Rail Freight Transport Cost Observatory

Rail freight transport cost Observatory.

Executive summary

Versió en català Versió en castellà 2019 Version in English a 1 edition Versió en francès 0. Presentation of the Observatory

The purpose of this Observatory is to promote multimodal transport through knowledge of the cost structure of rail freight.

The Observatory aims to continue to update its theoretical bases and to have space to expand with data from other countries in each new edition, to broaden the external costs and to add the contributions that the entities from the railway sector may make to its content. Furthermore, the aim is to link it with the Road Transport Cost Observatory of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia to be able to define the cost of the logistics chain through a multimodal freight transport cost Observatory.

This first edition forms part of the framework of the TRAILS project, included within the European POCTEFA programme, developed jointly by entities from Catalonia and L'Occitane:

WE4LOG Occitanie Cluster Logistique

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 2 0. Presentation of the Observatory. Complete Document Index.

Presentation Index 1. Rail freight infrastructure in Catalonia 2. Railway operators in Spain 3. Mobile railway fleet 4. Railway cost and sustainability structure 5. Practical cases: Costs and sustainability of the reference trajectories 6. Annexes Annex 1. Description and methodology of the cost calculation Annex 2. Description and methodology of the sustainability calculations Annex 3. Detailed calculation of the cost of the reference trajectories Annex 4. Detailed calculation of the sustainability of the reference trajectories Annex 5. Calculation of the maximum load of a train Annex 6. Railway network map in Catalonia

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 3 1. Context of rail freight transport in Catalonia

Privately owned freight and cargo terminals on the Adif network

Freight terminals Privately owned cargo terminals 18 freight terminals in Catalonia, 8 of which are 22 cargo terminals in Catalonia, principally for intermodal. the chemical (23%) and metallurgy (18%) sectors

Terminals Privately owned cargo terminals

intermodal Terminals Mixed freight network

Mixed freight network

Source: statement by the ADIF network and CIMALSA

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 4 1. Context of rail freight transport in Catalonia

Railway operators Mobile material fleet

A railway company is a company that provides freight (or The fleet is formed by locomotives and wagons. These can passenger) transport services by railway as its principal be the property of the railway operator (as is the case with activity, in all cases contributing to the train's traction.. Renfe Mercancías or FGC) or be leased to third‐party companies (such as for example Renfe Alquiler)

Locomotives:

19 Rail freight operators in Renfe Mercancías: 83 diesel + 140 electric Spain FGC: 11 diesel (4 hybrid) Private: 67 diesel (3 hybrid) + 8 electric 7 operators involved only in freight activity Wagons

Renfe Mercancías: 9,397 12 operators involved in passenger and freight activity FGC: 99 Private: 165

Sourcer: Observatorio del ferrocarril en España (OFE) 2017 and FGC 2017

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 5 2. Cost and sustainability structure.

Total costs

Socio‐economic costs Direct costs Indirect costs

Infrastructure Times Infrastructure use Use of the service

Reliability Administration Fees Fixed Variables (schedules)) (kilometres) Externalities Tolls Commercial

Noise Depreciation Fuel Other services Maintenance Accident Rate Financial expenditures Terminals Repairss Sustainability (environmental Additional Staff level)) services: receiving and shipping, Insurance manoeuvres...

Auxiliary Taxes services: storage Per diem costs

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 6 2. Cost and sustainability structure. Data sources used

Cost calculation Sustainability calculation Characteristics of use Train usage • Annual kilometres travelled: 112,600 km (OFE 2016 and confirmation by users) • Locomotive (theoretical calculations, data sheets and confirmation by • Speed: 52 km/h (OFE 2016) users) • Characteristic incline: 18 mm/m (maximum incline between Barcelona‐Figueres) Emissions factors by diesel locomotives • Fully loaded wagons • CO2 (Catalan Climate Change Office) Characteristics and cost of the mobile fleet • NOx and SO2 (Renfe 2010 Annual Report) • The most commonly used locomotive models according to OFE 2016 • PM10 and PM2.5 (created by the authors of this report based on the Renfe 2010 Annual Report) • Wagons according to the Renfe Alquiler catalogue (2015), with confirmation by users Emissions factors by electric locomotives • Cost according to OFE 2008 and confirmation by users • 2017 energy mix (Spanish Power Network ‐REE‐ and Réseau de transport d'electricité ‐ RTE‐) Staff cost according to CNMC and confirmation by users: €62,000/year • CO2 (Renewable Energy Plan 2005‐2010 of the Ministry of Industry and Costs associated with the mobile material (depreciation, financial costs, RTE, according to production source) insurance, taxes and maintenance and repairs, according to OFE 2011) • NOx, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 (European Environmental Agency ‐EEA‐) Fuel cost (Government of Spain, ADIF and SNCF Réseau) • Radioactive waste (Electricity Observatories of the WWF) Spain: Electric: €0.1855/km (A); €0.0287/km (no A). Diesel: €0.668/L Reference lorry emission factors Costs of infrastructure use • Drafted by the authors with the Copert programme (EEA) • Railway lines (statements by ADIF network, SNCF Réseau and LFP) • Lorry according to EPTMC 2018 for trajectories through high capacity • Railway terminals (ADIF, Port of Barcelona and Perpignan PSCCT Saint Charles). routes Waiting times in the terminal are not considered.

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 7 2. Cost and sustainability structure.

Presentation and summary of cases studied:

10 types of trains, according to 4 parameters

Track gauge Length Propulsion Wagons Annual cost Esp (€) Annual cost Fr (€)

1. Container carriers 2.891.773 ‐ Diesel 2. Hopper 3.119.078 ‐ Iberian Up to 450 m 3. Container carriers 1.658.497 ‐ Electric 4. Car carrier 1.160.398 ‐

5. Container carriers 3.016.982 3.290.633 Diesel 6. Hopper 3.244.287 3.517.938 Up to 450 m 7. Container carriers 2.038.252 2.069.653 International Electric 8. Car carrier 1.436.488 1.428.227

Diesel 9. Car carrier 3.522.136 3.845.485 Up to 750 m Electric 10. Car carrier 2.421.829 2.481.380

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 8 2. Cost and sustainability structure.

4. Car carrier wagons with Iberian gauge, 451 m long and electric propulsion (1 locomotive, 16 wagons, 160 vehicles, 344 T payload) +455 € by terminal access Freight +1.920 € by freight handling terminal Cost structure Not applicable

1% 7% Articulated 40 T Sustainabilityt Euro III diesel lorry 27%

CO2 (g/veh·Km) NOX (mg/veh·Km) 31% 1.160.398 € Not applicable 116, 200 2000 1.02 47 annuals Iberian gauge 29,5 9,4 9 19,78 0 0 24% 9%

PM (mg/veh·Km) PM (mg/veh·Km) Staff Fuel 10 2,5 35,6 29,9 50 50 Depreciation Maintenance and repairs 7 6 Expenditures Capacity fee 0,58 0,27 Insurance and taxes Circulation fee 0 0

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 9 2. Cost and sustainability structure.

10. Car carrier wagons with UIC gauge, 740 m long and electric propulsion (2 locomotives, 26 wagons, 260 vehicles, 559 T payload) +480 € by terminal access Freight +3.120 € by freight handling terminal +1.090 € by terminal access Cost structure +3.120 € by freight handling

2%5% 6% 8% 7% Articulated 40 T Sustainabilityt Euro III diesel lorry

CO (g/veh·Km) NO (mg/veh·Km) 26% 29% 25% 28% 2 X 2.421.829 € 2.481.380 € 116, 200 2000 1.02 annuals annuals 34,8 47 9,4 3 1% 1% 23,3 0 0 9% 9% 22% 22%

PM (mg/veh·Km) PM (mg/veh·Km) Staff Fuel 10 2,5 35,6 29,9 50 50 Depreciation Maintenance and repairs 7 6 Expenditures Capacity fee 0,68 0,31 Insurance and taxes Circulation fee 0 0

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 10 3. Practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

Presentation and summary of cases studied:

6 trajectory types considered: OCCITÀNIA

Origin Border crossing Destination Toulouse UIC, 210 km 1. Le Perthus tunnel with 1A. Perpignan 2 locomotives (UIC) 1B. Toulouse Perpignan 2. Le Perthus tunnel with 2A. Perpignan Barcelona 1 locomotives (UIC) 2B. Toulouse UIC, 205 km Ibèric, 233 km 3A. Perpignan 3. Axle change at Cerbère CATALUNYA (Iberian) 3B. Toulouse Barcelona

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 11 3. Practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

1. Container carrier wagons, 221 m long and diesel propulsion (10 wagons, 20 ITUs, 580 T payload)

Barcelona‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Toulouse

Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 0,054 €/T·km 0,038 €/T·km 0,042 €/T·km 0,050 €/T·km 0,033 €/T·km 0,035 €/T·km

13% 11% 12% 33% 35% 29% 22% 6,472 € 4,554 € 5,706 € 46% 12,018 € 7,934 € 45% 9,086 € 58% 53% 31% 49% 35% 42% 18% 12% 26% Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan

7,05 T CO2 3,64 T CO2 4,14 T CO2 14,27 T CO2 7,37 T CO2 7,87 T CO2

88,3 kg NOx 46,62 kg NOx 51,85 kg NOx 178,72 kg NOx 92,32 kg NOx 98,55 kg NOx

3,19 kg PM10 1,65 kg PM10 1,87 kg PM10 6,45 kg PM10 3,33 kg PM10 3,56 kg PM10

3,03 kg PM2,5 1,56 kg PM2,5 1,78 kg PM2,5 6,14 kg PM2,5 3,17 kg PM2,5 3,83 kg PM2,5

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 12 3. Practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

2. Container carrier wagons, 317 m long and electric propulsion (15 wagons, 30 ITUs, 870 T payload)

Barcelona‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Toulouse

Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 0,026 €/T·km 0,021 €/T·km 0,029 €/T·km 0,022 €/T·km 0,017 €/T·km 0,021 €/T·km

11% 10% 9 % 32% 23% 34% 33% 36% 49% 31% 4.569 € 3,737 € 52% 5,801 € 7,887 € 46% 6,192 € 8,256 € 58% 38% 59% 23% 17% 41% Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan

1,49 T CO2 0,84 T CO2 0,93 T CO2 1,84 T CO2 1,03 T CO2 1,13 T CO2

0,99 kg NOx 0,56 kg NOx 0,62 kg NOx 1,20 kg NOx 0,67 kg NOx 0,73 kg NOx

0,029 kg PM10 0,017 kg PM10 0,018 kg PM10 0,038 kg PM10 0,021 kg PM10 0,023 kg PM10

0,014 kg PM2,5 0,008 kg PM2,5 0,009 kg PM2,5 0,019 kg PM2,5 0,011 kg PM2,5 0,012 kg PM2,5

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 13 3. Practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

3. Car carrier wagons, 454 m long and diesel propulsion (16 wagons, 160 vehicles, 344 T payload)

Barcelona‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Toulouse

Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 0,138 €/veh·km 0,156 €/veh·km 0,203 €/veh·km 0,105 €/veh·km 0,137 €/veh·km 0,163 €/veh·km

13 % 10% 8% 23% 32% 33% 36% 54 % 35 % 20 % 47% 7,052 € 5,136 € 53% 7,574 € 13,188 € 6.301 € 8.554 € 66 % 37% 60% 11 % 20% 41% Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan

7,05 T CO2 3,99 T CO2 4,54 T CO2 14,27 T CO2 8,08 T CO2 8,62 T CO2

88,32 kg NOx 50,01 kg NOx 56,84 kg NOx 176,72 kg NOx 101,30 kg NOx 108,02 kg NOx

3,19 kg PM10 1,805 kg PM10 2,051 kg PM10 6,451 kg PM10 3,653 kg PM10 3,899 kg PM10

3,03 kg PM2,5 1,717 kg PM2,5 1,951 kg PM2,5 6,135 kg PM2,5 3,474 kg PM2,5 3,709 kg PM2,5

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 14 3. Practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

4. Car carrier wagons, 694 m long and electric propulsion (25 wagons, 250 vehicles, 538 T payload)

Barcelona‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Toulouse

Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive 0,113 €/veh·km 0,093 €/veh·km 0,155 €/veh·km 0,099 €/veh·km 0,079 €/veh·km 0,113 €/veh·km

12% 11 % 8 % 30% 25% 31 % 35% 37% 25 % 5.783 € 4,762 € 9,018€ 51% 10,336 € 8,258 € 12,514 € 30 % 59 % 55% 63 % 61 % 15% 14% 38% Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan

1,61 T CO2 0,96 T CO2 1,07 T CO2 1,99 T CO2 1,19 T CO2 1,29 T CO2

1,07 kg NOx 0,64 kg NOx 0,71 kg NOx 1,30 kg NOx 0,77 kg NOx 0,84 kg NOx

0,032 kg PM10 0,019 kg PM10 0,021 kg PM10 0,041 kg PM10 0,024 kg PM10 0,026 kg PM10

0,015 kg PM2,5 0,009 kg PM2,5 0,010 kg PM2,5 0,021 kg PM2,5 0,012 kg PM2,5 0,013 kg PM2,5

* Cas teòric atesa la limitació en la longitud dels trens

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 15 3. Six practical cases: calculation applied to reference trajectories

Case: Car carriers, 694 m long and electric locomotive. 25 wagons, 250 vehicles, 538 T payload. No inclou costos de terminal

Barcelona‐Perpinyà OCCITÀNIA Car carrier, 40 T 6‐car Le Perthus tunnel Le Perthus tunnel , Axle change , payload 2 locomotives 1 locomotive 1 locomotive Toulouse 0,134 €/veh km 0,109 €/veh·km 0,093 €/veh·km 0,155 €/veh·km UIC, 210 km 198 km x 0,8092 €/km = 12% 11 % 8 % 160 € 31 % Perpignan 25 % 5.783 € 4,762 € 9,018€ 30 % 59 % 63 % Source: Freight transport cost UIC, 205 km 61 % Ibèric, 233 km observatory. MIFO. January 2019 Barcelona‐Border Border crossing Border‐Perpignan

CATALUNYA Barcelona

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 16 4. Some notes

As an Observatory: it is important to focus more on the change in the theoretical bases (types of wagon, locomotive, etc.) than on the increase of costs, which are much more stable.

It is important to promote the change to the new eco‐diesel locomotives to reduce the excessive pollution due to this type of traction

The problem of the length of the trains is focused on the car carriers. Other payloads depend more on the drag capacity

Crossing the border through Portbou ‐ Cerbère is more expensive than passing through the Le Perthus tunnel. Other factors need to be taken into account such as the gauge and traction availability in UIC vs Iberian

Logically the Barcelona ‐ Border cost and crossing the border is relatively different based on the route in Europe Competitiveness comes from improving efficiency in the terminals

In the general the costs in France are higher

Rail freight transport cost Observatory 17 Each contribution will help to improve upcoming editions

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