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CLEAVAGES, ORGANIZED INTERESTS, AND PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY AND JAPAN An analysis of the relationship between labor unions, minority organizations, cleavages, and parties by Fabian Bauwens A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland February 2015 © 2015 Fabian Bauwens All rights reserved For Hitomi ii Abstract This project focuses on the relationship between cleavages, political parties, and interest groups in the United States, Germany, and Japan. Despite very different political and institutional characteristics – two-party, multi-party, and dominant-party systems; the German neo-corporatist state, the Japanese “developmental state,” and the U.S. pluralist limited state – all of them suffer increasingly from problems of disaffection of the electorate with political parties and elections. I explore the question in how far political parties actually represent the demands of cleavage-based constituencies as embodied by extra-electoral organized interests, how this relationship changed over time, and in how far institutional differences in government-interest group embeddedness may account for this. In particular, I am analyzing and comparing time- series data for political parties, union federations and minority organizations, by employing content analysis software in order to process data reaching back as far as five decades. As a theoretical framework I reapply social cleavage theory in a way that both parties and extra-electoral forms of political participation are included. One of the elements that make this project unique, is this approach that permits a comparison of political parties and extra-electoral political organizations within the same theoretical and methodological framework. This framework enables me to explore the changing relationship between the programmatic language of party manifestos and organized interests’ programmatic texts. In addition to case specific insights my project will not only provide a contribution to theory on the relationship between political cleavages, parties, and organized interests, but it will also yield a basis for recommendations on how to make political parties more responsive to the demands of cleavage-based organized interests. This project may be particularly useful for iii fledgling democracies in the early stages of state building, and studies focused on the interaction between political parties and interest group organizations. First reader: Professor Richard S. Katz Second reader: Professor Erin Chung iv Acknowledgements During my research, I have been greatly helped by many scholars and friends. In particular, I am grateful to my advisors, Professor Richard S. Katz and Professor Erin Chung. I am also indebted for the guidance and support of Professor Renée Marlin-Bennett. Immense gratitude is due to four people: my two code-breakers, Theresa Dower and Erik M. Bray, my fiancée, Hitomi Nakamura, and Benjamin Bateman, without whom the tasks of running a solid analysis, Japanese translations, and editing would have taken significantly more time. I also would like to thank our Political Science Faculty for the teaching and help I received along the way, that indirectly prepared me for this project, in particular professors Kellee Tsai, Margaret Keck, Michael Hanchard, Steven Teles, Siba Grovogui, Benjamin Ginsberg, Adam Sheingate, Joseph Cooper, and Daniel Deudney. Additionally, I would like to thank all family and friends who provided moral and other support, contributing to a living environment that helped me finalize this project. I’d particularly like to thank my future wife, Hitomi, for being my rock throughout this time. Also, many thanks to my parents, Paul Bauwens and Christiane Hoeybergs, Marie-Louise Camberlin, my siblings: my godchild Rebecca Bauwens, Jessica Bauwens-Sugimoto, Bernadette, Junior and Anthony Bauwens. Special thanks to Benjamin, Kathryn, and Tyson Bateman for their warm hospitality and friendship. Also many thanks to my little-big Taekwondo sister Irma Zhang, Jennifer King, Aleris Duggan, Angela Kim, Christina Yim, Michael Dower, AJ O’Brien and Jane Pilliod. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge other friends from my department for their support: Mary Otterbein, Dr. Frankie Clogston, Egle Verseckaite, Dr. Shlomit Barnea, Dr. Jeffrey Pugh, and many others. For their support, also many thanks to the LULAC national leadership, DGB, The Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung, the library staffs of the University of Maryland College Park and JHU Milton S. Eisenhower Libraries. v Table of Content Abstract iii Acknowledgements: v Table of Content vi List of Abbreviations: viii List of Tables and Figures: x Chapter One: Identity-Interest Organizations and Failing Parties: 1 Introduction: 1 1. Social Cleavages: 5 2. Dysfunctional Democracies: 11 3. Hypotheses and Core Assumptions: 20 4. Case Selection: 27 Chapter Two: U.S., German, and Japanese Union Federations and Minority Organizations : 39 Overview: 39 1. Union Federations: 40 1.1 USA: AFL-CIO – American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations: 40 1.2 Germany: DGB – Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund: 47 1.3 Japan: RENGO – Nihon Rōdōkumiai Sōrengōkai; 51 2. Minority Organizations: 57 2.1 USA: LULAC – League of United Latin American Citizens: 57 2.2 Germany: TGD – Türkische Gemeinde in Deutschland: 63 2.3 Japan: BLL – Buraku Kaihō Dōmei [Buraku Liberation League]: 68 Chapter Three: Methodology and Data: 78 Overview: 78 1. Methodology – Computerized Content Analysis: 79 2. Data Collection: U.S., Germany, Japan Case Studies: 89 2.1 United States; 89 2.1.1 Parties: 89 2.1.2 Identity-Interest Organizations – AFL-CIO: 90 2.1.3 Identity-Interest Organizations – LULAC: 97 2.2 Germany: 103 2.2.1 Parties: 103 2.2.2 Identity-Interest Organizations – DGB: 105 2.2.3 Identity-Interest Organizations – TGD: 109 2.3 Japan: 111 2.3.1 Parties: 111 2.3.2 Identity-Interest Organizations – RENGO: 116 2.3.3 Identity-Interest Organizations – BLL: 118 3. Concluding remark: 120 Chapter Four: Party Systems and Cleavage Translation: 121 Overview: 121 1. Labor Union Federations: 122 1.1 AFL-CIO: 122 vi 1.2 DGB: 127 1.3 RENGO: 137 2. Minority and Immigrant Organizations: 143 2.1 LULAC: 143 2.2 TGD: 147 2.3 BLL: 153 3. Future Research Agenda Considerations: 156 Chapter Five: Sociological Base and cleavage Translation: 159 Overview: 159 1. Labor Union Federations: 161 1.1 AFL-CIO: 161 1.2 DGB: 166 1.3 RENGO: 173 2. Minority and Immigrant Organizations: 179 2.1 LULAC: 179 2.2 TGD: 183 2.3 BLL: 187 3. Future Research Agenda Considerations: 190 Conclusion: 192 1. Theoretical Implications and Main Findings: 193 2. Case-Specific Findings: 199 3. Future Research Agenda Considerations: 205 Appendix: 208 Consulted Works: 244 Curriculum Vitae: 264 vii List of Abbreviations AFL-CIO: American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations BAGIV: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Immigrantenverbände (Federal working community of immigrant organizations) BLHRRI (Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute) BLL: Buraku Liberation League (Buraku Kaihō Dōmei) BLRI: Buraku Liberation Research Institute CDU: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschland (Christian-democratic union Germany) CHONGRYON: Zai-Nihon Chōsenjin Sōrengōkai (General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) Churitsu Roren: Federation of Independent Labor Unions CGD: Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund Deutschlands (Christian union federation) CSU: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Christian-social union in Bavaria) CTW: Change to Win DBB: Deutscher Beamtenbund und Tarifunion (German public service and tariff union) DC: Washington District of Columbia DGB: Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (German Labor Union Federation) DITIB: Diyanet Işleri Türk Islam Birliği (Turkish Islamic Union of the Presidency of Religious Affairs) Dōmei: Zen Nihon Rodo Sodomei (Japan Confederation of Labour) Dōwa: Assimilation Projects/Policies (dōwa taisaku jigyō) DPJ: Democratic Party of Japan (Minshutō) EU: European Union FDGB: Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Free German union federation) FDP: Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party) FPTP: First past the post FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (BRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland) GDR: German Democratic Republic (DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik) JAW: Confederation of Japanese Automobile Workers’ Unions JCP: Japanese Communist Party (Nihon Kyōsan-tō) JSP: see SDP JMIAC: Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications KOMKAR: Union of Kurdish organizations (Konfederasyona Komeleyên Kurdistanê li Ewrûpa - Verband der Vereine aus Kurdistan) LDP: Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyūminshutō) LGBTQ: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens MALDEF: Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund MINDAN: Zai-Nihon Chōsen Kyoryū Mindan (Korean Residents Union in Japan) MINTOHREN: Minzoku Sabetsu to Tatakau Renraku Kyogikai (National Council for Combating Discrimination Against Ethnic Peoples in Japan) MRG/CMP/MARPOR: Manifesto Research Group/Comparative Manifestos Project/Manifesto Research on Political Representation NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement viii NCLR: National Council of La Raza NK: New Komei (Kōmeitō; Justice and Fairness Party) NPD: Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National democratic party of Germany) NPN: New Party Nippon (Shintō Nippon) NRA: National Rifle Association OECD: Organization
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