LC Notes German

6th Year German Higher Level Julie Cullen

Grammar

No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from The Dublin School of Grinds. EASTER REVISION EASTER REVISION COURSE FEES: COURSES 6TH YEAR & 5TH YEAR COURSES PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS Looking to maximise 1st Course €295 €295 - your CAO points? 2nd Course €180 €475 €115 3rd Course FREE €475 €410 Easter is a crucial time for students to vastly improve 4th Course €70 €545 €635 on the points that they received in their mock exams. 5th Course €100 €645 €830 To help students take advantage of this valuable time, The Dublin School of Grinds is running intensive, exam- 6th Course €100 €745 €1,025 focused Easter Revision Courses. Each course runs for 7th Course €100 €845 €1,220 five days (90 minutes per day). All courses take place in 8th Course €50 €895 €1,465 Stillorgan, Co. Dublin. 9th Course €50 €945 €1,710 The focus of these courses is to maximise students’ 3RD YEAR COURSES CAO points. PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS SPECIAL OFFER 1st Course €195 €195 - BUY 2 COURSES GET A 3RD COURSE FREE 2nd Course €100 €295 €95 To avail of this offer, early booking is required 3rd Course FREE €295 €290 as courses were fully booked last year. 4th Course €85 €380 €400 5th Course €50 €430 €545 What do students get at these 6th Course €50 €480 €690 courses? 7th Course €50 €530 €835 8th Course €50 €580 €980 99 90 minutes of intensive tuition per day for five days, with Ireland’s leading teachers. 25% SIBLING DISCOUNT AVAILABLE. Please call 01 442 4442 to avail of this discount. 99 Comprehensive study notes. 99 A focus on simple shortcuts to raise students’ grades and exploit the critically important FREE DAILY BUS SERVICE marking scheme. For full information on our Easter bus service, see 3 pages ahead. 99 Access to a free supervised study room. Access to food and beverage facilities is also available to students.

NOTE: These courses are built on the fact that there To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book are certain predicable trends that reappear over and online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie over again in the State Examinations.

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 2 20/02/2017 13:25 Timetable

An extensive range of course options are available over a two-week period to cater for students’ timetable needs. Courses are held over the following weeks: »» Monday 10th – Friday 14th April 2017 »» Monday 17th – Friday 21st April 2017 All Easter Revision Courses take place in The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly known as The Stillorgan Park Hotel).

6th Year Easter Revision Courses 5th Year Easter Revision Courses SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME Accounting H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Agricultural Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Applied Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Note: 4th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 5th Year courses Art History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm listed above. Biology Course A* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am 3rd Year Easter Revision Courses Biology Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME Biology Course B* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Biology Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Studies Business H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am English H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Chemistry Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Chemistry Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Geography H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Classical Studies H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Economics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm English Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am English Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am English Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm French H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Science H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Note: 2nd Year students are welcome to attend any of the 3rd Year courses German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm above. History (Europe)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm 6th Year Oral Preparation Courses History (Ireland)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm With the Oral marking component worth up to 40%, it is of paramount Home Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm importance that students are fully prepared for these examinations. These Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am courses will show students how to lead the Examiner towards topics they are prepared for. This will equip students with the information they need to Irish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm maximise their performance in the State Examinations. Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am FEES: €140 Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm VENUE: The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly The Stillorgan Park Hotel) Maths Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am French H Sunday 12th March 9:00am - 1:00pm Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm German H Saturday 11th March 9:00am - 1:00pm Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Irish H Sunday 19th March 9:00am - 1:00pm Maths O Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Spanish H Saturday 11th March 2:00pm - 6:00pm Physics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm Spanish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Note: 5th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 6th Year courses above. BUY 2 COURSES & RD * Due to large course content, these subjects have GET A 3 COURSE been divided into two courses. For a full list of topics covered in these courses, please see 3 pages ahead. To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book FREE! online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 3 20/02/2017 13:25 THE GRAMMAR

©The Dublin School of Grinds 55 Ms Julie Cullen It is important that you understand what these words mean in both English and German. The language that you speak everyday has come naturally to you. Although a parent may correct your grammar “I have done, NOT I done!”, they don’t usually shout “That’s not the correct past participle! You used your modal verb incorrectly!” In German, we’re expected to know what all of this means when we’re not even sure of it in English. Let’s fix that.

Section 1 - Grammatical terms

English German Meaning & example

nouns Substantive Person, place or a thing // der Mann

definite article bestimmte Artikel The // der/die/das

indefinite article unbestimmte Artikel A // ein/eine

cases Fälle Nominativ // Accusativ // Dativ // Genitive

gender Geschlect Masculin // Feminin // Neuter

adjectives Adjektive Describes a noun // die blaue Bluse

prepositions Präpositionen Informs about time & place // in die Schule

pronouns Pronomen Replaces a noun // er/sie/es

verbs Verben Action word // ich gehe

interrogative Fragewörter Wer? Wem? Wo? Wann? Warum? Was?

word order Wortfolge word to end of sentence, verb inverts etc.

relative pronouns Relativpronomen Refers back to a noun

©The Dublin School of Grinds 56 Ms Julie Cullen English German Meaning & example

tenses Zeiten Past, Present, Future

modal verbs Modalverben sollen/ wollen/ mögen/ dürfen/ können/ müssen present tense im Präsens ich gehe/ du gehst/ er geht/ wir gehen

perfect tense im Perfekt Recent past/ letter writing/ ich habe ... gemacht imperfect tense im Imperfekt/ Distant past/ story telling/ ich war/ ich Präteritum hatte conditional tense Konjunctiv would ... formed using ‘würden’ ... ich würde nicht rauchen future tense im Futur Use ‘werden’: Ich werde zur Schule gehen

past participle Partizip Perfekt gemacht/ gehabt/ gewesen/ gewohnt/ gelebt infinitive Inﬁnitiv werden/ haben/ sein/ lesen/ machen/ kommen Pluperfect tense Plusquamperfekt Past past ... I had eaten ... Ich hatte gegessen ... Imperfect of haben/sein + past participle Subjunctive Konjuntiv I und II Expresses doubt wäre/ hätte/ würde/ gäbe

©The Dublin School of Grinds 57 Ms Julie Cullen Section 2 - Nouns What is a noun? A noun is a person, a place or a thing. It is anything you can put the word ‘the’ in front of and it still makes sense.

In German, a noun is one of three genders:

Masculine - der Vater

Feminine - die Mutter

Neuter - das Kind

All nouns in German get a capital letter.

What is a compound noun? A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more nouns. It always takes the gender of the last noun. eg. der Milchmann

Rules for Gender

How do you know if a noun is masculine, feminine or neuter? With each new noun you learn, you should learn the gender too. However, there are some tricks:

Masculine 1. Male persons and animals 2. Names of seasons, months and days 3. Nouns ending in -ig and -ling 4. Nouns ending in -er that refer to a person 5. Most nouns ending in -en (except verbs used as nouns)

©The Dublin School of Grinds 58 Ms Julie Cullen Feminine 1. Female persons and animals 2. Nouns ending in - e - ei - ik - in - ion - heit - keit - schaft - tät - ung

Neuter 1. Infinitives used as nouns 2. Nouns ending in - ment - tum 3. Diminutives (making a word smaller) - lein - chen

*Nouns came up on ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2015, 2010 and 2008

©The Dublin School of Grinds 59 Ms Julie Cullen 2015 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Nouns

©The Dublin School of Grinds 60 Ms Julie Cullen 2010 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Nouns

©The Dublin School of Grinds 61 Ms Julie Cullen 2008 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Nouns

©The Dublin School of Grinds 62 Ms Julie Cullen Section 3 - Pronouns

What is a personal pronoun? Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. For example: you/ me/ him/ her

What is a possessive pronoun? Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. For example: mine/ his/ hers

What is a relative pronoun? A relative pronouns relates back to a noun already mentioned.

Personal Pronouns

*Personal pronouns came up on ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2007 and 2005

©The Dublin School of Grinds 63 Ms Julie Cullen 2007 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Personal Pronouns

©The Dublin School of Grinds 64 Ms Julie Cullen 2005 ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ Personal Pronouns

©The Dublin School of Grinds 65 Ms Julie Cullen Possessive Pronouns

mein mine dein yours sein his / its ihr hers / its unser ours euer yours plural ihr theirs Ihr yours polite

* Possessive pronouns follow the same declension pattern as The Indefinite Article

Relative Pronouns

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative der die das die Accusative den die das die Dative dem der dem denen Genitive dessen deren dessen deren

* It is the same as the ‘der/ die/ das’ table except for Dative Plural & Genitive. * Relative pronouns came up in 2015, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2004

©The Dublin School of Grinds 66 Ms Julie Cullen 2015 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:

©The Dublin School of Grinds 67 Ms Julie Cullen 2011 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:

©The Dublin School of Grinds 68 Ms Julie Cullen 2009 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:

2008 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:

©The Dublin School of Grinds 69 Ms Julie Cullen 2004 Relative Pronouns ‘Angewandte Grammatik’:

©The Dublin School of Grinds 70 Ms Julie Cullen Section 4 - Articles & Cases

What is a case? Case refers to the noun or pronoun in a sentence. In German, there are four cases:

1. The Nominative Case 2. The Accusative Case 3. The Dative Case 4. The Genitive Case

What is the Nominative Case? The Nominative Case names the doer or the subject of the sentence.

What is the Accusative Case? The Accusative Case refers to the direct object of the sentence. (The person or thing on the receiving end of the action).

What is the Dative Case? The Dative Case refers to the indirect object of the sentence. It is used with the sense of ‘to/ for/from’.

What is the Genitive Case? The Genitive Case refers to ownership or possession.

What is the Definite Article? The Definite Article (bestimmte Artikel) is the word ‘the’. (see der/die/das table)

What is the Indefinite Article? The Indefinite Article (unbestimmte Artikel) is the word ‘a’. (see ein/eine/ein table)

* Definite and indefinite articles came up in 2014 and 2006

©The Dublin School of Grinds 71 Ms Julie Cullen The Definite Article - ‘The’ (der/die/das)

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative der die das die Accusative den die das die Dative dem der dem den Genitive des der des der

The Indefinite Article - ‘A’ (ein/eine/ein)

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative ein eine ein keine Accusative einen eine ein keine Dative einem einer einem keinen + n on noun Genitive eines + s on einer eines + s on noun keiner noun

©The Dublin School of Grinds 72 Ms Julie Cullen 2014 Definite / Indefinite Articles ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 73 Ms Julie Cullen 2006 Definite / Indefinite Articles ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 74 Ms Julie Cullen Section 5 - Adjectives What is an adjective? An adjective describes a noun. In German, the adjective gets an ending. There are three different tables.

Adjective endings after der/die/das

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative e e e en Accusative en e e en Dative en en en en Genitive en en en en

Adjective endings after ein/eine/ein

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative er e es en Accusative en e es en Dative en en en en Genitive en en en en

Endings of adjectives used alone

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative er e es e Accusative en e es e Dative em er em en Genitive en er en er

* Adjectives came up in 2013

©The Dublin School of Grinds 75 Ms Julie Cullen 2013 Adjective endings ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 76 Ms Julie Cullen Section 6 - Prepositions

What is a preposition? A preposition usually tells you about time, manner or place. In German, prepositions affect the noun coming after them.

Prepositions that always take the Dative aus - out of bei - at, near mit - with nach - to, after, according to seit - since von - from zu - to gegenüber - opposite eg. Ich fahre mit dem Bus zur Schule.

Prepositions that always take the Accusative durch - through für - for gegen - against ohne - without um - around, at (time) entlang - along bis - until, to eg. Sie geht den Fluss entlang.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 77 Ms Julie Cullen Prepositions that take Dative or Accusative

*The accusative shows movement TO a place and the dative shows movement AT a place an - at, on auf - on hinter - behind in - in neben - beside vor - in front of über - over unter - under zwischen - between eg. Wir gehen ins Kino. (movement to a place) Wir sind im Kino. (at a place)

Prepositions that always take the Genitive statt - instead of diesseits - this side of jenseits - on the other side während - during wegen - on account of trotz - in spite of außerhalb - outside innerhalb - inside eg. Während des Sommers arbeite ich.

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Nominative der die das die Accusative den die das die Dative dem der dem den Genitive des + s on the der des + s on the der noun noun

©The Dublin School of Grinds 78 Ms Julie Cullen * The preposition exercise only requires that you put the correct preposition in the space. * You should revise the meanings of prepositions on the previous pages * Prepositions came up in ‘Angewandte Grammatik’ in 2012

2012 Prepositions ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 79 Ms Julie Cullen Section 7 - Word Order & Conjunctions

* Follow the rule of ‘Time - Manner - Place’

Examples of ‘time’

am Samstag on Saturday an demselben Tag on the same day bei Tag during the day dieses Jahr this year eines Morgens one morning heute vor acht Tagen this day last week immer always letzte Woche last week manchmal sometimes meistens mostly montags mondays morgen abend tomorrow evening morgen früh tomorrow morning nach dem Film after the film nach der Schule after school nach einer Weile after a while nächsten Sommer next summer nächstes Jahr next year nie never normalerweise normally oft often

©The Dublin School of Grinds 80 Ms Julie Cullen um 7 Uhr at 7 o’clock vor der Schule before school vorgestern the day before yesterday während der Woche during the week

Examples of ‘manner’

How did the action take place? bei Fuß - by foot mit dem Bus - by bus mit dem Fahrrad - by bicycle mit dem Flugzeug - by plane mit dem Zug - by train mit der Fähre - by ferry mit der Straßenbahn - by tram

Examples of ‘place’ auf der Straße - on the street auf die Universität - at university bei meinem Freund - at my friend’s house bei mir - at my house draußen - outside drinnen - inside im Park - in the park in der Kneipe - in the pub in der Stadt - in the town in meinem Zimmer - in my room ins Theatre - in the theatre nach Dublin - to Dublin zu Hause - at home zur Schule - to school

©The Dublin School of Grinds 81 Ms Julie Cullen Examples of ‘Time - Manner - Place’:

1. Ich fahre am Montag mit dem Bus zur Schule. 2. Ich fliege morgen früh nach München. 3. Im September werde ich auf die Universität gehen. **When the time phrase comes first, it flips/inverts the verb** You could also say: Ich werde im September auf die Universität gehen.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 82 Ms Julie Cullen Conjunctions

* Word order can also change due to conjunctions

What is a conjunction? A conjunction joins sentences & clauses together to make a longer sentence.

Do not affect word order

und and

aber but oder or

sondern rather denn because

Example:

Ich gehe nicht im Park, denn ich habe Hausaufgaben.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 83 Ms Julie Cullen Sends the verb to the end:

als and

als ob but bevor or

bis rather da because

damit in order that dass that ob whether

obwohl although während during

weil because wenn if

Example 1:

Ich gehe zu Fuß zur Schule, weil es so sonnig ist.

Weil es so sonnig ist, gehe ich zu Fuß zur Schule.

Example 2:

Ich werde eine Jacke tragen, wenn es morgen regnet.

Wenn es morgen regnet, werde ich eine Jacke tragen.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 84 Ms Julie Cullen Flips/ inverts the verb

also therefore

deshalb therefore jedoch however

auch also außerdem besides

dennoch nevertheless trotzdem in spite of

Example

Es regnet sehr stark, trotzdem gehen wir mit dem Hund spazieren.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 85 Ms Julie Cullen Section 8 - Tenses

Present tense

Present tense endings ich wohne du wohnst er/sie/es wohnt wir wohnen ihr wohnt sie wohnen Sie wohnen

* In English there are two present tenses but in German there is only ONE present tense. eg. Ich wohne = I am living AND I live

* The Present Tense came up in 2010 and 2007

©The Dublin School of Grinds 86 Ms Julie Cullen 2010 Present Tense ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 87 Ms Julie Cullen 2007 Present Tense ‘Angewandte Grammatik’

©The Dublin School of Grinds 88 Ms Julie Cullen Perfect tense

* Conjugated using ‘haben’ or ‘sein’ + past participle of the verb * Haben = regular verbs eg. Ich habe meine Hausaufgabe gemacht * Sein = verbs showing movement from one place to another eg. Ich bin ins Kino gegangen * Used when talking about the recent past * Used in letter writing * Germans often use ‘ich hatte’ and ‘ich war’ when talking about the recent past for convenience even though they are Imperfect tense.

Imperfect tense

Imperfect tense endings ich wohnte du wohntest er/sie/es wohntet wir wohnten ihr wohntet sie wohnten Sie wohnten

* Used when talking about the distant past * Used in story telling * The Imperfect Tense (Präteritum) came up in 2014, 2005, 2004

Future tense conjugation ich werde meine Hausaufgaben machen du wirst Fußball spielen er/sie/es wird Blumen kaufen wir werden ins Schwimmbad gehen ihr werdet die Klassenarbeit widerholen sie werden nach Österreich reisen Sie werden mit dem Auto fahren

Conditional tense

Conditional tense ich würde ... gehen du würdest ... bleiben er/sie/es würde ... kommen

wir würden ... kaufen ihr würdet ... haben sie würden ... werden Sie würden ... laufen

* I would go ... you would stay ... he would come ... we would buy

Pluperfect tense conjugation for verbs that take ‘sein’ ich war ... geganen

du warst ... geblieben

er/sie/es war ... gekommen

wir waren ... gewesen

ihr wart ... gestorben

sie waren ... geworden

Sie waren ... gelaufen

Pluperfect tense conjugation for verbs that take ‘haben’ ich hatte ... gewohnt

du hattest ... gespielt

er/sie/es hattet ... gemacht

wir hatten ... gelernt

ihr hattet ... gesagt

sie hatten ... getanzt

Sie hatten ... gefeiert

* This is the ‘past past’ tense (plusquamperfekt auf Deutsch) * I had lived ... you had played ... he had made ... we had learned * I had gone ... you had stayed ... she had come ... we had been

©The Dublin School of Grinds 94 Ms Julie Cullen Section 9 - Regular verbs What is a verb? A verb is an ‘action’ or ‘doing’ word.

What does ‘conjugate’ mean? It means to say the verb in every possible manner. eg. I am, you are, he is.

What is the first person, second person, third person? I = first person You = second person He or she or it = third person

* Most verbs will follow the rules but as always there will be exceptions. The following is a

very long list but you don’t need to know every single one.

* Familiarise yourself with the verbs that appear time and again.

* The majority of verbs in the perfect tense take ‘haben’ but you must familiarise yourself with

the verbs that take ‘sein’.

* ‘Sein’ shows movement from one place to another.

eg. Ich bin nach Deutschland geflogen.

Wir sind mit dem Bus zur Schule gefahren.

* It is helpful to know the Imperfect list as some of them look completely different and will

often appear in the Reading Comprehension.

©The Dublin School of Grinds 98 Ms Julie Cullen Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English backen backt backte gebacken to bake befehlen befiehlt befahl befohlen to command beginnen beginnt begann begonnen to begin beißen beißt biss gebissen to bite betrügen betrügt betrog betrogen to deceive bewegen bewegt bewog bewogen to move biegen biegt bog gebogen* to bend, turn bieten bietet bot geboten to offer binden bindet band gebunden to tie bitten bittet bat gebeten to request, ask bleiben bleibt blieb geblieben* to stay braten brät briet gebraten to roast brechen bricht brach gebrochen to break brennen brennt brannte gebrannt to burn bringen bringt brachte gebracht to bring denken denkt dachte gedacht to think

dürfen darf durfte gedurft to be allowed to empfehlen empfiehlt empfahl empfohlen to recommend

erschrecken erschrickt erschrak erschrocken* to be frightened essen isst aß gegessen to eat fahren fährt fuhr gefahren* to travel, drive fallen fällt fiel gefallen* to fall fangen fängt fing gefangen to catch finden findet fand gefunden to find fliegen fliegt flog geflogen* to fly

©The Dublin School of Grinds 99 Ms Julie Cullen Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English fliehen flieht floh geflohen* to flee fließen fließt floss geflossen to flow frieren friert fror gefroren* to freeze geben gibt gab gegeben to give gehen geht ging gegangen* to go gelingen gelingt gelang gelungen* to succeed genießen genießt genoss genossen to enjoy geraten gerät geriet geraten* to fall into geschehen geschieht geschah geschehen* to happen gewinnen gewinnt gewann gewonnen to win gleichen gleicht glich geglichen to resemble graben gräbt grub gegraben to dig haben hat hatte gehabt to have halten hält hielt gehalten to stop hängen hängt hing gehangen to hang heben hebt hob gehoben to raise heißen heißt hieß geheißen to be called helfen hilft half geholfen to help kennen kennt kannte gekannt to know klingen klingt klang geklungen* to sound kommen kommt kam gekommen to come können kann konnte gekonnt to be able to kriechen kriecht kroch gekrochen* to crawl laden lädt lud geladen to load lassen lässt ließ gelassen to let

©The Dublin School of Grinds 100 Ms Julie Cullen Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English laufen läuft lief gelaufen* to run leihen leiht lieh geliehen to lend lesen liest las gelesen to read liegen liegt lag gelegen to lie lügen lügt log gelogen to tell lies messen misst maß gemessen to measure mögen mag mochte gemocht to like müssen muss musste gemusst to have to nehmen nimmt nahm genommen to take nennen nennt nannte genannt to name pfeifen pfeift pfiff gepfiffen to whistle raten rät riet geraten to advise reiben reibt rieb gerieben to rub reißen reißt riss gerissen to tear reiten reitet ritt geritten* to ride rennen rennt rannte gerannt* to run riechen riecht roch gerochen to smell rufen ruft rief gerufen to call scheiden scheidet schied geschieden* to separate scheinen scheint schien geschienen to seem schieben schiebt schob geschoben to shove schießen schießt schoss geschossen to shoot schlafen schläft schlief geschlafen to sleep schlagen schlägt schlug geschlagen to hit schließen schließt schloss geschlossen to shut

©The Dublin School of Grinds 101 Ms Julie Cullen Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English schneiden schneidet schnitt geschnitten to cut schreiben schreibt schrieb geschrieben to write schreien schreit schrie geschrien to shout schweigen schweigt schwieg geschwiegen* to be silent schwellen schwillt schwoll geschwollen* to swell schwimmen schwimmt schwamm geschwommen* to swim schwingen schwingt schwang geschwungen to swing schwören schwört schwur geschworen to swear sehen sieht sah gesehen to see sein ist war gewesen* to be senden sendet sandte gesandt to send singen singt sang gesungen to sing sinken sinkt sank gesunken* to sink sitzen sitzt saß gesessen to sit sollen soll sollte gesollt to ought to sprechen spricht sprach gesprochen* to speak springen springt sprang gesprungen to jump stehen steht stand gestanden to stand stehlen stiehlt stahl gestohlen to steal steigen steigt stieg gestiegen* to climb sterben stirbt starb gestorben* to die stinken stinkt stank gestunken to stink stoßen stößt stieß gestoßen to push streiten streitet stritt gestritten to quarrel tragen trägt trug getragen to carry, wear

©The Dublin School of Grinds 102 Ms Julie Cullen Infinitive Present Imperfect Perfect English treffen trifft traf getroffen to meet treiben treibt trieb getrieben to force treten tritt trat getreten* to step trinken trinkt trank getrunken to drink tun tut tat getan to do verbergen verbirgt verbarg verborgen to hide verderben verdirbt verdarb verdorben to spoil vergessen vergisst vergaß vergessen to forget verlassen verlässt verließ verlassen to leave verlieren verliert verlor verloren to lose vermeiden vermeidet vermied vermieden to avoid

verschwinden verschwindet verschwand verschwunden* to disappear verzeihen verzeiht verzieh verziehen to pardon wachsen wächst wuchs gewachsen* to grow waschen wäscht wusch gewaschen to wash wenden wendet wandte gewandt to turn werben wirbt warb geworben to advertise werden wird wurde geworden* to become werfen wirft warf geworfen to throw wiegen wiegt wog gewogen to weigh wissen weiß wusste gewusst to know wollen will wollte gewollt to want ziehen zieht zog gezogen to pull zwingen zwingt zwang gezwungen to force * denotes verb that takes ‘sein’ in the Perfect Tense instead of ‘haben’

müssen - to have to dürfen - to be allowed to können - to be able to ich muss ich darf ich kann du musst du darfst du kannst er/sie/es muss er/sie/es darf er/sie/es kann wir müssen wir dürfen wir können ihr müsst ihr dürft ihr könnt sie müssen sie dürfen sie können Sie müssen Sie dürfen Sie können

mögen - to like to wollen - to want to sollen - to ought to ich mag ich will ich soll du magst du willst du sollst er/sie/es mag er/sie/es will er/sie/es soll wir mögen wir wollen wir sollen ihr mögt ihr wollt ihr sollt sie mögen sie wollen sie sollen Sie mögen Sie wollen Sie sollen

* You must use a modal verb with another verb * The infinitive of the other verb goes to the end of the sentence. eg. Ich muss zur Schule gehen. * Modal verbs came up in 2011

Wann? when? Warum? why? Was? what? Was für? what type? Welche? which? Welcher? which? Welches? which? Wem? to whom? Wen? whom? Wer? who? Wessen? whose? Wie? how? Wie lange? how long? Wie oft? how often? Wieviel? how much? Wie viele? how many? Wo? where? Woher? from where? Wohin? where to? Womit? with what? Worein? into what? Worin? in what?

What is direct speech? Direct speech is dialogue. It can be identified by „quotation marks‟. Example: ,,Sarah ist krank‟. (“Sarah is sick”)

* Konjunctiv I is used to form indirect speech. * Apart from ‘sein’ and six modal verbs, it is restricted to third person. * All verbs have -e added to the stem of infinitive. * Students have never been asked to form the Konjunktiv I. You should be able to recognise it though. * You only have to be able to recognise the third person. It is easier than you think!

haben = er habe werden = er werde machen = er mache fahren = er fahre gehen = er gehe arbeiten = er arbeite können = er könne sein ich sei du seist er sei wir seien ihr seiet sie seien Sie seien

* Direct speech (direkte Rede) came up in 2012:

©The Dublin School of Grinds 108 Ms Julie Cullen What is indirect speech? Indirect speech is speech that somebody else reportedly said. Example: Er sagte, dass Sarah krank sei. (He said that Sarah was sick)

Direkte Rede (direct speech) Indirekte Rede (indirect speech)

1. ,,Sarah ist krank‘‘ ...... Er sagte, dass Sarah krank sei. 2. ,,Ist Sarah krank?‘‘ ...... Er fragte, ob Sarah krank sei.