction to Science Systems Management in Fact, by Frederick I. Ordway American and European First Man – The Life of Neil A. Armstrong (Simon & and Randy Liebermann Space Programs, by Stephen Schuster). 1993 The Sputnik Challenge: B. Johnson Eisenhower’s Response to 2003 Leaving Earth: Space the Soviet Satellite, by Robert Stations, Rival Superpowers, Nominations sought for 2007 Emme Award A. Divine and the Quest for 1994 International Cooperation in Interplanetary Travel, by The History Committee is soliciting nominations for Space: The Example of the Robert Zimmerman the 2007 Eugene M. Emme Award for Astronautical European Space Agency, by 2004 Right Stuff, Wrong Sex: Roger M. Bonnet and Vittorio America’s First Women in Literature. Please send nominations to: michael.l.cian- Manno Space Program, by Margaret cone@.gov. Please be sure to identify the title, 1995 Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Weitekamp author, and include publisher contact information, if Langley Research Center 2005 First Man — The Life of Neil from Sputnik to Apollo, by A. Armstrong, by James R. known, such as mailing address or Web site URL. James R. Hansen Hansen

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¢ BOOK REVIEW Evolution of space institution extraordinary

Peter J. Westwick, Into the Black — JPL and the American culture against those who would change it by embracing Space Program, 1976-2004 (Yale University Press). corporate management philosophies. A recurring theme in Westwick’s treatise is the “JPL- By Rick W. Sturdevant Caltech-NASA triangle.” He explains the longstanding academic and administrative tension between the labora- Recipient of the AAS 2006 Eugene M. Emme tory and the California Institute of Technology from Astronautical Literature Award, Peter Westwick’s Into the which it originated. Despite the 1976 “orange report,” Black combines solid narrative with thoughtful analysis to which recommended various steps to improve campus- deliver a rich slice from the nearly 70-year history of the lab interaction, more than a geographic gulf persisted Jet Propulsion Laboratory. between JPL and Caltech. Incentives certainly existed for Picking up the story line where Clayton R. Koppes’ Caltech to divest from JPL, but the management fee that JPL and the American Space Program (1982) left off, NASA awarded Caltech on the JPL contract constituted a Westwick draws from an impressive variety of primary significant proportion of the campus budget. and secondary sources to explain the further evolution of Administrators at Caltech tended to concern themselves one of America’s foremost space institutions. His candid with broad policy issues involving JPL, leaving most assessment of how external forces affected JPL’s develop- programmatic decisions to NASA and the lab’s director. ment and how JPL, in turn, influenced the world beyond Because JPL had a basically ambiguous role as independ- its walls helps us understand how this illustrious enter- ent contractor and NASA lab, expansion of JPL’s non- prise not only survived, but thrived, despite the vicissi- NASA work in the 1970s and 1980s tilted the triangular tudes of time. relationship in favor of “Caltech’s JPL,” and the phase-out Organized in three parts that coincide chronologically of such work in the 1990s shifted it back toward “NASA’s with the tenure of three different directors—Bruce Murray JPL.” Essentially, JPL’s continued existence depended on (1976-1982), Lew Allen (1982-1991), and Edward Stone its ability to adapt in balancing its autonomy and its (1991-2001)—Into the Black probes their respective leader- accountability to others. ship traits, visions for, and influences on JPL. Although Successes and failures in specific JPL interplanetary Murray might have been selected to promote innovation missions also undergo Westwick’s scrutiny. From the after conservative William Pickering’s tenure, Murray’s two Voyager spacecraft in the 1970s to the Magellan and own underlying conservatism led to the perpetuation of Galileo projects in the 1980s, and from Cassini in the traditional practices and processes, especially when it 1990s to “a multitude of missions” at the beginning of the came to building spacecraft. Allen, who succeeded twenty-first century, Into the Black reminds readers how Murray, shunned his predecessor’s visionary, mercurial challenging it is to triumph over human frailties and approach to managing laboratory affairs, preferring instead “galactic ghouls.” Sometimes the margin between victory a politically quiet, methodical style that enabled JPL to and defeat is razor thin. Westwick suggests that diversifi- maintain internal stability and recover its main mission in cation into fields ranging from earth sciences and astron- planetary exploration. omy to energy, defense, and microelectronics helped By the time Allen stepped down and the innately “damp the amplitude of the success-failure curve” for cautious Stone took over, the latter felt compelled by JPL’s planetary missions. Still, he finds validity in the declining budgets to undertake revolutionary change in common saying around JPL that “the lab is one failure the form of a “faster, better, cheaper” approach to build- away from closing, and one transistor away from failure.” ing interplanetary spacecraft. When he retired in 2001, Certainly not the final word on JPL, Westwick’s book Stone left an accumulation of unpopular decisions that nonetheless goes far toward preserving the history of this prompted new director Charles Elachi to defend JPL’s remarkable institution.

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 5 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ NOTES FROM AAS NATIONAL MEETING Looking back at 50 years of human spaceflight

By Rick W. Sturdevant

The 54th annual meeting of the American Astronautical Society in November in League City, Texas, celebrated 50 years of spaceflight while asking what the future might hold. It was promising to witness the presence of so many next-generation space professionals and to hear more interaction between presenters and audience members than in many years past. MIT’s Maria Zuber delivered a wonderful Sagan Memorial Lecture on our changing view of Mars. Keynote speaker Neil Milburn from Armadillo Aerospace entertained listeners with the fascinating story of his life as an engineer. The first panel session featured historical and scien- tific perspectives on how an informed understanding of the past can help direct future space activities. One session allowed next-generation leaders them- COURTESY JAMES R. KIRKPATRICK, / AAS selves to explain what they believe to be the future of Geophysicist Maria Zuber receives the 2007 Sagan Memorial space exploration. Award from AAS President Mark Craig. Representative from the various participants in the International Space Station program laid out their respec- exploration activities and on the space frontier’s policy tive plans for activities aboard that platform, and other and political landscape as Americans anticipate the elec- sessions focused on international coordination of space tions of 2008.

HISTORY COMMITTEE GOALS FOR 2008

The following list comprises the goals of the History Committee for 2008: I Provide Space Times with four book reviews. I Work with Univelt Inc. to publish three volumes in the AAS History Series, I Add two new members to the AAS History Committee (nominations plus an Index of IAA History Series papers, 1967-2000, which was prepared by welcomed). the IAA History Study Group. I Support activities to celebrate 50th anniversary of NASA. Complete editorial work on the ABC-CLIO/AAS space history encyclopedia I I Initiate compilation of college-level space history courses and programs project. available nationally, eventually to include sample syllabi and other information. Select the recipient of the 2007 Emme Award for Astronautical Literature. I I Expand the AAS awards program to include an annual award for the best I Assess History Committee charter and implement recommendations of the published article on astronautics or spaceflight history. Doyle Working Group. I Support the efforts of Space Times by encouraging members to provide I Produce three editions of Explorer. articles to Space Times for publication.

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¢ CALL FOR PAPERS

2008 annual conference of the Society Please indicate if a proposal is sponsored by one of for the History of Technology SHOT’s special interest groups. The Society for the History of Technology will hold Submission instructions its annual meeting in Lisbon, October 11-14, to continue 1) Materials should be sent as a single text attachment the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of to an e-mail message to the Program Committee Chair, the society. Martina Hessler, at: [email protected] The theme of last year’s conference was “SHOT@50: 2) Proposals for complete sessions as well as individ- Looking Back.” This year it will be “SHOT@50: Looking ual papers shall be submitted in one file. Beyond.” To that end, SHOT’s Program Committee seeks 3) Please adhere to the 600-word limit for each papers or sessions for the 2008 meeting that concern the paper. Use no unusual fonts or special formatting, and history of technology as it may or ought to be practiced in save your attachment either as a Microsoft Word docu- the future. ment (.doc) or as a Rich Text Format (.rtf) file. Nearly all Papers or sessions devoted to the question of how the word processing programs, including those used on the history of technology should be written in the future are Macintosh, can save text in the Rich Text Format. Do not particularly encouraged. To serve the purpose of “looking use Adobe Acrobat (pdf). beyond,” the committee seeks papers or panels reaching 4) Name your attachment with your last name and out beyond SHOT’s current disciplinary boundaries. The the word 'proposal', e.g. 'Smith_proposal.doc'. committee will also consider papers of high quality on 5) A session organizer should also deliver a descrip- any aspect of the history of technology, broadly defined. tion of the overall session. If you are organizing a session The committee welcomes proposals for individual and proposing a paper in that session, you will be deliver- papers or sessions, as well as works-in-progress from ing both an “abstract” and “proposal”, plus your c.v. researchers of all levels (including graduate students, 6) If you are proposing a non-traditional session you chaired professors and independent scholars). The may indicate that in the “abstract.” These also require a Committee welcomes proposals from those new to curriculum vitae. SHOT, regardless of discipline. The committee will also consider alternative venues for presenting one’s scholar- ship, such as poster sessions, short (8-minute) quick Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly sessions, author-meets-critics panels, discussion of pre- circulated papers, and others. David Arnold, editor of Quest: The History of The deadline for submission is March 14. Spaceflight Quarterly, is seeking articles for publication. Proposals for individual papers must include: The journal is published quarterly and is dedicated to 1) a one-page abstract (maximum 600 words). the history of spaceflight. Stories cover the people, proj- 2) a one-page curriculum vitae, including current ects and programs that comprise the civil, military and postal and e-mail addresses. commercial space programs of the world. Proposals for complete sessions must include: Articles submitted by amateur and professional histo- 1) a description of the session that explains how indi- rians are welcome. vidual papers contribute to an overall theme. For more about the journal, see http://www.space- 2) the names and paper titles of the presenters. business.com/quest, or contact Arnold at: historyof- 3) for each presenter, a one-page summary (maximum [email protected]. 600 words) of the paper’s topic, argument(s), and evidence used. 4) for the commentator, chair, and each presenter: To have requests for papers added to the AAS history one-page curriculum vitae, with postal and e-mail committee’s newsletter, send announcements to addresses. [email protected]. (Attn: Tim Chamberlin, Explorer editor)

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 7 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ NEWS BRIEFS

R OBERT JASTRO W (192 5-2 008) mission downtime. Led Goddard Institute of Space The USGA claims that both clubs are among the more popular artifacts Studies for two decades at the golf museum in Far Hills, N.J. Robert Jastrow, a former NASA International Space Station scientist who helped popularize Expedition 14 flight engineer Mikhail space science and lunar exploration Tyurin was the last person to hit a at the height of the space race, died golf shot in space as part of a space- Feb. 8 at the age of 82. walk in November 2006. Tyurin Jastrow was a regular guest on shanked the shot using a gold-plated national programs to talk NASA 6-iron. about space and exploration, and Astronaut Alan Shepard is seen swinging wrote many best-selling science a golf club on the moon in this image books. SPACEFLIGHT AND EXPLORATION taken from a NASA video. Jastrow earned a doctoral degree Study reviews changes in U.S. in theoretical physics from Columbia government and legislation University in 1948 and later became GOLF AND SPACE History Committee member an assistant professor at Yale Moon club and shuttle putter University in 1953. He then served on Steve Doyle recently completed a the staff at the Naval Research on display at cosmosphere study for NASA on “The Impact of Laboratory from 1954-1958. The United States Golf Spaceflight and Space Exploration on After its formation in 1958, NASA Association Museum recently part- the Laws and Governmental appointed Jastrow director of its nered with the Kansas Cosmosphere Structure of the United States.” theoretical division. The agency and Space Center in Hutchinson, This 142-page narrative recounts named him director of the Goddard Kan., to commemorate the 50th changes in law and governmental Institute of Space Studies in 1961, a anniversary of spaceflight. structures from 1945 to 2005. branch of the Goddard Space Flight The USGA Museum agreed to Five chronological appendices Center in Greenbelt, Md., where he loan the 6-iron golf club that Alan appear in the study: (1) Significant stayed at its helm for 20 years before Shepard used to hit a golf ball on the U.S. national laws generated by becoming professor of earth sciences moon in 1971 during the Apollo 14 spaceflight; (2) significant U.S. at Dartmouth. Jastrow contributed to mission, and Brian Duffy’s Space governmental organizations created robotic programs such as Pioneer and Shuttle putter, flown to space during in response to spaceflight; (3) signifi- Voyager, which became NASA’s most Endeavour mission STS-72 in 1996. cant presidential executive orders successful long-term planetary Both clubs were to be on display and policy directives; (4) significant missions. at the space center through Feb. 17. international treaties and agreements; He specialized in nuclear physics, Shepard attached a clubhead to a and (5) National Security Presidential plasma physics, geophysics, and the tool used to pick up rock samples Directive NSPD-49, dated Aug. 31, physics of the moon and terrestrial from the moon, forming a makeshift 2006, containing current U.S. national planets. 6-iron that he used with one hand. space policy. His books included Red Giants Shepard donated the club to the and White Dwarfs – The Evolution of USGA three years later during the Stars; Planets and Life; Until the Sun U.S. Open. Duffy received a putter as Dies; and Journey to the Stars – Space a gift while in orbit where the club Exploration Tomorrow and Beyond. was used by crewmates during Continued on next page ®

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¢ NEWS BRIEFS

ONLINE Lunar science and exploration are focus of institute Web site Interested in learning more about the history of the moon? The Lunar and Planetary Institute has created a Web site dedi- cated to lunar science and explo- ration. The Web site has links covering a wide swath of spaceflight history, from Apollo era science to spacecraft, including the lunar rover, lunar module and command service module. According to the Web site, “there are technical documents that describe exploration strategies, equipment, and geological tools used to explore the lunar surface, plus Apollo landing site descriptions and Apollo mission summaries.” Also available are “digitized photographic images of the moon COURTESY NASA / WWW.LPI.USRA.EDU/LUNAR/ taken from Earth, from spacecraft orbiting the moon, from astronauts Diagrams of the Apollo command service module are among many documents easily and their equipment on the lunar available for download from a Web site created by the Lunar and Planetary Institute surface and by spacecraft flying by on lunar science and exploration. the moon.” The site also includes design Visitors to the site can read about signed space books, is available documents related to the new the history of the satellite program, online. Constellation vehicle. look at historic images, watch video Conducted by Boggs SpaceBooks To visit the Web site, click here. and animated movies and browse of Anderson, Ind., at the end of last interactive features. year, two lists have been posted JPL reviews history of first To visit the site, click here. offering brief descriptions of the top American satellite in space volumes selected by its customers Bookseller posts results of poll and space history enthusiasts. These The California Institute of include X-15 Research Results (NASA Technology’s Jet Propulsion naming rarest space books SP-60) and Saturn V Flight Manual Laboratory has added a special A poll recently conducted to (SA 506). section to its Web site celebrating the determine the rarest space books that To see the full results of the poll, 50th anniversary of Explorer 1, the contribute the most to the under- visit Boggs Spacebooks by clicking first U.S. satellite in space. standing of spaceflight, and the rarest here.

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 9 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ ASTRONAUTICAL BOOKS PUBLISHED IN 2007

The following list is published annually and is compiled by members of the History Committee:

A-F (Listed by author) Shuttle (Chichester, United NASA’s First Fifty Years (New Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) York: Abrams) Angelo, Joseph A. Human Spaceflight Caldicott, Helen, and Craig Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius, (New York: Facts-on-File) Eisendrath. War in Heaven: The eds. Societal Impact of Arms Race in Outer Space (New Spaceflight (Washington, DC: Barbree, Jay. York: The New Press) NASA SP-2007-4801) Live from Cape Clément, Gilles, and Angelia Bukley. Dougherty, Kerrie, and Donald C. Canaveral: Artificial Gravity (Chichester, Elder. Editors. History of Covering the United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Rocketry and Astronautics: Space Race, Proceedings of the Thirty- from Sputnik Second History Symposium of to Today Collins, Martin. the International Academy of (Washington, Editor. After Astronautics (IAA), Melbourne, DC: Smithsonian Sputnik: 50 Australia, 1998 (San Diego, CA: Books) Years of the Univelt). American Astronautical Space Age Society History Series, Volume 27. (New York: Belbruno, Edward. Fly Me to the Smithsonian Moon: An Insider’s Guide to the Books / Duggins, Pat. New Science of Space Travel HarperCollins) Final (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Countdown: University Press) NASA and the Belfiore, Michael. Rocketeers: How Comins, Neil. The Hazards of Space End of the a Visionary Band of Business Travel: A Tourist’s Guide Space Shuttle Leaders, Engineers, and Pilots Is (Villard). Program Boldly Privatizing Space Cook, Richard C. Challenger (Gainesville, FL: (Collins) Revealed: An Insider’s Account University Press Bond, Peter. Distant Worlds: of How the Reagan of Florida) Milestones in Planetary Administration Caused the Greatest Tragedy of the Space Exploration (Copernicus Books) Forget, François, François Costard, Age (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Brinckmann, Enno. Biology in Space and Philippe Lognonné. Planet Press) and Life on Earth: Effects of Mars: Story of Another World Spaceflight on Biological Corfield, Richard. Lives of the (Chichester, United Kingdom: Systems (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Planets: A Natural History of Springer-Praxis) the Solar System (New York: Wiley-VCH) French, Francis, and Colin Burgess. Basic Books) Brzezinski, Matthew. Red Moon Into that Silent Sea: Trailblazers Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden D’Antonio, Michael. A Ball, a Dog, of the Space Era, 1961-1965 Rivalries that Ignited the Space and a Monkey: 1957—The Space (Lincoln, NE: University on Race (New York: Henry Holt and Race Begins (New York: Simon & Nebraska Press) Co.) Schuster) Burgess, Colin, and Chris Dubbs. Dick, Steven J., Robert Jacobs, Animals in Space: From Constance Moore, and Bertram Research Rockets to the Space Ulrich. Editors. America in Space: Continued on next page ®

PAGE 10 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

¢ ASTRONAUTICAL BOOKS PUBLISHED IN 2007

F-L (Listed by author) Politics (New York: Routledge) Hypersonics (Washington, DC: Hardesty, Von, and Gene Eisman. NASA SP-2007-4232) French, Francis, and Colin Burgess. Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story Hogan, . Mars Wars: The Rise In the Shadow of the Moon: A of the Soviet and American and Fall of the Space Challenging Journey to Space Race. (Washington, DC: Exploration Initiative Tranquility, 1965-1969 (Lincoln, National Geographic) (Washington, DC: NASA SP-2007- NE: University on Nebraska Press) Harrison, Albert A. Starstruck: 4410) Cosmic Visions in Science, Hunley, J.D. The Development of Furniss, Tim, Religion, and Folklore (New Propulsion Technology for U.S. David J. Shayler, York: Berghahn Books, Inc.) Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926- and Michael D. Harland, David M., and Brian Harvey. 1991 (College Station, TX: Texas Shayler. Praxis Space Exploration 2008 A&M University Press) Manned (Chichester, United Kingdom: Johnson-Freese, Joan. Space as a Spaceflight Log Springer-Praxis) Strategic Asset (New York: 1961-2006 Columbia University Press) (Chichester, Harvey, Brian. Russian Planetary United Exploration: History, Jones, Chris. Too Far from Home: Kingdom: Development, Legacy, and A Story of Life and Death in Springer-Praxis) Prospects (Chichester, United Space (Garden City, NY: Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Doubleday and Co.) Kemp, Kenneth. Destination Space: Genta, Giancarlo. Lonely Minds in How Space Tourism Is Making the Universe (Chichester, United Harvey, Brian. Science Fiction a Reality (Virgin Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) The Rebirth of the Russian Books) Godwin, Robert. The Lunar Space Program: Kennedy, George P. Touching Exploration Scrapbook: A 50 Years after Space: The Story of Project Pictorial History of Lunar Sputnik, New Manhigh (Schiffer Publishing) Vehicles (Burlington, Ontario: Frontiers Collector’s Guide Publishing) Kerrod, Robin, and Carole Stott. (Chichester, Hubble: The Mirror on the Godwin, Robert. Space Shuttle: Fact United Universe (Toronto, Canada: Archive (Burlington, Ontario: Kingdom: Firefly Books) Collector’s Guide Publishing) Springer-Praxis) Kidger, Mark. Cosmological Graham, Thomas, Jr., and Keith Enigmas: Pulsars, Quasars & Hansen. Spy Satellites and Other Other Deep-Space Questions Intelligence Technologies That Heiken, Grant, and Eric Jones. On (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Changed History (University of the Moon: The Apollo Journals University Press) Washington Press) (Chichester, United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Launius, Roger D., and Howard E. Gruntman, Mike. From McCurdy. Robots in Space: Astronautics to Cosmonautics Hendrikx, Bart. Energiya-Buran: Technology, Evolution, and (North Charleston, SC: BookSurge The Soviet Space Shuttle Interplanetary Travel Publishing) (Chichester, United Kingdom: (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Springer-Praxis) Handberg, Roger, and Zhen Li. University Press) Chinese Space Policy: A Study in Heppenheimer, T.A. Facing the Domestic and International Heat Barrier: A History of Continued on next page ®

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 11 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ ASTRONAUTICAL BOOKS PUBLISHED IN 2007

L-Z (Listed by author) Collector’s Guide Publishing) Atlas of Lunar Exploration (NY: Qu, John J., Wei Gao, M. Kafatos, Cambridge University Press) Levin, Frank. Calibrating the Robert E. Murphy, and Vincent V. Tyson, Neil deGrasse. Death by Cosmos: How Cosmology Salomonson. Editors. Earth Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Explains Our Big Bang Universe Science Satellite Remote Quandries (New York: W. W. (Chichester, United Kingdom: Sensing (Chichester, United Norton and Company) Springer-Praxis) Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Lipartito, Kenneth, and Orville R. Ulivi, Paolo and David Harland, Rahman, Tahir. We Came In Peace Butler. A History of the Kennedy Robotic Exploration of the Solar For All Mankind: The Untold Space Center (Gainesville, FL: System: Part I: The Golden Age Story Of The Apollo 11 Silicon University Press of Florida) 1957– 1982 (Praxis) Disc (Leathers Publishing) Matloff, Gregory L., et al. Living Off Watson, Fred. Editor. Astronomica: the Land in Space: Green Roads Galaxies, Planets, Stars, to the Cosmos (Springer) Rapp, Donald. Constellation Charts, Space Exploration (Millennium House) McElyea, Tim. Project Human Constellation: Moon, Mars and Missions to Whitfield, Steve. Project Mercury Beyond (Burlington, Ontario: Mars: Enabling (Burlington, Ontario: Collector’s Collector’s Guide Publishing) Technologies Guide Publishing) Meltzer, Michael. Mission to for Exploring Whitfield, Steve. Project Gemini Jupiter: A History of the Galileo the Red Planet (Burlington, Ontario: Collector’s Project (Washington, DC: NASA (Chichester, Guide Publishing) SP-2007-4231) United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Wilson, Daniel H. Where’s My Michaud, Michael A.G. Contact with Jetpack: A Guide to the Alien Civilizations: Our Hopes Amazing Science Fiction Future and Fears about Encountering That Never Arrived (Bloomsbury Extraterrestrials (New York: Rinard, Judith E. Book of Flight: USA) Copernicus Books) The Smithsonian National Air Winter, Frank H. History of Miller, Ron. Space Exploration and Space Museum (Toronto, Rocketry and Astronautics: (New York: Twenty-First Century Ontario: Firefly Books) Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Books) Sheehan, Michael. The History Symposium of the Moore, Sir Patrick and H.J.P. Arnold, International Politics of Space International Academy of Space: The First Fifty Years (NY: Routledge, 2007) Astronautics (IAA), (Mitchell Beazley) Sparrow, Giles. Spaceflight: The Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Neufeld, Michael J. Von Braun: Complete Story From Sputnik 1999 (San Diego, CA: Univelt). Dreamer of Space, Engineer of to Shuttle – and Beyond (Dorling American Astronautical Society War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf) Lindersley) History Series, Volume 28. Norris, Pat. Spies in the Sky: Spitzmiller, Ted. Astronautics: Woodcock, Gordon R. Space Surveillance Satellites in War Book 1: Dawn of the Space Age; Exploration: Missions and Peace (Chichester, United Book 2: To the Moon and Engineering (Malabar, FL: Krieger Kingdom: Springer-Praxis) Towards the Future (Burlington, Publish Co.) Powell-Willhite, Irene. Editor. The Ontario: Collector’s Guide Woods, W. David. How Apollo Voice of Dr. Wernher von Publishing) Flew to the Moon (Chichester, Braun (Burlington, Ontario: Stooke, Philip J. The International United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis)

PAGE 12 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

¢ AAS 46TH ROBERT H. GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM Space exploration and commercialization

AAS 46TH GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

When: March 4-6, 2008 Venue: Greenbelt Marriott Hotel, Greenbelt, Md.

AAS conference registration: Phone: 703-866-0020 8 www.astronautical.org

PRELIMINARY PROGRAM 11:45 Luncheon I Rep. Steny Hoyer, House Majority Leader, D-MD. TUESDAY, MARCH 4 1:15 The Unknown History of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) 6:00 pm Future leaders networking reception open to all attendees Stephen J. Garber, History Division, NASA Headquarters (Sponsored by Lockheed Martin) 1:45 Prizes and Emerging Markets: Encouraging Commercial Space Capabilities WEDNESDAY, MARCH 5 Ken Davidian, Commercial Development Policy Lead, NASA 7:15 a.m. Corporate members breakfast Headquarters 7:30 Registration opens with continental breakfast 2:15 Break 8:30 Welcome 2:30 A Ticket to Ride: An Emerging Space Adventure Industry Moderator: Clayton Mowry, President, Arianespace, Inc. I Frank Slazer, AAS President 8:40 Introduction Panelists: Bretton Alexander, Executive Director, X PRIZE Foundation I Edward Weiler, Director, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center I 8:45 Keynote address I George Whitesides, Executive Director, National Space Society George Nield, Deputy Associate Administrator for Commercial I Michael Griffin, NASA Administrator I 9:30 Break Space Transportation, FAA 9:45 Perspectives on the 50th anniversary of NASA’s founding I Franceska Schroeder, Principal, Fish & Richardson, P.C. 3:30 Spaceports and Commercial Space Launches I Roger G. Launius, Chair, Division of Space History, National Air & Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution Moderator: John Campbell, Director, Wallops Flight Facility and 10:15 Reflections on Humans Working in Space Suborbital and Special Orbital Projects Directorate, NASA GSFC Panelists: I William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator for Space Operations, NASA Headquarters I Michael C. Gass, President, United Launch Alliance invited 10:45 Sustaining a Human Presence in Space I Billie Reed, Executive Director, Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority I Richard J. Gilbrech, Associate Administrator for Exploration Systems, NASA Headquarters I Neil Milburn, Vice President, Federal Liaison and Program Manager, 11:15 The International Role in Expanding Human Presence in Space Armadillo Aerospace 5:00 Reception I Lon Rains, Editor, Space News

Continued on next page ®

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 13 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ AAS 46TH ROBERT H. GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

THURSDAY, MARCH 6 FULL REGISTRATION: Includes all sessions, continental breakfasts, break, 7:30 Registration opens / continental breakfast refreshments, two luncheons and three receptions. 8:30 Keynote address I Alan Stern, Associate Administrator for Science, NASA Cost: Headquarters AAS Member - $360 ($310 with discount) 9:15 Earth Science from Space Non-member / Renewing Member - $445 ($395 with discount) I Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans U.S. Government / Academia - $285 ($235 with discount) and Atmosphere (NOAA Administrator) invited One-Day Registration - $220 9:45 Investing in Technology to Enable Future Science Missions in Space I Laurie A. Leshin, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, SPECIAL REGISTRATION: Includes all sessions, continental breakfasts, break NASA GSFC refreshments and three receptions (luncheon tickets may be purchased sepa- 10:15 Break rately). 10:30 Faces for the Future I Alexis Livanos, Corporate Vice President and President, Cost: Northrop Grumman Space Technology Student (full-time) / Teacher (K-12) - $30 11:15 Moon Science Retired (over 65 & not employed full-time) - $75 I David E. Smith, Deputy Director for Planetary Science, Solar System Press (with credentials) - No Charge Exploration Division, NASA GSFC 11:45 Luncheon I Senator Barbara Mikulski, D-MD 1:15 Summer Jobs: Hubble Servicing Mission I Frank Cepollina, Manager, Hubble Space Telescope Development Project, NASA GSFC 1:45 Space Weather: Survival of People and Robots I Louis Lanzerotti, Distinguished Research Professor, Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology 2:15 Break 2:30 Mars on the Horizon I James B. Garvin, Chief Scientist, NASA GSFC 3:00 Before Earth and Beyond Mars: Planetary Science I Jonathan Lunine, Professor, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona 3:30 Astrophysics Beyond 2020: the Big Questions I Mario Livio, Head, Office of Public Outreach, Space Telescope Science Institute 4:00 NASA at 50: Oh, Say Can You See? I Wesley T. Huntress, Director, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington 4:30 Closing Remarks I Frank Slazer, AAS President 5:00 Reception Celebrating NASA’s 50th Anniversary I Alan Stern, Associate Administrator for Science, NASA Headquarters

PAGE 14 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

¢ CALENDAR

2008 February 20-22 ISU’s 12th Annual Symposium Feb. 20 – June 12 Space Solutions to Earth’s Global Challenges Ask an Expert Lecture Series International Space University Central Campus Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Strasbourg, France Washington, D.C. 8 www.isunet.edu 8 www.nasm.si.edu/events/lectures/askanexpert.cfm At the National Mall Building February 26-28 Feb. 20 3rd Space Exploration Conference “Mars Up Close and Personal: HiRISE Views,” by and Exhibit John Grant 50 Years of Space Exploration: Taking the Next Mar. 19 Giant Leap “Space Shuttle Commander: Pam Melroy,” Women’s Heritage Month, by Valerie Neal Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colo. Mar. 26 8 www.aiaa.org/events/exploration “Apollo 13, a Slide Rule and an Ill-fated Trip to the Moon,” by Paul Ceruzzi March 5-6 Apr. 23 46th Robert H. Goddard Memorial “Mars,” by Bob Craddock Symposium Greenbelt Marriott Hotel, Greenbelt, Md. At the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center www.astronautical.org Mar. 13 8 “Vanguard 1,” by Paul Ceruzzi March 10-14 Apr. 10 39th Lunar and Planetary Science “Turning Spaceflight into Collectibles: Soviet Space Conference Pins,” by Cathleen Lewis May 8 South Shore Harbour Resort and Conference Center, League City, Texas “Space Toys That Your Mother Would Hate,” by Margaret Weitekamp 8 www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008 Jun. 12 “Lost: Survival Gear for an Emergency that Never Happened,” by Allan Needell

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 15 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ Spotlight

Rick W. Sturdevant is deputy director of history at Headquarters Air Force Space Command, Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colo. Sturdevant’s articles on military aerospace history have appeared in Space Times, the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Air & Space/Smithsonian, and Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly. He is a recipient of the AAS President’s Recognition Award.

What are your specific interests in cameras, plus various mechanical and space history? phased-array radar systems) and commu- nication networks for command and A better question might be “What control (C2) of military space systems. I about space history doesn’t interest you?” also have kept up on policy, doctrine and Rick W. My interest is as infinite as space itself. organizational changes related to military Sturdevant Having worked since April 1985 at Air space. Hometown: Force Space Command headquarters, To keep my non-military space Waverly, Iowa however, my focus has been on U.S. mili- knowledge up to date, I read extensively Resides in: tary space activities ranging from R&D and regularly review a wide variety of Colorado Springs, and acquisition of systems to launch and books on space history for several differ- Colo. on-orbit operations. ent journals. I also attend the annual AAS Education: BA I have studied and written extensively conferences, where I take careful notes (Summa Cum about Air Force involvement with many from which to prepare reports for Space Laude), History, types of launch vehicles (e.g., Atlas, Titan, Times. University of Thor-, and Scout), upper stages (e.g., Northern Iowa, Agena, Centaur, and IUS), space-based What are you currently working on 1969; MA, History, applications (e.g., communication, early- related to space history? University of warning, meteorological, navigational, Northern Iowa, 1974; I recently completed a series of e-mail surveillance, and reconnaissance), PhD, University of ground-based sensors for space surveil- California, Santa lance (e.g., Baker-Nunn and GEODSS Continued on next page ® Barbara, 1982. “ That first artificial earth-circling spacecraft set humankind on a new course and, on a personal level, directly influenced my Q&A educational path for a decade. ” PAGE 16 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

As a member of the AAS was the beginning of the rest of ® RICK W. STURDEVANT Continued from Page 16 History Committee’s subcommit- my story. tee for selecting the 2007 Emme exchanges with Roger L. Easton, Astronautical Literature Award, I What are your favorite Sr., who played key roles in am preparing to read and critique space-related books, movies designing or directing Naval a substantial number of recently and Web sites? Research Laboratory programs published histories on space-relat- As far as non-fiction books are from the mid-1950s into the 1980s ed topics. concerned, two come readily to (e.g, the Vanguard satellite, the mind: Walter McDougall’s “The Minitrack system, the Naval Space How did you get interested Surveillance System, and in space history? Heavens and the Earth” and Paul Timation/NTS satellites that led Stares’ “The Militarization of As a youngster, I built various to the Global Positioning System); Space.” Both have proven to kinds of powered model airplanes. our e-mail exchanges will appear contain enduring insights. In my junior- and senior-high as an “interview” in High Frontier: On the fictional (or perhaps school years, I was in accelerated The Journal of Space & Missile not so fictional) side, I found math and science classes. Like Professionals published quarterly “Space Wars: The First Six Hours many other youngsters who grew by Air Force Space Command. of World War III” by Michael up in the early Cold War years, I I am co-authoring with Coumatos and a couple other was encouraged by school coun- Gregory Orndorff, from Johns authors intriguing. My favorite selors to pursue a career in Hopkins University’s Applied space-related movie is “October science or engineering. Also, I Physics Laboratory, a chapter Sky,” but Ron Howard’s “Apollo titled “Space and the Cold War” was fascinated by published 13” and Stanley Kubrick’s “2001: A for a forthcoming book titled stories of Dyna-Soar and the X-15, Space Odyssey” ranks high on my “Handbook of Space Engineering, and television coverage of the list. I also love some of the early Archaeology and Heritage.” I am Mercury flights enthralled me. 1950s sci-fi films such as also revising my earlier study on Consequently, I went to Iowa “Rocketship X-M,” “Destination GPS applications for a chapter in a State University thinking I was Moon,” “Conquest of Space,” “The forthcoming book titled “Down to destined to become an aerospace Day the Earth Stood Still” and Earth.” engineer. Somewhere along the “War of the Worlds.” Although I submitted to ABC- line, however, I discovered history When it comes to Web sites, I CLIO several months ago the was my true calling. It took a probably refer most often to the “Military Applications” section of couple decades before that calling various NASA and Encyclopedia the forthcoming historical ency- and the field of space studies Astronautica links, but the Russian clopedia titled Space Exploration merged for me. To shorten a Space Web and Global Security and Humanity, recent events have much longer story, after earning sites come in very handy for compelled me to begin writing my doctorate, I heard about research purposes. additional articles (e.g., Wideband applied-history positions with the Global SATCOM system and U.S. Air Force. Having decided that I Besides the first piloted Experimental Military Satellites). wanted, ultimately, to live near lunar landing, what do you I have undertaken two book- other family members in length projects: editing the manu- Colorado, I became an Air Force think was the most script autobiography of rocket civilian historian in 1984 and memorable moment in engineer Robert C. Truax, who is moved to the recently established space history and why? now 91 years old; and writing a Space Command in April 1985. I shall always remember the history of the U.S. Space Detection The Air Force paid me to be inter- and Tracking System. ested in space history, and that Continued on next page ®

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 17 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ SPACE HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA

An update from Stephen Johnson, general editor: of the encyclope- Once we have completed our dia. review of the remaining articles in I am pleased to report that Since the last this area (in about a month), we will progress is being made (however newsletter, we know the remaining schedule with slowly it may seem at times) on the have finalized an much greater certainty. two-volume ABC-CLIO/American additional 30 arti- Knock on wood. Astronautical Society space history cles (487 I offer the following quote in encyclopedia project, Space complete out of closing to acknowledge the sustained Exploration and Humanity: A 668 total) and effort, support and commitment Historical Encyclopedia. processed an equal number (which provided by the many people who Over the last quarter, there has means we are moving forward with have been involved in this effort: been both good news (two steps them but are not yet ready to final- forward) and bad news (one step ize). “Few things are impossible back). On the positive side, we initiat- On the negative side, one of our to diligence and skill. ed a final editorial copyedit of all arti- area editors had to drop out of the Great works are performed not by cles to ensure consistency across arti- project. At this stage, this means that strength, but perseverance.” cles and to update articles on as general editor, I have had to take — Samuel Johnson (1709 - 1784) ongoing activities (such as Space over this area, which has resulted in a Shuttle, Hubble Space Telescope and setback of several months, thus ® For more information about the Constellation). We have completed delaying the completion of the edito- encyclopedia, see the product fact that review for three of the six areas rial work until late 2008. sheet at ABC-CLIO’s Web site.

my way to work, I heard the terri- professional training as a historian ® RICK W. STURDEVANT Continued from Page 17 ble news. That event still haunts eventually came together to me every time my birthday roles promote an exciting, productive around. Although I was only ten career that is now in its 22nd year first lunar landing, because I was a years old when the Russians continues to fascinate me almost VISTA volunteer on my way to a launched Sputnik, its aftermath daily. It exemplifies the value of remote Eskimo village in western certainly was memorable. That advice I have given to many Alaska. We were in Anchorage first artificial earth-circling space- students over the years: keep your for a few days before flying to our craft set humankind on a new options and your horizons wide respective assignments, and we course and, on a personal level, open, because you never know sat in the hotel lobby watching the directly influenced my education- where life’s twists and turns will television coverage thanks to the al path for a decade. lead you. My work is fun, and first ever international broadcast that’s not something many people via satellite to Alaska. Next to can say. that spectacular experience, I best What else would you like to recall the space shuttle Challenger share with us? disaster, because it was my birth- They way my early technical day. Listening to the car radio on interest in aerospace and my

PAGE 18 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES: VOLUME 28

The latest volume in the AAS History Series includes proceedings of the 33rd NOW AVAILABLE! History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 1999. Papers presented in the book are listed below: Dr. Irene Sänger-Bredt: A Life for Williams, Max Engel and Hans ten Astronautics, by Nicolae-Florin Cate Zaganescu, George Popa, Rodica “RD & PE Zvezda” JSC: A History of the Zaganescu and Lucia Popa. Creation of the Russian Spacesuits, John Leland Atwood: Biographical Escape and Life Support Means for Memoir, by Shirley Thomas Space Vehicle and Space Station Liquid Propellant Engines in the Crews, by G. I. Severin, I. P. Abramov, Soviet Union, by Christian Lardier M. N. Doudnik and V. I. Svertshek The True Beginnings of French The Effect of Gravity-Propelled Astronautics, 1938-1959 (Part 1), by Interplanetary Space Travel on the Philippe Jung Exploration of the Solar System: Evolution of Asphalt Rocket Propellants Historical Survey, 1961 to 2000, by from World War II JPL/Aerojet Richard L. Dowling, William J. Research to Postwar Spin-Offs by the Kosmann, Michael A. Minovitch Rocket Research Institute, by George and Rex W. Ridenoure Volume 28 S. James, Charles J. Piper III, Frank H. The First French Experiences of Space Winter and John Bluth Biology During Parabolic Flights, by History of Rocketry The Shusui Japanese Rocket Fighter in Alexandre-Claude Timsit, Gérard and Astronautics World War II, by Yasunori Chatelier and Hervé Moulin Edited by Frank H. Winter, Matogawa A Little-Known Project of a Super- 2007, 560p The East Parking Lot Rocket Heavy Space Rocket, S. N. Experiments of North American Konyukhov, by O. I. Drobakhin and Hard Cover $95 Aviation, Inc., 1946-1949, by Frank V. A. Pashchenko (ISBN 978-0-87703-539-8) H. Winter Scientific Experiences Using Soft Cover $70 History of French Sounding Rockets Argentinean Sounding Rockets in (ISBN 978-0-87703-540-4) Part I: Véronique and Vesta—Their Antarctica, by Miguel Sánchez-Peña Development and Operation, by Recovering Rockets from the Desert: This book and others in Christophe Rothmund, Hervé Moulin, Exercises in Retrieving Australia’s the AAS History Series J. J. Serra and Jean Louis Lafon Space Heritage from the Simpson (see next page) may be The Netherlands in Space: How it all Desert, by Roger Henwood and purchased directly from Began, by Henk Olthof and Jan H. Kerrie Dougherty Univelt Inc. De Koomen On the Connectivity Between the Call 760-746-4005 or fax Flight Termination of the First Large French and Hamiltonian 760-746-3139 to place an Solid Propellant Rockets, by Julius Approaches to Celestial Mechanics, order. H. Braun by Peter M. Bainum Or write to: Univelt Inc., Black Prince, by Douglas Millard Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, The Question of the Artificial Satellite in – Part 1: Was the Apollo Program a CA 92198; or e-mail the Mid-1950s: French Scientists and “Dead End?”, Marsha Freeman [email protected] Their Approach, by Hervé Moulin Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views History of Commercial Satellite – Part 2: Project Apollo in American Services Industry, by Linda Memory and Myth, Roger D. Launius

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 19 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES

PREVIOUS VOLUMES Discounts Vol. 1 Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey, 1977, A 50% discount off list prices 326p, 1981, Hard $35; Soft $25. for all AAS History Series Vol. 2 Twenty-Five Years of the American Astronautical Society: Historical volumes is available for indi- Reflections and Projections, 1954-1979, 1980, 248p, Hard $25; Soft $15. vidual members of the: Vol. 3 Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on American I American Astronautical Astronautics, 1957-1980, 1981, 350p, Hard $40; Soft $30. Society History Committee Vol. 4 The Endless Space Frontier: A History of the House Committee on Science I International Academy of and Astronautics, 1982, 460p, Hard $45. Astronautics History Study Vol. 5 Science Fiction and Space Futures: Past and Present, 1982, 278p, Hard $35; Soft $25. Group Vol. 6 First Steps Toward Space, 1986, 318p, Hard $45; Soft $35. I Authors for books in which their articles appear Vol. 7 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1986, Part I, 250p, Part II, 502p, sold as a set, Hard $100; Soft $80. A 25% discount off list prices Vol. 8 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 368p, Hard $50; Soft $35. for all AAS History Series Vol. 9 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 330p, Hard $50; Soft $35. volumes is available for indi- Vol. 10 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1990, 330p, Hard $60; Soft $40. vidual members of the AAS, Vol. 11 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1994, 236p, Hard $60; Soft $40. AIAA, AAAF and: Vol. 12 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1991, 252p, Hard $60; Soft $40. I The British Interplanetary Society Vol. 13 History of Liquid Rocket Engine Development in the United States 1955- 1980, 1992, 176p, Out of Print. I The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft und Raumfahrt Vol. 14 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 222p, Hard $50; Soft $35. I The National Space Vol. 15 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 452p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Society Vol. 16 Out From Behind the Eight-Ball: A History of , 1995, 176p, I The Space Studies Hard $50; Soft $30. Institute Vol. 17 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1995, 480p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The U.S. Space Foundation I Vol. 18 Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent The Planetary Society I Issue, 1995, 234p, Hard $60; Soft $40. I Individual members of any IAF Society may take the Vol. 19 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 318p, Hard $60; Soft $40. same discount. Vol. 20 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 344p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 21 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 368p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The AAS History Committee, Vol. 22 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1998, 418p, Hard $60; Soft $40. first under the leadership of Vol. 23 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2001, 566p, Hard $85; Soft $60 Eugene M. Emme, NASA Vol. 24 The Origins And Technology Of The Advanced Extra-Vehicular Space historian, established the AAS Suit, 2001, 558p, Hard $85; Soft $60. History Series of books in 1977 to dedicate the continued Vol. 25 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2003, 370p, Hard $85; Soft $60. pursuit and broader apprecia- Vol. 26 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2005, 430p, Hard $95; Soft $70. tion of the full history of flight Vol. 27 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2007, 416p, Hard $95; Soft $70. in American history and its global influence. For more information about the AAS History Series, visit Univelt’s Web site.

PAGE 20 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG FEBRUARY 2008 | ISSUE 5

¢ COMMITTEE CONTACT INFORMATION

MICHAEL L. CIANCONE, DR. STEVEN J. DICK DR. STEPHEN B. KATHERINE SCOTT CHAIR NASA History Office JOHNSON STURDEVANT NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Headquarters National Institute for Science, Professor of History Houston, TX Washington, DC Space, and Security Centers Communication, Humanities, and 281-483-8848 202-358-0383 University of Colorado Technical Studies Division [email protected] [email protected] at Colorado Springs Rampart Range Campus of Pikes Larkspur, CO Peak Community College JAMES R. KIRKPATRICK STEPHEN E. DOYLE 719-487-9833 (home office) Colorado Springs, CO (Ex Officio) Shingle Springs, CA 719-238-8244 (cell) 719-502-3146 Executive Director 916-638-7967 [email protected] [email protected] American Astronautical Society [email protected] Springfield, VA DR. De WITT DOUGLAS DR. RICK W. STURDEVANT 703-866-0020 DR. DONALD C. ELDER KILGORE Air Force Space Command [email protected] History Department Department of English AFSPC/HO Eastern New Mexico University Indiana University Peterson AFB, CO KATIE J. BERRYHILL Portales, NM Bloomington, IN 719-554-3081 American Public University 575-562-2438 812-323-7972 [email protected] System 575-562-2601 (direct) [email protected] Benicia, CA [email protected] FRANK H. WINTER 707-745-1405 DR. ROGER D. LAUNIUS Department of Space History [email protected] JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE Division of Space History National Air and Space Museum National Security Decision Making Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Institution MATTHEW BILLE Department Washington, DC Washington, DC Booz Allen Hamilton Naval War College 202-633-2428 202-633-2421 Colorado Springs, CO Newport, RI [email protected] [email protected] 719-387-2062 401 841 3540 719-648-4121 (cell) [email protected] GIDEON MARCUS [email protected] Vista, CA R. CARGILL HALL 760-630-6849 JAMES BUSBY Woodbridge, VA [email protected] Mojave, CA 703-497-4322 310-464-7445 [email protected] DR. TREVOR C. SORENSEN [email protected] Hawaii Space Flight ROBERT JACOBS Laboratory TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERLIN Univelt Incorporated University of Hawaii at Manoa Oologah, OK San Diego, CA Honolulu, HI 803-338-0514 760-746-4005 808-721-9374 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 21 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

Unique moments inlooking the history of rocketry andback astronautics First glimpse of Earth from space

By Gideon Marcus Explorer 6 returned the first picture of the Earth from space on its first day in orbit, August 7, 1959. The satellite carried the battery of instruments never properly tested on the preceding Pioneer missions. One in particular was the Space Technology Laboratories-developed television camera. This lightweight device made up in weight savings what it lacked in performance, offer- ing only one Hertz bandwidth and requiring 64 seconds to scan one .5-degree-wide line. The spacecraft only knew to turn on its camera when it caught the brightness of the Earth. This satellite had no inertial guidance, so each strip of scanned Earth was uncoordi- nated with the next. The whole picture needed to be assembled line by line by STL. No one was very happy with this camera. At a conference in Washington, a man from Goddard stood up and shouted, “This is all a fake!” at Charles Sonett, who was in charge of the Explorer’s instrument package. Sonett calmly replied, “No, it’s not a fake, but it’s pretty limited.” Still, this was at a time when American space victories were precious commodities, and STL had come through again.

Gideon Marcus has written about the first U.S. satellite missions, covering the period from 1957-1960, in the journal Quest: PHOTO COURTESY OF STUART BAKER, STL, 1959 The History of Spaceflight Quarterly.

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¢ KENNETH KLEINKNECHT (1919-2007) Pioneer of NASA’s piloted spaceflight programs

By Tim Chamberlin

enneth Samuel Kleinknecht, a pioneer of aero- space engineering for NASA and manager of the K Mercury Project, died Nov. 20 in Colorado. He was 88. Throughout his career, Kleinknecht was promoted to leadership positions in each of NASA’s piloted spaceflight programs. Kleinknecht started his career in 1942 at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio, after graduating from Purdue University with a degree in mechanical engineering. In 1951, Kleinknecht took a job at the High Speed Flight Research Station at Edwards Air Force Base in Muroc, Calif. After NASA formed, he was employed by the Space Task Group at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va. Before being named manager of the Mercury Project, Kleinknecht was active in the National Air Races, served as supervisor for a number of avionics tests and was director of the Project Engineering Station for the X-1E. Kleinknecht served as the advanced projects manage- ment officer on the X-15 project and as the technical assis- tant to the director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (Johnson Spacecraft Center). He was the deputy manager of the Gemini Program NASA Office from 1963-67 and manager of the command and Kenneth Kleinknecht began his career as an engineer with the service modules within the Apollo Spacecraft Program NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, in Office from 1967-70. Kleinknecht was manager of the 1942. Skylab Program Office from 1970-74 and the assistant manager of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Project Office from Mercury and Gemini during the height of the space race 1976-77. of the 1960s. He left NASA in 1981 to work for Martin Marietta “No, I never thought about the difficulties. I thought Aerospace and Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver, about how can we get it done. It certainly was a chal- Colo., where he was a top-level manager and senior advis- lenge, but I think technologically this country can do er for space transportation systems. He retired in 1990. everything it sets its mind to do, if it has the resolve,” he In 1998 and 2000, Kleinknecht was interviewed as said. “... when you look back, we’ve all been together all part of the Johnson Space Center Oral History Project the time. We just didn’t know how close together we where he discussed his career at NASA and the pressures were. But everybody — the industry, contractors, univer- involved with running high-risk programs such as sities, and NASA centers — all pitched in.”

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 23 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

CHARTER Special note

American Astronautical Society The NASA History News and Notes (AAS) History Committee newsletter is available online at http://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.pdf

[November 1987] Previous editions of the NASA History News and Notes newsletter are available in pdf and html format at http://history.nasa.gov/histnews.htm American Astronautical The role of the AAS History Committee is to stimulate historical research, publica- Society America’s network of space pr¬ ofessionals

Network, not just an organization tion and education; collaborate with the International Academy of Astronautics’ ¬ Space professionals, technical and non-technical¬

History Committee to encourage and facilitate the publication of appropriate works Dedicated to advancing all space activities ¬Solely to space in English; encourage the preservation of historical artifacts and documentation To helping the people, the profession and¬ the enterprise flourish

To harnessing the energy and capability¬ of our members to make a (including audiovisual records); advise the AAS Executive Committee on historical difference!

6352 Rolling Mill Place Suite 102 matters when requested (e.g., review society reports); assist in selection of the AAS Springfield, VA 22152-2354

Email: [email protected] Phone: 703-866-0020 | 703-866-3526 Emme Astronautical Literature Award; and encourage interest, scholarship, and The American Astronautical Society’s History Committee publishes Explorer three times a year. To receive Explorer via e-mail, send a message to appreciation of the history of rocketry and astronautics. [email protected]. You will receive confirmation that your e-mail address has been added to the AAS History Committee’s electronic e-mail list for the newsletter.

The latest issue of this newsletter is available at the American Astronautical Society’s Web site. Please visit www.astronautical.org/AASexplorer.pdf On the horizon Tim Chamberlin is editor and designer of Explorer. He welcomes comments about the content and format of this What the History Committee has in the works for newsletter. Send comments to [email protected]. its next newsletter Inside the classroom Many universities offer courses that focus on the history of spaceflight. The History Committee will publish a list of these schools and the approach taught in these classes.

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