Index

Abkhazia 211, 218 Ankara Declaration (1998) 179 Academy of Sciences 413 Annadurai, C. N. 249 Adamov, Yevgeny 261, 458 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972) Admiral Gorshkov aircraft-carrier 68, 464 170, 485 Aeroflot 60 ANZUS Treaty (1951) 490 Afghanistan: Arab–Israeli Peace Process: and 219, conflict in 25, 107, 166, 171, 197 220–21, 226 drug trafficking 25, 93, 167, 202–3 Arafat, Yasser 221 ethnic conflict 166–67 Aral Sea 95 gas/oil transport 167 Arbatov, Alexei 125, 183–84, 431 Geneva Accords (1988) 198 Ardzinov, Mikhail 129 history 197 armed forces: and 23, 195 condition of 431 Islamic radicals and 2, 142, 167, 197, 200, corruption 61 201, 205, 213–14, 243 foreign policy and 62–63 Mujahideen 167, 198, 199 funding of 431 Pakistan and 88, 213, 230, 263 reduction in 2, 433 Russia and 25, 166–67, 170, 171, 195–96, reform 61, 433 197–206, 246, 301 Armenia: social divisions in 213–14 arms imports from Russia 211 Tajikistan and 25, 86, 87, 113, 117, 118, and 137, 188 120, 133, 205, 503 Russia and 170, 211 Taleban: Russian presence in 22 Iranian diplomats killed by 195–96 arms industry: military advances of 25, 88, 167, 200, 205 arms exports and 255, 303, 311, 382, 385, threat posed by 91 460 USSR’s invasion 181, 197 conversion 65 Agency for the Restructuring of Credit decline in 22 Organizations 78 foreign policy and 65–67 Agip 170 illegal exports 56 Agni missile 238 reforms 56–57 Agreement on the Legal Status of the Russian restructuring 70, 79 Border Forces in Tajikistan (Russia– Rosvooruzheniye and 64 Tajikistan, 1993) 115fn., 117 state defence orders 65 Agreement on Cooperation and Mutual arms trade, illegal 2, 16, 62 Assistance (Russia–Tajikistan, 1995) 111, ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian 119 Nations): agreement on mutual notification of missile China and 417, 418, 424 launches (USA–Russia, 1998) 369 ‘ASEAN style’ 421–22 Agreement on the Sino-Russian Border Japan and 418 Management System (1994) 501 membership 497 Airspace Technology Corporation 69 Russia and 411–26 Akayev, President Askar 105, 137, 141, 142, USA and 417, 418 151 see also following entries Aksakov, Ivan 35 ASEAN Post-Ministerial Conference (PMC) Aksakov, Konstantin 35 412, 416, 418, 419, 476, 491, 497 Albright, Madeleine 380 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): 476 Aliyev, President Heidar 164, 215, 218, 504 description 497–98 Alligator helicopter 70 formation of 424 Ananyev, Yevgeny 67 members 497 520 RUSSIA AND ASIA Russia and 418, 419, 491 territorial disputes 27 security structures and 31 Theater Missile Defense (TMD) system Asia: 380, 381 arms imports from Russia 67–71, 488, 489 USA and 353–72, 389–90, 391–92, 434, economic growth 16 448, 451–52, 455–56 financial crisis 1997–98 26, 69, 322, 380, Asia–Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) 420–22 50, 280, 290, 346, 416, 419, 429, 442, importance increasing 1, 11, 50 490–91, 497, 505 instability 11, 449 Asia, Central: multilateral organizations 497–99 assets 17–18 multilateral security 435–36, 453, 490–92 authoritarianism 129 multipolarity 480–90 border CBMs 308, 357, 432, 481, 492, 502, nuclear issues 15 503 Russia, and: China and 87, 107–8, 269 economic interest in 3 CIS and 86 foreign policy and 1–4, 48–50, 455–68, conservatism of regimes 83 472–96 corruption 141, 142 integration in 17 definition 16, 82 neglect of 46 democracy and 140 USA’s attitude to 29–30 drug trafficking 18, 92–94 security challenges 11–32, 449, 453–55 economic security 98–99 security institutions, absence of 16, 366 economies 145–48, 149 security risks from 16 emigrants 202 US policy and 374–83 environmental degradation 94–95 weapons of mass destruction, spread of 15, ethnic complexities 84–85 229–30, 239, 240, 241, 257, 283, 387, 495 exports, transport of 19 see also following entries foreign investment 141, 147 Asia–Pacific: gas 85, 88, 104 arms imports from Russia 282, 488 geopolitical forces 83–88 China and 284–85, 358 instability 18, 19–20, 137 conflict in 281 integration 85, 102, 104, 106–7, 125 definition 16 internal conflicts 92 economic community 274 international community and 145–48 economic development 26 Islamic world and 46, 84, 87, 91, 107, 108, economic integration 354 129–30, 142, 201–2 instability 27, 281 leaders’ personal contacts 105 military expenditure 27 major power rivalry in 99 multilateral security 453–55, 490–92 major powers, cooperation with 20–21 Russia and: map 82 bilateral relations 283–86 Middle East and 87 CBMs 491–92 minorities abroad 84 constraints 26–31, 278 NATO, manoeuvres with 85 developing relations 274, 275–76, nuclear-weapon-free zone proposed 92, 505 278–86, 485 oil 85, 88, 104, 130, 131, 153 economic relations 280–81 peacekeeping battalion 85 future role 278–86 population change 95–98 goals 383–87 Russia and: influence diminished 356 attitude to 19, 143 international posture and 472–96 declining influence of 106, 108–9 policy recommended 286–87 defence cooperation 479–80 security conclusions 471–72 economic links with 130–31 security threats 453–55, 449 economic policy 477 stability 281–83 importance of to 176 trade 356 intention to exclude 480 security future 447–73 investments in 102, 130 security institutions, absence of 16, 366, military cooperation with 135–36 435 mutual interests 106–9 INDEX 521 stakes in 17 Russia and 25–26, 229–70 subsidies 101 socio-economic problems 231–32 trade 101, 102, 106, 131 Asia, South-East: 411–26 withdrawal from 83, 101, 104, 131, 153, China and 31 477 definition 16 Russian emigration 95, 96 instability 31 Russian foreign policy and 47–48, 123–36, map 412 477–80: Russia and 31 Kazakh view of 100–9 US presence 417 stages of 100–6 Asia, South-West: Tajik view of 110–22 characteristics of 207–8 Russian language in 129 definition 16, 156 Russians in 19, 101, 102 instability 159 security 18, 88–99, 107–8, 132–36 and 208, 209 USA and 135, 139–40, 152, 153 Islamic fundamentalism in 213 USSR and 46 map 156 see also under China; Iran; ; and NATO threat 215 Saudi Arabia near abroad and 217–18 Asia, East: Russia and: bilateral security treaties 403 assets and liabilities 157–71 China and 406–7 fears of 212 economic integration 354 importance of to 159, 218–19 financial crisis 2, 322, 415, 420–22, 449: region’s view of 207–26 Russia and 280–81 as stabilizer 209 Pax Americana 403, 404–5, 407 subregions 208 Pax Ameriponica 405–6 Turkish threat 214–15 Pax Consortis 404, 405, 406 USA and 207, 209–10, 216–17 Pax Nipponica 405 Assad, President Hafez 223 security institutions 433–37: Astana 105 absence of 16, 366, 403, 435 38, 39fn. US policy in 377–78 Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal 173 USSR, troops 355 ‘Atlantic model’ 41, 49, 217 Asia, North-East 320–22: Atlantic Richfield 131 definition 16, 272 Atomenergoexport 309 map 272 authoritarianism 37, 43–44, 53, 55 omnidirectional friendliness 326–29 Azerbaijan: Russia, strategic options 323–24 Armenia and 137, 188 Russian–US relations 373–93 and 165 USA and 321–22, 324, 378–83 oil 161, 163, 216 Asia, South: Russia and 225 arms, illegal 250 US bases 170 China and 263 USA and 140 conflict potential 236–38 Azimov, Yakhyo 112 definition 16, 228 drugs 250 Baikonur space launch facility 501 economies 231 Baker, James 198 ethnic problems 249–50 Baltic states: NATO and 126 geopolitical situation 229–46 Baluevskiy, Yury 371 Indian view 247–70 Bambasuren, Dyushiin 313, 314 instability, sources of 229–33 Bangladesh: integration 233 conflict in 231 map 228 democracy 248 military expenditure 263 India and 254 nuclear dangers 248, 256–58 secession 249 nuclear-weapon-free zone proposed 252 banks 56, 59, 67, 73, 74, 78 poverty 231–32 Baranov, General Yury 116 religion 249–50 38, 494 522 RUSSIA AND ASIA 42 NATO and 215–16 Baturin, Yury 361 Russia and 225 Bechtel 171 security threat 209 Belavezh Agreements (1991) 41, 126, 182 Caucasus–Chechen Solidarity Foundation 179 Berezovsky, Boris 60, 75, 76, 77, 191, 348 Central Asian Battalion 135, 152, 190, 215 Bhutto, Benazir 195, 255 Central Asian Union 85, 103, 104, 105, 125, Black Sea Straits 164fn., 177 498 Russian passage through 22, 177–78 Central Bank 78 tanker shipping through 163, 177–78fn. Central and East European states: NATO and Black Shark helicopter 70 126 BM-21 multiple rocket-launchers 193 Centre for Global Energy Studies (CGES) 161 BMP infantry fighting vehicles 193 CFE (Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle 70 in Europe, 1990) 212 Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island 438 Chechnya: Bosporus see Black Sea Straits illegal arms transfers 62 Brezhnev, General Secretary Leonid 339, 435, Iran and 188 474 Islam and 38–39, 213 British Petroleum 348 lives lost 38 Brunei 422, 424 oil and 177, 178 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 100, 217fn., 495fn. Turkey and 21, 162, 179, 214 BTR troop transporters 193 Chernomyrdin, Viktor: budget deficit: financing 75 bureaucratic capitalism and 55 Burbulis, Gennady 252 China and 291, 312, 441, 501 bureaucratic capitalism: defence industry and 66 factional struggle 58 government opponents replaced 59 formation of 54–61 industry and 57, 58 Moscow and 73 nomenklatura and 53 regional level 73 removed from office 60, 75, 432 weakening of 79 Tajikistan and 112, 119 Buryats 38 Viet Nam and 423, 501 Bush, President George 159, 437 Chernyshev, Albert 268 Butler, Richard 168 Chevron 131, 138 Chi Haotian 359, 501 Cam Ranh Bay 68, 425, 485 China: Cambodia 353, 412, 416, 420, 506 anxiety about 357 Cargotrans 64 armed forces modernization 311–12, 359, Caspian Pipeline Consortium 167 364, 378, 379, 439, 460 Caspian Sea: arms imports from Russia 68, 284, 298–99, economic values 160–61 302, 310–12, 358, 379, 439–40, 441, environmental degradation 94–95, 171 459–62, 489, 502, 506–7 legal status 165, 185, 189, 190 arms production, licensed 502 maritime boundaries 23, 165 Asian economic crisis and 325 oil: border CBMs 308, 357, 432, 481, 492, 502, development 139 503, 504 transport 105, 139, 147, 161–62, 164, border problems 291, 299, 302, 308, 367, 165, 171, 177–79, 216 438, 488 USA and 139–43, 153 and see under Asia, Central oil reserves: drug trafficking 94 control over 19, 23, 162, 189 economic growth 27, 284, 311, 315, 325, size of 161, 190, 196, 208 358, 463 Russia and 19, 94, 105, 139, 147, 152, 165, economic reforms 301 185, 189–91 energy consumption 346, 441 strategic importance 160 four modernizations 324 see also under names of littoral countries gas consumption 88 Caucasus, northern 210, 212, 213, 225 human rights in 301, 302, 363 Caucasus, southern: illegal emigrants 88 Islamic fundamentalism 209 Israel and 460 INDEX 523 Japan and 326, 328, 345, 364, 366, 367 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) Lianyungang power plant 291 498: military expenditure 431 anti-aircraft defence network 170 military power, growth of 311, 463 creation of 138 MTCR and 239 Customs Union 86, 103, 104, 105, 112, Muslim population 439 126–27, 498 National Oil and Gas Corporation 312 decline in 104 NATO expansion and 306, 327 drug trafficking in 92–93 nuclear imports 309, 458 Iran and 191 oil in 312 membership 498 oil consumption 88 Tajikistan and 117 population growth 87 see also following entry Russia and: 27–28 CIS states: borders 49, 290, 291, 295, 296 Central Asia and 20 economic relations 293, 300, 308–10, leadership continuity 47 312, 357–58, 439 Russia: energy projects with 441, 459 conflicts with 62 energy supply 312–13, 441 foreign policy and 54, 217 future relations 297–300, 505 as leader 41 hot line with 307, 504 see also preceding entry immigation, illegal 296–97 civilizational identity: military–technical cooperation 70, 301, as Asian 37–39 362 as Eurasian 40–46 nuclear energy development and 458 as European 34–37 nuclear weapons and 290 opponents of 33 perception of in 360 search for 12, 13, 33 problems between 288, 293–97 Clinton, President Bill: recognition of 304 China and 240, 323, 328, 364 relations 27, 50, 269, 284–85, 288–317, impeachment 333 357–61, 385–86, 456–62, 486 Iran and 194 strategic partnership 284–85, 298, 303, Japan and 325, 326 304–8, 316–18, 327, 437–43, 472, 481, Middle East and 158 482, 502, 503 oil and 162, 194 Taiwan and 292 Russia and 328 technology and 284 cold war: legacy of 451–52 territorial disputes 308 Collective Peacekeeping Force (CPF) 113, 114 trade 290, 291, 293–94, 309–10, 457 Communist Party of the Russian Federation: ‘unjust treaties’ with 49, 295, 439 Eurasianism and 45, 245 USA, balancing role 307, 315, 316 Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty weapon espionage 440 (CTBT, 1996) see under India and Pakistan Russian far east and 42, 313, 359 Conoco 194 South-East Asia and 453 Council of the Federation 72, 77 Spratly Islands and 424–25 Council for Foreign and Defence Policy 45 State Council 68 Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia– Taiwan and see under Taiwan Pacific (CSCAP) 498 Three Gorges power project 284, 294, 309, coup, unsuccessful 52–53 458 Cox, Christopher 379 Tiananmen Square incident 301, 376, 378, CSCE (Conference on Security and 460 Co-operation in Europe): Tajikistan and 110 USA and 29, 292, 298, 324, 354, 361–63, Cyprus: S-300 air defence system 179, 180, 371–72, 378–80, 438 221 West and 303 Chou En-Lai 264 Dagestan 5 Chubais, Anatoly: 58, 59–60, 61 Daud, General Muhammad 197 economy and 76, 77 Deare, John 79 industry and 57, 58 Declaration on Strategic Partnership (India– Uneximbank and 59 Russia) 233 524 RUSSIA AND ASIA defence industry see arms industry Federal Property Fund 78 Defence Ministry 66–67 ‘federalization’: debate over 14 Delhi Declaration on a Non-Violent and Federation Treaty (1992) 71 Nuclear-Free World (1986) 259 Ferghana 133, 137, 150 Delta Oil Company 167 Fernandes, George 239, 242, 505 Demirel, Suleyman 163, 500 Filatov, Sergey 183 democracy: financial–industrial groups 59 movement for 53, 54 financial–trading faction 56, 57–58, 66, 73 myth of 52–53 Fissile Material Treaty (FMT) talks 244 Deng Xiaoping 250, 292, 299 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 289, Dostum, General Abdul Rashid 92, 200 297, 299, 307 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 36–36, 123 Florovsky, Georgy 40 drug trafficking 2, 49 see also under names of foreign investment in Russia 54fn., 78–79 regions and countries involved foreign policy: Dudayev, Dzhokhar 188 concept 253 Duma: domestic developments and 12, 13–15 communist successes 217 economic factors and 2–3 Iran and 196 factors affecting 12–17 Islam and 184 fragmentation 58 nationalist successes 217 policy options 124–27 oil industry and 78–79 Primakov and 77 Gaidar, Yegor: Dyachenko, Tatyana 53 Afghanistan and 199 bureaucratic capitalism and 54–55 Ecevit, Bulent 165 Central Asia and 124 Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) economy and 77 191, 490, 498–99 Iran and 183 economy: nomenklatura and 53, 55 crisis, 1998 75–80, 99, 149, 443, 458 removed from office 57–58 decline in 430, 431–32 Gandhi, Rajiv 259 differences over 76–80 gas industry: reform of 75 bureaucratic capitalism and 55–56 Elf Aquitaine 170 Caspian Sea and 58 Erbakan, Necmettin 162, 163 exports to Asia–Pacific 74 ethnic republics 72 foreign activities 58 Eurasian projects 42, 48, 217 restructuring 59 Eurasian transport corridor 104 Gazprom 56, 60, 76, 119, 146, 194, 216, 348 Eurasian Union, proposed 102, 125, 127 General Agreement on Peace and National Euro-Atlanticists 183 Accord in Tajikistan (1997) 114, 134 European Bank for Reconstruction and General Electric 171 Development (EBRD) 78 Geneva Accords (1988) 198 Exxon 79, 348 Georgia: Abkhazia and 138 far east (of Russia) 49: Russia and 22, 218, 225 Asia–Pacific and 74, 276–77, 278 UN and 218 border problems and 290 Ghauri/Hatf missile 238, 258 China and 42, 313, 359 GlavKosmos 234 economic development of 79, 276–77, 279, Gorbachev, President Mikhail: 285, 296, 491 Afghanistan and 198 gas 441 Asia–Pacific and 274, 472 immigration, illegal 2, 296–97 bureaucratic capitalism and 54 Japan and 339, 342 China and 288 natural resources 14, 347–48 India and 259 oil 441 Iran and 182 strengthening 27 Japan and 337 trade 491 Gorchakov, Prince Alexander 493 underdevelopment 274 Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission 195 INDEX 525 Grachev, Pavel 114, 296, 501: nuclear weapon programmes 232, 237, 464 commercial activities 62–63, 63–64 nuclear-weapon state, non-recognition as ‘Great Game’ 87, 166, 209 240, 260 Greece: S-300 missiles 221–22 oil and 268 gross domestic product 430 Pakistan and: 231 gross national product 428 CBMs 257–58 Group of Seven: Russia’s joining 54, 278, 306 talks with 241 GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and religious problems 249, 250 Moldova) grouping 104, 499 rocket technology 483, 501 Guidelines for US–Japanese Defense Russia and: Cooperation (1997) 326–27, 328, 329, 330, cryogenic rocket engine deal 252–53 365, 380, 405–6, 467, 485 military cooperation 505 Gulyayev, Andrey 256 relations 25, 233, 234, 236, 238, 245, Gusinsky, Vladimir 60 251–54, 258–62, 265–69, 455, 462–65, 475, 482–83, 486, 505 Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf 420, 421 strategic partnership with 233, 234, Hashimoto, Ryutaro 74, 285, 318, 319, 265–69, 505 326–28, 330, 333, 334, 337, 344–46, 349, trade 268 351, 356, 442, 465, 504 sanctions and 232 Hatf missile see Ghauri/Hatf missile socio-economic problems 231–32 Haushoffer, Karl 41 space launch vehicle 253 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 199, 205 USA and 235, 236 Hudson, Michael C. 169 USSR and 462 Humboldt, Alexander von 40 see also Kashmir Indian Ocean 263 Ibrahim, Anwar 421 Indonesia 353, 413, 414, 415, 420–21, 422: ICM-3 infantry fighting vehicle see BMP-3 arms imports from Russia 69, 504 infantry fighting vehicle Inkombank 59, 119 Ignatenko, Vitaly 398 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Ikeda, Yukihiko 467 Iran and 194 Il-76 aircraft 200, 298, 311, 358 Korea, North and 368 Il-78 aircraft 440 South Asia and 244 IMF (International Monetary Fund): International Bank for Reconstruction and conditions attached to credit 76 Development (IBRD) 78 financial support for Russia 54, 75, 76, 281 and 150 Uzbekistan and 150 International Energy Agency (IEA) 161 immigration, illegal 16 Interstate Council 103 India: Iran: aircraft-carrier 464 Afghanistan and 195, 204 arms imports from Russia 67, 68, 253, 254, arms imports from Russia 23, 170, 193–94, 265–66, 464, 482–83, 501, 503, 507–10 221, 500, 510 BJP 236, 237, 250 Bushehr nuclear power plant 166, 185, 192, China and 49, 235, 239, 240, 463 195, 204, 221, 502 conflict in 231 Caspian Sea and 23, 165, 189–91 CTBT and 229, 244, 260, 463 Central Asia and 18–19, 86–87, 187–92 economic potential 268–69 Chechnya and 188 economy 430–31 China and 299 Kudankulam nuclear power station 244, diplomats killed 195 261, 504 economy 23, 165 military expenditure 232, 237, 258, 431 elites 185 military spare parts 252, 253 gas/oil resources 181 non-aligned status 25 Islamic fundamentalism and 141, 183 NPT and 229, 260, 262, 463 missile test 89 nuclear reactors 245, 261, 504 nuclear reactors 23, 184, 194, 483 nuclear tests 89, 229, 237, 238–39, 256, nuclear technology 166 363, 449, 465, 483, 486 nuclear weapon programme 221 nuclear warheads 244 oil transport and 88, 165 526 RUSSIA AND ASIA Pakistan and 204 military expenditure 364, 431 Russia and 23–24, 113, 165–66, 181–96, Okinawa base 327, 381, 390 299: Russia and: 28–29 debt to 182 border problems 319 economic cooperation 192–93, 221 China, balancing with 306, 321, 330 improving relations with 483 conflict possibilities 367 military–technical cooperation with 69, dialogue with 303, 343–46 193–94, 195 economic links with 28, 318, 331–32 nuclear power industry 483 future relations 332–36 republics of and 193 peace treaty with 28, 318, 335, 337, 345, Saudi Arabia and 204 465, 468, 504 Tajikistan and 23, 113, 188 relations with 50, 285–86, 318–52, 367, USA and 23, 24, 69, 89, 141, 165–66, 186, 386, 442, 465–68, 484, 504, 505 204 see also Kuril Islands USSR and 181, 182, 192 satellites 485 Iraq: security scenarios, alternative 468–71 debt to Russia 24, 222 Siberia and 347 embargo on 163 Theater Missile Defense (TMD) programme oil exports 168 467, 482, 485 Persian Gulf states and 168 USA and: Russia and 24, 168, 169, 222 military presence in 28, 336, 355, 371, Turkey and 222 380, 390 UN sanctions 24 nuclear umbrella 325, 364 UNSCOM 168, 222 relations with 325–26, 330, 345, 364–67, US–UK attacks on 24, 159, 168, 169, 222, 380–81, 403, 404, 405, 427, 433, 486 466–67, 484 USA and 168 security treaty see Treaty of Mutual USSR and 181, 182 Cooperation and Security (USA–Japan, Iraq–Iran War 166, 181, 182 1960) Irkutsk project 312, 441–42 USSR and 339–40 Islam see under names of regions and Jiang Zemin 269, 289, 290, 291, 305, 324, countries involved; see also Wahhabis 327, 328, 457, 502, 505 Islamic fundamentalism: 6, 22, 108, 184, Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and 213 the Emerging New International Order Afghanistan and 213–14 (China–Russia, 1997) 306, 503 fear of 47, 84, 141, 495 Joint Declaration (USSR–Japan, 1956) 274, joint action to counter 6, 91, 129–30, 478, 338, 350 482, 504 Joint Declaration on Security (USA–Japan, spread 2, 16, 91, 175, 208, 210 1996) 326–28 Ismailism 87 Joint Statement on the Foundation of Mutual Israel: Russia and 220–21 Relationships between the Russian Ivanov, Igor 224, 386 Federation and China (1992) 304, 500 Ivashov, Leonid 91 Kaifu, Toshiki 337 J-10 aircraft 358 38 Jammu and Kashmir see Kashmir Kamchatka 341 Japan: Kamel, Ayhan 174 ‘Asian NATO’ and 331, 484 Karaganov, Sergey 214 China and 326, 328, 345, 364, 366, Karasin, Grigory 256, 488 367 Karimov, President Islam 84, 92, 99, 129, 133, economy 33, 326, 329, 380, 406 140, 150 energy needs 346 Kashmir: foreign policy options 325–26 conflict 231, 233, 241–43, 247, 263 Korea, North and 2, 322, 400–1 human rights 236–37 Korea, South and 321 Line of Control 237, 242, 247 Korean missile launched over 2, 400–1 mediation offered 235, 240 militarization of 434, 435 Russia and 235 INDEX 527 : Korea, South and 369–70, 382, 398, 400, arms imports from Russia 510–11 410 Caspian Sea and 165 missile launches 2, 30, 322, 369, 381, 400–1 CIS and 86 missile sales 369 corruption 147, 151 NPT and 368, 382 democracy weakened 151 nuclear potential 30, 368, 382 drug trafficking 203 nuclear reactors supplied to 30, 487 economy 145, 147, 150 Russia and 30, 367–70, 384, 387, 395, emigration to Russia 97–98 397–99, 400, 409, 436, 454–55, 487, 502, environmental degradation 95 505 foreign investment 145 starvation 321, 397 gold 144 USA and 368–69, 382–83, 387, 401 immigration of 98 USSR and 395 Islamic world and 84, 151 see also following entries ‘Kazakhization’ 98 Korea, South: natural resources 144 arms imports from Russia 70, 397, 502, oil 138, 148, 149, 161, 178, 479 503, 511 Russia and: economic crisis 397 border 153 Korea, North and 369, 370, 382, 398, 400, foreign policy 109, 138–39, 479, 500, 505 410 military cooperation 501, 502, 504 Russia and 30, 367–70, 387, 395–97, 399, subsidy 101 436, 487, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504 trade 101, 131 Unification Ministry 369 Russians in 19, 20, 84, 151, 176 USA and 355, 367–70, 382, 390, 403, 410, Turkey and 176 427, 433 welfare reform 145 see also following entry Kazan khanate 38, 39fn. Korean Peninsula: , Gauhar Ayub 255 border agreement 505 Khan, Muhammad Ayub 264 China and 398 Khan, Munir Ahmad 241 future 454 Khasaviurt agreement (1996) 178 Japan and 404, 405–6, 407 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 71, 219 new balance of power and 403–10 Khatami, President Seyed Mohammad 170, reunification 382, 398, 410, 449, 455 204, 222 Russia and 30, 394–402, 407–8, 409–10, Khomeini, Ayatollah 181, 182 487–88 Khomyakov, Alexey 35 USA and 398 Khrushchev, Nikita 339 Korean Peninsula Energy Development Khujand 478, 496 Organization (KEDO) 369, 382, 384, 401, Kilo Class submarine 192, 311, 358, 440, 436 500 Korean War: ceasefire 370 Kim Dae Jung 321, 381, 382, 402, 487, 488 Kornienko, Georgy 181 Kim Dong Jin 503 Kornukov, Anatoly 170 Kim En Sam 397 Korzhakov, Major-General Alexander 57, 63, Kim Il Sung 395 64 Kim Jong Il 322, 399 Kotelkin, General Alexander 63, 64, 67 Kim Yong-nam 398 Kovalev, Sergey 183 Kim Young Sam 501 Kozyrev, Andrey: Kireyevsky, Ivan 35 Afghanistan and 199 Kiriyenko, Sergey 75, 76, 77, 291, 432, 442 Asia and 475–76 Kokh, Alfred 60 China and 295, 305 Korea, North: Eurasianism and 49 Agreed Framework 368–69, 487 foreign policy 54, 138, 219, 200 arms imports from Russia 511 India and 251, 252 China and 403 replaced as foreign minister 50, 104, 476 CWC and 368 Syria and 223 economy 399–400, 401 Tajikistan and 134 Japan and 2, 322, 400–1 West and 54, 302 528 RUSSIA AND ASIA Kredobank 59 Maritime Province see Primorskiy Krai Kurdish National Liberation Front 165 Masaliev, Absamat 137 Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) 164, 165, 171: Maskhadov, Aslan 213 Russia and 214–15 Massoud, Ahmad Shah 167, 199 Kurds 164–65, 171, 178, 222 mestorazvitiye 42, 43 Kuril Islands: Mi-17 helicopter 255, 414, 504 dispute over 28, 29, 49, 285, 302, 318, Middle East: 334–36, 337–38, 343, 349–51, 366, 386, arms imports from Russia 67, 69 390, 465, 505 ‘greater’ 158, 209 Japanese aid to 332 Russian foreign policy and 218–24 oil 348 ‘traditional’ 158 Kuwait: arms imports from Russia 69 MiG company 69, 79 Kuzyk, Boris 63 MiG-21 aircraft 266, 464 Kvashnin, General Anatoly 484 MiG-29 aircraft 63, 69, 193, 480, 489, 501 : 137 MiG-MAPO 67 CIS and 86 Migranian, Andrannik 185 CIS Customs Union and 103, 105 Mikhailov, Viktor 185 drug trafficking 93, 150 Mikhailov, Yevgeny 114 economy 145, 150 Military Doctrine 229 environmental degradation 95 military expenditure, Asia 2 foreign investment 145–46 military expenditure, Russia: decline 65, 431 gold 144 Ministry of the Defence Industry 66 Islamic fundamentalism and 151 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations 64 Islamic world and 84 Minsk Group 218 Russia and: Mischief Reef 424 military cooperation 501, 503, 504 Mishra, Brajesh 262 subsidies 101 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) trade 101 363 Russian emigration from 97 Mobil 131 Mojadedi, Sibghatulla 199 Lahore Declaration (India–Pakistan, 1999) Mongolia 313–15 248 Montreux Convention (1936) 164fn., 177fn. Laos 412, 413, 420, 422, 511 Moscow Declaration on the Protection of the Lebed, General Alexander: election campaign Interests of Pluralistic States (1994) 265, 266 59, 64, 259, 347 Moskit see Sunburn missile Lee Kuan Yew 420 Mostbank 60 Li Fenglin 307 Myanmar 413, 420, 421, 422: Li Lanqing 442 arms imports from Russia 69, 511 Li Peng 50, 291, 305, 328, 442, 503 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 245 Nagorno-Karabakh: Logovaz 60 OSCE and 218 Los Angeles Class submarine 358 Russia and 218 LukArco 131 Turkey and 163 Lukashenko, Alexander 126–27 see also Minsk Group Lukoil 56, 58, 76, 119, 131, 216 Najibullah, President Mohammad 199, 266 Luzhkov, Yury 67, 122 Nakayama, Taro 331 Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic 182 Mackinder, Sir Halford 87, 157–58, 159 Nakhodka Free Economic Zone 279–80 Mahathir, Mohamad 421 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 194 Makhkamov, President Kakhar 137 National Security Concept 45, 47, 51, 134, Malaysia 413, 414, 421, 422, 424: 229, 267 arms imports from Russia 69, 501, 511 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): Manilov, General Valery 434 action in Yugoslavia 5 Mao Zedong 438 expansion 12, 132, 215–16, 224, 371, MAPO (Moscow Aircraft Production 433–34, 448, 480 Organization) 63, 69 Partnership for Peace 85, 152, 215, 480 Marchuk, Yury 261 Strategic Concept 5 INDEX 529 NATO–Russia Founding Act (1997) 327, Osama bin Laden 375 435 Oslo Agreement (1993) 220 natural resources: Asia/Asia–Pacific and 3 Ossetia, North 209 Nazarbayev, President Nursultan 86, 103, Ottoman Empire 21, 162 104, 105, 125, 128, 151, 195, 500, 502, 505 Ozal, Turgut 175, 176 Nazdratenko, Yevgeny 74, 277, 438 Ozawa, Ichiro 468 Nemtsov, Boris 60, 61, 77, 312, 442 Nepal 248 Pacific Fleet 341, 355, 371, 433, 487 Netanyahu, Benjamin 221 Pacific Ocean: submarines in 341 Nguen Mahn Cam 423 Pakistan: Nicholson, Jim 362 Afghanistan and 88, 230, 235 Nikolayev, Andrey 114, 153 arms imports from Russia 255, 511–12 Nixon, President Richard 354, 362 arms imports from USA 263 Niyazov, President Saparmurad 140, 171, 501 China and 235, 239, 240, 263–64, 300 nomenklatura 53, 55, 60 conflict in 231 ‘North Asia Trust Orbit’ 331 CTBT and 229, 244, 463 433 debt of 232 Northern Territories see Kuril Islands democracy 249 Nuri, Said Abdullo 114 economy 244 India and: Obuchi, Keizo: Russia and 50, 319, 328, 331, CBMs with 257–58 333, 335, 337, 344, 350, 467 conflict with 231 Öcalan, Abdullah 171, 215 talks with 241 Ochirbat, Punsalmaagiyn 314 Iran and 204 oil industry: military expenditure 232, 237, 258 bureaucratic capitalism and 55–56 NPT and 229, 463 Caspian Sea and 58, 105 nuclear tests 89, 229, 248, 363, 449, 465 exports, control of 78, 105 nuclear warheads 244 exports to Asia–Pacific 74 nuclear weapon programmes 232, 256, 257 foreign activities 58 nuclear-weapon state, non-recognition as importance of 441 240, 260 investment in 79 Russia and 25, 113, 234–35, 238, 246, regions and 73 251–52, 254–56 restructuring 57, 59, 78 sanctions and 232 see also following entry socio-economic problems 231–32 oil pipelines: Tajikistan and 113 –Ceyhan 88, 162, 163, 171, 216 USA and 235, 236, 255, 263 Baku–Novorossiysk 171, 177, 216 Pan-Islamism 173, 174 Burgas–Alexandropoulis 164, 178 Pan-Slavism 36, 41 Caspian Sea oil 88, 147, 161, 171 Pan-Turkism 42, 47, 172, 173 China–Kazakhstan 88 Pankin, Boris 198 Kazakh 178 Paracel Islands 417, 424 map 90 Paris Club of Industrial Country Creditors 306 Supsa–Ceyhan 178 Pastukhov, Boris 189 Tenghiz–Novorossiysk 479 Pax Indica 49 Tomsk–Shanghai 442 Pax Islamica 48 Trans-Balkan 164 Pax Sinica 48–49 ‘On the establishment of a creative partnership Payin, Emil 296, 297 between the Russian Federation and Japan’ Persian Gulf: US troops in 182 (Moscow Declaration, 1998) 50, 484 Persian Gulf War 182 Onako 78 Peter the Great 35, 51 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Petroleum Finance Company 161 48, 84, 110 Petronas 194 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Philippines 413, 414, 415, 417, 421, 422, 424: Europe 218 arms imports from Russia 69 Organization for Security and Cooperation for pipelines see oil pipelines Asia 195, 402 Pitsuvan, Surin 421 530 RUSSIA AND ASIA PKK see Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) Rodionov, Igor 311, 434, 440, 467, 489, 490, Potanin, Vladimir 59, 348 503 Primakov, Yevgeny: Rogachev, Igor 251 Asia and 419, 447 Rogov, Sergey 45 Asia–Pacific and 276, 476, 505 Rosneft 56, 78 dismissed 5 Rosselmash 79 economy and 77–78, 78–79 Rossiyskiye Tekhnologii 66 foreign policy 80, 104, 476, 493 Rosvooruzheniye 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, India and 246, 252, 260, 262, 268, 463–64, 118 486 rouble: Iran and 182, 184, 195 Central Asia and 102 Japan and 343 devaluation 76, 329, 432, 443 nuclear weapon tests and 240 zone 102, 128, 145 Pakistan and 256 Russia–ASEAN Working Group on Science prime ministerial appointment 77 and Technology 413 South-West Asia and 159 Russian Development Bank (RDB) 78 strategic triangle (China, India, Russia) 26, Russian Federation: 486 Asian part 14, 38 Syria and 223 isolationism 124 Tajikistan and 114 Islamic fundamentalism in 108, 213 Primorskiy Krai (Maritime Province): 74, 277, Kurds in 171 279, 438 Muslims in 22, 38–39, 43, 46, 48, 236: China and 14, 295, 308, 385 Chechnya and 38–39, 48, 213 economic development 277 nationalism in 47, 195 Prithvi missile 238 new world order and 223–24 production-sharing agreements (PSAs) 79 nuclear doctrine 259 Programme for the Economic Development Russians abroad 138 of the Far East and Siberia for 1986–2000 as sick man of Eurasia 429–33 274 systemic crisis 11 Programme for the Economic and Social Turkic-speaking population 42, 47, 172 Development of the Russian Far East Russian language: Indo-European 34 and Eastern Regions next to Lake Baikal Russian Orthodox Church: Muslims and 39, for 1996–2005 280 46 Progress plant 70 Russian Rocket Engines 79 Promexport 66 Rutskoy, Alexander 234, 255 public opinion 13 Rybachiy nuclear submarine base 433 Pushkov, Alexey 350 Ryurikov, Dmitry 113 Pyotr Velikiy aircraft-carrier 433 S-300PMU-1 air defence system 179, 180, Qian Qichen 289 221, 311, 358 SA-5 missile 69 Rabbani, Burhanuddin 199, 200 SA-10 air defence system see S-300PMU-1 air Rabin, Yitzhak 220–21 defence system Rafsanjani, President Akbar Hashemi 185, SA-13 see Strela missile 195, 204 SA-14 see Strela missile Raje, Vasundhara 264 SA-16 missile 70 Rakhmonov, Imomali 112, 114, 117, 129, 130, SA-N-17 missile 440 188, 204, 501 Saddam Hussein, President 24, 168 Rao, Narasimha 253, 255, 265, 500, 501 Sakhalin Island: regions: economic development 285 centre and 72 Japan and 343–44 democracy in 74 oil projects 79, 280, 348 foreign policy and 71–74 Sakharov, Andrey 360 role growing 14–15, 71 Samoylov, Viktor 63 separatism 74 San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951) 338, 339 Reshetnikov, Yevgeny 185 sanctions: Russia’s refusal to join 220 INDEX 531 Saracoglu, Sukru 173–74 South Asian Association for Regional satellite launch market 166, 170 Cooperation (SAARC) 233, 241, 248, 490, Saudi Arabia: 499 Central Asia and 87 South China Sea Islands 303, 308, 366, 367, Iran and 204 416–17, 424–25, 426, 454 Uzbekistan and 87 Sovremenny Class destroyer 68, 311, 358, Sea of Japan: nuclear waste dumping 341 440, 503 Security Treaty (USA–Japan, 1951) 353, 355, Spratly Islands 389, 417, 424 364, 484 Sri Lanka 231, 249 Seleznev, Gennady 261, 398, 488 SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missile 288 Semipalatinsk 95 SS-N-22 see Sunburn missile Senkaku Islands 322, 366, 367 Stalin, Josef 339, 383 Sergeyev, Igor 115, 169, 371, 423, 505 Stankevich, Sergey 187 Serov, Vyacheslav 114 START II Treaty (1993) 245 Shafrannik, Yury 55, 57, 58 State Committee on Anti-Monopoly Policy 57 Shakhray, Sergey 191 State Committee for the Management of State Shamrayev, Nikolay 430 Property 57, 61 ‘Shanghai Five’ group 499 State Committee on Military–Technical Policy Sharif, Nawaz 235, 241, 248, 256 64 Sheehan, General John 135 Stepashin, Sergey 5 Shevardnadze, President Eduard 138, 182, Stihl missile launcher 311 215, 218 Strela (SA-13, SA-14) missile 193 short-term bonds 75, 76 Stroyev, Yegor 73, 214, 262 Shumeiko, Viktor 63 Su-24 aircraft 193 Siazon, Domingo 421 Su-25 aircraft 480 Siberia: Su-27 aircraft 68, 255, 298, 311, 358, 440, China and 313, 359 460, 480, 489, 502, 503 economic development 279 Su-30 aircraft 68, 245, 266, 414, 440, 464, 504 gas 441 Su-35 aircraft 68 immigration, illegal 2 Sukarno, President 353 Japan and 342, 347, 348 Sukhoi Construction Bureau 79 natural resources 14, 347–48 Sunburn missile 311, 440 oil 441 Sundarji, General K. 257 strengthening 27 Syria: arms imports from Russia 69, 223 trade 491 Turkic population 42 T-72 tank 69, 193, 464 Sidanco 348 T-80 tank 69, 311 Sidorenko, General Oleg 266 T-90 tank 70, 464 Sihanouk, Prince Norodom 353 Taiwan 290, 292, 298, 303, 305, , 325362, Simla Agreement (1972) 238, 241, 247 380: Singapore 413, 416, 421, 422: arms imports from USA 363 arms imports from Russia 69, 512 China and 358, 389, 390, 438, 500 Singapore Aerospace 413 Spratly Islands and 424 Singh, Jaswant 463 Taiwan Strait 308, 363, 366, 453, 496 Sino-Indian War, 1962 263, 269 Tajikistan: Skuratov, Yury 64 Afghanistan and 137 Slavneft 78 arms imports from Russia 512 Slavophiles 35–36, 40, 42 CIS Customs Union and 1103, 112 Solana, Javier 215 CIS integration process and 120–21 Solovyev, Vladimir 35, 46 CIS states and 86, 112 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 46 civil war 83, 86, 93, 96, 110, 200, 201: Soros, George 77 Collective Peacekeeping Force 113, 114 Soskovets, Oleg 57, 59, 63 Iran and 188 South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) refugees 150 248 Russia and 113–14, 115–16, 117, 133–34, South Asia Preferential Trade Arrangement 188 (SAPTA) 248 USA and 138 532 RUSSIA AND ASIA Committee of State Border Defence 117, Trade and Navigation Agreement (Iran– 118 USSR, 1940) 189, 190 communist government overthrown 188 Tran Duc Luong, President 423, 505 drug trafficking 93, 188, 203 Transcaucasian states: economy 146, 150 drug trafficking 92 foreign investment 146 US interest in 179 General Agreement on Peace and National Treaty on Bilateral Relations (Russia–South Accord (1997) 114, 134 Korea, 1992) 396 international organizations and 110 Treaty of Cooperation and Friendship (India– Islamic radicals and 2, 84, 96, 188 USSR, 1971) 254 minorities abroad 84 Treaty of Friendship (Iran–USSR, 1921) 189, National Reconciliation Commission 188 190 oil 119 Treaty on Friendship, Alliance and Mutual peace talks 188 Cooperation (China–USSR, 1950) 288 120 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Persian population 47 Mutual Assistance (North Korea–Russia, Russia and: 1999) 505 armed forces of 111, 114, 116, 133, 142, Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and 188, 201 Mutual Security (Azerbaijan–Russia, 1997) Federal Border Guard 111, 114, 116–18, 504 135, 201 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation foreign policy aims in 121 (Mongolia–Russia, 1993) 314 military base in 115 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (North military cooperation 114–18 Korea–USSR, 1961) 397 strengthening relations with 110, 111–13 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security subsidies 101 (USA–Japan, 1960) 235fn., 484, 490 trade 101 Treaty on Mutual Defense (USA–South Russian emigration 95, 119–20 Korea, 1953) 355 secular orientation 86–87 Treaty on Mutual Reduction of Military Slav University 119 Forces in Border Areas (China, Kazakhstan, trade 101, 118–20, 122 Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan, 1997) United Tajik Opposition (UTO) 111, 113, 291, 307, 341, 357, 433fn., 503 114, 116, 117, 130 Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation Uzbekistan and 20, 204, 478 (Russia–India, 1992) 500 Takeshima Island 321, 367 Trofimov, Valentin 64 Talbott, Strobe 374, 392, 442 Trubetskoy, Prince Nikolay 40 Taleban see under Afghanistan and Turan 42, 173, 174 Uzbekistan Turan, Ilter 89 Tamil Tigers 249 86 Tang Jiaxuan 240 Turkey: Tarabarov Island 438 armed forces 163 Tartus 69 arms imports from Russia 69–70, 500, 512 Tashkent Treaty on Collective Security (1992) Central Asia and 18–19, 174–77 86, 91, 92, 132, 200, 478, 498 Chechnya and 21, 162, 179, 180 38, 494 economy 175, 176 42, 74 EU and 22 Tengizchevroil 131 expansionism 21–22 Tetsuo, Maeda 331 human rights in 22 Thailand 413, 414, 421: Iraq and 222 arms imports from Russia 69 Islam and 22, 86, 174, 175 Theater Missile Defense (TMD) system Islamic ambitions 163 see under Asia–Pacific and Japan Kurdish people and 22, 164–65, 171, 178, Tibet 305 222 Tokyo Declaration (1993) 318, 337, 338, 343, Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) 164, 165, 346 171 Tor-M1 missile complex 311 military expenditure 163 Total 194 NATO and 162, 163, 174, 215 INDEX 533 oil/gas demand 163 Russia and 29–30, 353–72, 373–93, oil/gas transport and 21–22, 88, 122, 437–38, 448, 455, 480: 178–79 strategic partnership with 298 Russia and 21–22, 38, 162–65, 172–80, Seventh Fleet 341, 355, 433 214–15, 225–26, 500 unilateralism 30 USA and 22, 89 for relations with other states see under weakness of 22 names of states concerned Turkic states: summit meetings 163 UNOCAL 167 : Urinson, Yakov 60 Caspian Sea and 165 Uzbekistan: drug trafficking 93 CIS and 86, 91–92 economy 145–46 conflict in 137 foreign investment 146 drug trafficking 150 gas 149 economy 99, 145, 150 instability 151 foreign investment 146 Islamic world and 84 gas 149 minorities abroad 84 gold 144, 146 natural resources 47 Islamic radicals and 2, 84, 129–30, 133, neutrality 86 150, 151 oil 161 Islamic world and 84, 97 Russia and 91, 96–97, 101 minorities abroad 84 Tuvinians 38 Russia and 92, 101, 108, 129, 136, 204, Tveruniversalbank 59 477–78 Russian emigration 97 Uighurs 439 Tajikistan and 20, 204, 478 Ulaanbaatar 314 Taleban and 92 UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) Turkey and 176 218 USA and 84 Unexim group 348 Uneximbank 59, 60, 67 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 241, 248, 256, 257–58, Unikombank 59 262, 463 ‘union of four’ see CIS Customs Union Velayati, Ali Akbar 182, 185, 188 Union Oil 167 Viet Nam: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: arms imports from Russia 68, 423–24, 512 coup attempt 182, 198, 301 ASEAN and 420, 422, 423 disintegration: Cam Ranh Bay 68, 425 humiliation at 34 Russia and 283, 412, 414, 422–24, 501, 505 military property divided 61, 116 Spratly Islands and 424 Japan and 339 Vietsovpetro 423 United Arab Emirates: arms imports from Basin 42 Russia 69 ‘voucher privatization’ 57 United Energy Systems (UES) 119 Voyentekh 63, 64 United Nations: Iraq and 24 Vyakhirev, Rem 119 United States of America: Asia–Pacific and: Wahhabis 195, 213 military presence 27, 451–52 Westernizers: 35, 40, 43 Russia and 353–72 World Trade Organization (WTO) 379, 380 ballistic missile defence 170 172–73 Central Asian Battalion and 135, 152 elections, Chinese attempts to influence 380 Yablokov, Alexey 184 foreign policy, understanding 375–76 Yadav, Mulayam Singh 503 Freedom of Support Act (1992) 140 Yakut- 42 Iraq Liberation Act (1998) 168 Yang Shang Kun 289, 500 Islamic fundamentalism and 84 Yassin, Yakov 60 North-East Asia and 324, 325, 327 Yastrzhembsky, Sergey 350 pipelines and 88 534 RUSSIA AND ASIA Yeltsin, President Boris: Middle East and 224 China and 74, 269, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295, ‘national idea’ and 44 302, 327, 434, 456, 457, 500, 502 regions and 71–72 failures of 37, 53 ‘shadow cabinet’ 53 financial support for 56 Supreme Soviet and 71 Gorbachev and 71 Tajikistan and 112, 117, 501 government dismissed by 75 Uzbekistan and 113 health problems 255 Western confidence in 137 India and 254, 260, 269, 500, 501 Yumashev, Valentin 53, 75 Iran and 188 Japan and 50, 285, 318, 321, 327, 328, 330, Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 185, 195, 245 333, 337, 342, 350–51, 351, 465 Zhu Rongji 291 Kazakhstan and 105 Zyuganov, Gennady 45, 185, 261 Korean Peninsula and 394